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For other uses, see Justice League (disambiguation).
Justice League
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
First appearance The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960)
Created by Gardner Fox
In-story information
Base(s) The Hall and the Satellite
Watchtower
The Refuge
JLI Embassies
Detroit Bunker
Satellite
Secret Sanctuary
Roster
See:List of Justice League members

The Justice League, also known as the Justice League of America, is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The League's name was later used as the title for their own eponymous series, which has been published for various periods from 1962 until the present (2015).

The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox, and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960).[1] The team is an assemblage of superheroes appearing in other DC Comics publications who join together as the Justice League. The seven original members were Aquaman, Batman, the Flash, Green Lantern, the Martian Manhunter, Superman, and Wonder Woman.[2] The team roster has rotated throughout the years, consisting of many superheroes from the DC Universe in a variety of combinations.[2]

The Justice League received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in October 1960. With the 2011 relaunch of its titles, DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League and in 2015 released a fourth volume of Justice League of America, both of which are currently in print. Since its inception, the team has been featured in various television programs and video games.

Background[edit]

The seven original members of the Justice League from left to right: Green Lantern, the Flash, Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, and Martian Manhunter. Art by Alex Ross.

Various comic book series featuring the Justice League have remained generally popular with fans since inception and, in most incarnations, its roster includes DC's most popular characters. The Justice League concept has also been adapted into various other entertainment media, including the classic Saturday morning Super Friends animated series (1973–1986), an unproduced Justice League of America live-action series (for which the pilot film exists), the animated series Justice League (2001–2004) and Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006). A live-action film was in the works in 2008 before being shelved. On June 6, 2012, Warner Bros. announced a new live action Justice League film was in development with Will Beall hired as screenwriter. However, the project was scrapped again. After the success of the Superman reboot Man of Steel, a film titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice will be coming in 2016. However, it has been stated that this film is not a sequel to Man of Steel. Zack Snyder will direct and Chris Terrio, who also wrote for Dawn of Justice, is eyed by Warner Bros. to pen the script for Justice League.[3]

Publication history[edit]

Having successfully reintroduced a number of DC Comics' (then known as National Periodical Publications) Golden Age superhero characters (Flash, Green Lantern, etc.) during the late 1950s, editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America. Schwartz, influenced by the popularity of Major League Baseball's National League and American League, decided to change the name of the team from Justice Society to Justice League.[4]

The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960),[5] and after two further appearances in that title, got their own series which quickly became one of the company's best-selling titles.[6] Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky were the creative team for the title's first eight years. Sekowsky's last issue was #63 (June 1968) and Fox departed with #65 (September 1968). Schwartz was the new title's editor and oversaw it until 1979.[7]

Silver and Bronze Age / Justice League of America[edit]

Justice League of America
Cover to Justice League of America #1.
Art by Mike Sekowsky.
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
Schedule Bi-Monthly: #1-8; #105-116
8 Times a Year: #9-32; #96-104
9 Times a Year: #33-95
Monthly: #117-261
Format Ongoing
Genre
Publication date November–December 1960 – April 1987
Number of issues 261 and 3 Annuals
Creative team
Writer(s) Gardner Fox
Dennis O'Neil
Len Wein
Steve Englehart
Gerry Conway
Penciller(s) Mike Sekowsky
Dick Dillin
George Pérez
Inker(s) Sid Greene
Dick Giordano
Frank McLaughlin
Creator(s) Gardner Fox
Mike Sekowsky
The Brave and the Bold #28 (1960) is the Justice League's first appearance. Art by Mike Sekowsky and Murphy Anderson.

The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics' superheroes who were regularly published at that time: Superman, Batman, Aquaman, Flash, Green Lantern, Martian Manhunter, and Wonder Woman. Rarely featured in most of the stories, Superman and Batman did not even appear on the cover most of the time. Three of DC's other surviving or revived characters, Green Arrow,[8] the Atom,[9] and Hawkman[10] were added to the roster over the next four years.

The Justice League operated from a secret cave outside of the small town of Happy Harbor, Rhode Island. A teenager named Lucas "Snapper" Carr tagged along on missions, becoming both the team's mascot and an official member. Snapper, noted for speaking in beatnik dialect and snapping his fingers, helped the group defeat the giant space starfish Starro the Conqueror in the team's first appearance.

The supervillain Doctor Light first battled the team in issue #12 (June 1962).[11] Justice League of America #21 and #22 (August–September 1963) saw the first team-up of the Justice League and the Justice Society of America as well as the first use of the term "Crisis" in reference to a crossover between characters.[12] The following year's team-up with the Justice Society introduced the threat of the Crime Syndicate of America of Earth-Three.[13] The character Metamorpho was offered membership in the Justice League but declined.[14] Following the departures of Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky, writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin became the new creative team. Dillin would draw the title from issue #64 (August 1968) through #183 (October 1980).[15]

O'Neil reshaped the Justice League's membership by removing Wonder Woman in issue #69 and the Martian Manhunter in issue #71.[16] Following the JLA-JSA team-up in issues #73-74 and the death of her husband, the Black Canary decided to move to Earth-One to make a fresh start, where she joins the Justice League.[17] The following issue saw the character develop the superpower known as her "canary cry".[18] In issue #77 (December 1969), Snapper Carr is tricked into betraying the cave headquarters' secret location to the Joker, resulting in his resignation from the team.[19]

Satellite years[edit]

Main article: Justice League Satellite

In need of a new secure headquarters, the Justice League moved into an orbiting satellite headquarters in Justice League of America #78 (February 1970).[20] The Elongated Man,[21] the Red Tornado,[22] Hawkwoman,[23] Zatanna,[24] and Firestorm[25] joined the team, and Wonder Woman returned during this period.

Len Wein wrote issues #100–114, in which he and Dillin re-introduced the Seven Soldiers of Victory in issues #100-102[26] and the Freedom Fighters in issues #107-108.[27] In the fall of 1972, Wein and writers Gerry Conway and Steve Englehart crafted a metafiction an unofficial crossover spanning titles from both Marvel and DC. Each comic featured Englehart, Conway, and Wein, as well as Wein's first wife Glynis, interacting with Marvel or DC characters at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland, Vermont.

Beginning in Amazing Adventures #16 (by Englehart with art by Bob Brown and Frank McLaughlin), the story continued in Justice League of America #103 (by Wein, Dillin and Dick Giordano), and concluded in Thor #207 (by Conway and penciler John Buscema). As Englehart explained in 2010, "It certainly seemed like a radical concept and we knew that we had to be subtle (laughs) and each story had to stand on its own, but we really worked it out. It's really worthwhile to read those stories back to back to back — it didn't matter to us that one was at DC and two were at Marvel — I think it was us being creative, thinking what would be really cool to do."[28][29][30] Justice League of America #103 also featured the Justice League offering membership to the Phantom Stranger. Len Wein commented on the Phantom Stranger's relationship with the JLA in a 2012 interview stating that the character "only sort of joined. He was offered membership but vanished, as per usual, without actually accepting the offer. Over the years, other writers have just assumed [he] was a member, but in my world, he never really said yes."[31] Libra, a supervillain created by Wein and Dillin in Justice League of America #111 (May–June 1974),[32] would play a leading role in Grant Morrison's Final Crisis storyline in 2008.

Writers Cary Bates and Elliot S. Maggin wrote themselves into the 1975 JLA-JSA crossover in issues #123 and 124 with Bates becoming a supervillain.[33][34]

Wonder Woman rejoined the team following a major two-year story arc, largely written by Martin Pasko. To prove her worthiness to rejoin the JLA, Wonder Woman voluntarily underwent twelve trials analogous to the labors of Hercules, each of which was monitored in secret by a member of the JLA.[35] After the conclusion of the storyline in Wonder Woman #222, the character's return to the JLA occurred in a two-part story in Justice League of America #128-129 (March–April 1976).[36]

Steve Englehart wrote the series beginning with issue #139 and provided another unofficial crossover with Marvel Comics in issue #142 by reworking his character Mantis into the DC Universe as a character named "Willow".[37] Englehart left the title with issue #150. From issue #139 to #157 the issues were giant sized.

Writer Gerry Conway had a lengthy association with the title as well. His first JLA story appeared in issue #125 (December 1975) and he became the series' regular writer with issue #151 (February 1978). With a few exceptions, Conway would write the team's adventures until issue #255 (October 1986).[38] Julius Schwartz, who had edited the title since the first issue, left the series with issue #165 (April 1979).[7] The 1979 crossover with the Justice Society in issues #171 and 172 saw the death of the original Mister Terrific.[39] After Dick Dillin's death, George Pérez, Don Heck, and Rich Buckler would rotate as artist on the title. The double-sized anniversary issue #200 (March 1982) was a "jam" featuring a story written by Conway, a framing sequence drawn by Pérez, and chapters drawn by Pat Broderick, Jim Aparo, Dick Giordano, Gil Kane, Carmine Infantino, Brian Bolland, and Joe Kubert.[40] Bolland's chapter gave the artist his "first stab at drawing Batman."[41] Pérez would leave the title with issue #200[42] to concentrate on The New Teen Titans although he would contribute covers to the JLA through issue #220 (November 1983). The 1982 team-up with the Justice Society in issues #207-209 crossed over with All-Star Squadron #14-15.[43][44] A Justice League story by Gerry Conway and Rich Buckler originally intended for publication as an issue of All-New Collectors' Edition saw print in Justice League of America #210-212 (January 1983-March 1983).[45][46][47]

Detroit[edit]

Seeking to capitalize on the popularity of their other team books, which focused upon heroes in their late teens/early 20s, Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton revamped the Justice League series. After most of the original heroes fail to help fend off an invasion of Martians, Aquaman dissolves the League and rewrites its charter to allow only heroes who will devote their full-time to the roster.[48] The new team initially consists of Aquaman, Zatanna, Martian Manhunter, Elongated Man, the Vixen, and a trio of teenage heroes Gypsy, Steel, and Vibe.[49] Aquaman leaves the team after a year, due to resolving marital problems, and his role as leader is assumed by the Martian Manhunter.

The final storyline for the original Justice League of America series (#258-261), by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Luke McDonnell,[50] concludes with the murders of Vibe and Steel by long-time League nemesis Professor Ivo, and the resignations of Vixen, Gypsy, and the Elongated Man during the events of DC's Legends miniseries, which sees the team disband.

Modern incarnations[edit]

Justice League International[edit]

Main articles: Justice League International and Justice League Europe

The 1986 company-wide crossover "Legends" concluded with the formation of a new Justice League. The new team was dubbed "Justice League" then "Justice League International" (JLI) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus. The new series, written by Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis with art by Kevin Maguire[51] (and later Adam Hughes), added quirky humor to the team's stories. In this incarnation, the membership consisted partly of heroes from Earths that, prior to their merging in the Crisis on Infinite Earths, were separate. The initial team included Batman, Black Canary, Blue Beetle, Captain Marvel, Doctor Light (a new Japanese female character, emerging from the Crisis of Infinite Earths, not the supervillain who had appeared previously), Doctor Fate, Martian Manhunter, Mister Miracle, and Guy Gardner; and soon after inception, adds Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Fire (then known as the Global Guardians' Green Flame), Ice (then known as the Global Guardians' Icemaiden), and two Rocket Reds (one was a Manhunter spy, and one was Dimitri Pushkin). The Giffen/DeMatteis team worked on Justice League for five years and closed out their run with the "Breakdowns" storyline in 1991 and 1992.[52] The series' humorous tone and high level of characterization proved very popular.

After Giffen and DeMatteis' departure. DC created numerous spin-off titles. In 1996, the series was canceled, along with spinoffs Justice League Europe, Extreme Justice, and Justice League Task Force.

JLA[edit]

Main article: JLA (comic book)

The low sales of the various Justice League spinoff books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team (all the various branch teams were disbanded) on a single title. A Justice League of America formed in the September 1996 limited series Justice League: A Midsummer's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza, which reunited the "Original Seven" of the League for the first time since Crisis on Infinite Earths. In 1997, DC Comics launched a new Justice League series titled JLA, written by Grant Morrison with art by Howard Porter and inker John Dell.[53]

Morrison introduced the idea of the JLA allegorically representing a pantheon of gods, with their different powers and personalities, incorporating such characters as Zauriel, Big Barda, Orion, Huntress, Oracle (Barbara Gordon), Steel (John Henry Irons), and Plastic Man. He also had Aztek, Tomorrow Woman, and Green Arrow (Connor Hawke) as temporaries.

During the 2005-2006 event "Infinite Crisis", the series ended as Green Arrow struggled in vain to keep the League afloat. (JLA #120-125)

52[edit]

Main article: 52 (comics)

In 52 Week 24, Firestorm recruits a group to reform the Justice League. It consists of Firehawk, Super-Chief, Bulleteer, and Ambush Bug. They fight a deranged Skeets who takes Super-Chief's powers, killing him and numerous people who had received powers through Lex Luthor's Everyman Project. Afterward, Firestorm breaks up the team. Also in the series, Luthor's new Infinity, Inc. was informally referred to as a "Justice League" in solicitations and on covers.

Justice League of America (vol. 2)[edit]

Justice League of America (vol. 2)
Variant incentive cover for Justice League of America
(vol. 2) #1. Art by Michael Turner.
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
Schedule Monthly
Format Ongoing
Genre
Publication date September 2006 – October 2011
Number of issues 61 (#1-60 plus issue numbered 0)
Creative team
Writer(s) Brad Meltzer
Dwayne McDuffie
Len Wein
James Robinson
Penciller(s) Ed Benes
Mark Bagley
Brett Booth
Creator(s) Brad Meltzer
Ed Benes

One year after the events of Infinite Crisis, Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman reunite in the Batcave to re-form the League in Justice League of America #0, the kick-off for a new series by Brad Meltzer and Ed Benes.[54] The series featured a roster which included Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Black Canary, Red Arrow (Green Arrow's former sidekick), Red Tornado, Vixen, Black Lightning, and Hawkgirl. The first arc of the series focused upon Red Tornado and pitted the team against a new intelligent incarnation of Solomon Grundy and the rebuilt Amazo. The new incarnation of the team has two main headquarters, linked by a transporter. At the first site is The Hall, which in the mainstream DC Universe is a refurnished version of the Justice Society of America and the All-Star Squadron's former headquarters located in Washington, D.C.. Black Canary is elected as the first official Chairperson after the fight against Amazo and Solomon Grundy, and led both the Justice League and Justice Society in a complex quest to reunite time-lost members of the pre-Crisis Legion of Super-Heroes, who had been sent back in time to free both Bart Allen and Flash from the other dimensional realm of the Speed Force. Meltzer left the series at the end of issue #12, with one of his subplots (Per Degaton, a pre-nuclear fire mutation version of Despero, and a circa 1948 version of the Ultra-Humanite gathering for an unknown plot) resolved in the pages of Booster Gold.[volume & issue needed]

Dwayne McDuffie took over the writing job with the Justice League Anniversary Special and the main book with issue #13. Due to DC Comics seeking to launch a spin-off Justice League book led by Hal Jordan, the character was removed from the main League series and replaced by John Stewart. Firestorm also joined the roster, with the series entering into a series of tie-in storylines towards Countdown to Final Crisis, with the arrest of a large number of supervillains (gathered by Lex Luthor and Deathstroke to attack the League on the eve of the wedding of Black Canary and Green Arrow) setting up the Salvation Run tie-in miniseries. Also, roster members Red Tornado and Geo-Force were written out. McDuffie's removed Hal Jordan in favor of Stewart. Jordan was restored to the roster by issue #19 of the series, only to be removed once again by issue #31.

Issue #21 saw the return of Libra and the Human Flame, setting up their appearances in Final Crisis. Later issues would resolve issues involving Vixen's power level increase and see the integration of the Milestone Comics characters the Shadow Cabinet and Icon, who fought the Justice League over the remains of the villainous Doctor Light. The group suffered greater losses during Final Crisis with the deaths of Martian Manhunter and Batman, as well as the resignations of Superman and Wonder Woman, who could no longer devote themselves full-time to the League due to the events of the New Krypton and Rise of the Olympian storylines in their respective titles. Hal Jordan would resign as well, clearing the way for John Stewart's return to the team. Black Canary found herself declaring the League no more, though the group would continue with Canary taking a secondary role. Her last act as leader was to assign John Stewart and Firestorm the task of hunting down the Human Flame,[volume & issue needed] for his part in the murder of Martian Manhunter, as seen in the Final Crisis Aftermath: Run! miniseries.

Vixen would take over the team, with Plastic Man rejoining the group. Len Wein wrote a three-part fill-in story for Justice League of America[55] that ran from #35 to #37. McDuffie was fired from the title before he could return, after discussion postings to the DC Comics message board, detailing behind-the-scenes creative decisions on his run, which were republished in the rumor column "Lying In The Gutter".[56] James Robinson was announced as the new Justice League of America writer.[57]

Wein's fill-in run would be published as Justice League: Cry For Justice neared its conclusion, as Vixen and Black Canary's group (sans John Stewart) would confront Hal Jordan and Green Arrow's makeshift Justice League group, which had stumbled upon a plot by the villain Prometheus that had resulted in much death and carnage. During the confrontation over Jordan's group using torture to extract information from the villains being blackmailed into carrying out Prometheus' plan, both Roy Harper and Supergirl would discover that one of Jordan's heroes, Captain Marvel Jr., was really Prometheus in disguise. In the ensuing battle, the League would suffer horrible losses: Roy Harper was maimed and his daughter Lian and hundreds of thousands of people in Star City would be killed by a doomsday device a Prometheus had activated. Vixen would have her leg broken and Plastic Man would have his powers permanently scrambled, making him a slowly disintegrating puddle creature. To save other cities from being destroyed like Star City, the League reluctantly allowed Prometheus to go free. Green Arrow (with help from the Shade) would later track down and kill Prometheus.[volume & issue needed]

Following the events of "Blackest Night", Hal Jordan and Donna Troy begin the task of rebuilding the League, with Green Arrow, the Atom, Batman, Mon-El, Donna, Cyborg, Doctor Light, Starfire, Congorilla, and the Guardian.[volume & issue needed]

At the end of issue #43, the majority of the new members leave. Mon-El and the Guardian leave after Mon-El returns to the future, Black Canary returns to the Birds of Prey, Starfire leaves to join the R.E.B.E.L.S., Green Lantern leaves to locate the other Lantern Corps Entities, and Green Arrow is forced to leave due to his fugitive status. James Robinson said this was due to having second thoughts about his decision to use so many characters, and that the team would have a different roster in the coming months.[58] To replace the departed members, Jade and Jesse Quick were added to the team. Cyborg remained with the team in a reduced capacity, and was eventually given his own co-feature storyline for issues #48–50.[59]

DC announced that Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps would be joining the Justice League during a tie-in to the Reign of Doomsday crossover, but the character did not become a full member due to the cancellation of the title.[60]

The series ended with issue #60 (October 2011), the title being one of the numerous DC books cancelled after the "Flashpoint" crossover. The finale issue was set one year after the events of #59 and saw Batman disbanding the League due to most of the individual members becoming preoccupied with personal commitments. The final storyline recounted the League's activities during the year-long gap, summarizing story arcs that had been planned for upcoming JLA issues but abandoned due to the transition to the New 52 continuity.

The New 52[edit]

Justice League
Cover for Justice League (vol. 2) #1 (October 2011).
Art by Jim Lee and Scott Williams.
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
Schedule Monthly
Format Ongoing
Genre
Publication date October 2011 – present
Number of issues 44 (#1–39 plus issues numbered 0 and 23.1 through 23.4) (as of March 2015 cover date)
Main character(s) Justice League
Creative team
Writer(s) Geoff Johns
Penciller(s) Jim Lee, Gene Ha, Carlos D'Anda, Ivan Reis, Joe Prado, Tony Daniel, Jason Fabok
Inker(s) Scott Williams
Colorist(s) Alex Sinclair
Creator(s) Geoff Johns
Jim Lee

In September 2011, following the conclusion of the Flashpoint miniseries, all DC titles were canceled, relaunched as the New 52, and started at issue #1, rebooting DC's continuity. Justice League of America was relaunched as Justice League, written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee, and was the first of the new titles released, coming out the same day as the final issue of Flashpoint.[61] The first six-issue storyline is set five years in the past and features a new origin for the team.[62] The series then shifted to the present in issue #7.[63] After the first 12 issues, Jim Lee was succeeded as artist by Ivan Reis.[64] Subsequently, Jason Fabok succeeded Reis as the book's regular penciller.

The initial roster of the team consists of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan; who has since left the team), Aquaman, the Flash (Barry Allen), and Cyborg,[65][66] while the Atom (Rhonda Pineda), Firestorm (Ronnie Raymond), and Element Woman join as additional members.[67]

In addition to this series, two other Justice League-related titles were launched during the same month: a new Justice League International; written by Dan Jurgens and drawn by Aaron Lopresti;[68] featuring an initial roster of Batman, Booster Gold, Rocket Red (Gavril Ivanovich), Vixen, Green Lantern (Guy Gardner), Fire, Ice, August General in Iron,[69] and Godiva,[citation needed] and Justice League Dark; written by Peter Milligan and drawn by Mikel Janin; featuring an initial roster consisting of John Constantine, Shade, the Changing Man, Madame Xanadu, Deadman, Zatanna, and new character called Mindwarp.[70] In May 2012, DC announced the cancellation of Justice League International with issue 12 and an annual.[71]

Justice League of America
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
Schedule Monthly
Format Ongoing
Genre Superhero
Publication date April 2013 – July 2014
Number of issues 18 (#1-14 plus issues numbered 7.1 through 7.4)
Creative team
Writer(s) Geoff Johns, Matt Kindt
Artist(s) David Finch, Scott Clark

The cancellation of Justice League International led into the launch of a new Justice League of America title (volume 3). The new Justice League of America is entirely separate from the main Justice League as the new team was formed by Amanda Waller and consists of Steve Trevor, Martian Manhunter, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Catwoman, the new Green Lantern Simon Baz, Stargirl, Katana and Vibe.[72] Katana and Vibe later received their own ongoing titles, although both were cancelled after 10 issues.[73] The new Atom, Rhonda Pineda, is also a member of the Justice League of America. She works as a spy to gain intel on the Justice League, reporting to Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor.[74] It is later revealed that, unknown to the members of either team, she is actually a member of Earth-3's Crime Syndicate, and is betraying both teams. Each member of the Justice League of America is intended to be a counterpart to the members of the Justice League, in case the Justice League would ever go rogue.[75] Catwoman and Green Arrow both serve as counterparts for Batman.[76]

The Justice League, Justice League of America and Justice League Dark clash in the "Trinity War" storyline, and Shazam (whose origin was told in a back-up feature in Justice League) joins the Justice League. Atom is revealed to be from a parallel universe; she is in fact a mole spying on both teams for the evil Crime Syndicate of Earth-3. The Syndicate roundly defeats the assembled Leagues, triggering the Forever Evil crossover event. In the aftermath of Forever Evil, following their crucial and public role in defeating the Crime Syndicate, Lex Luthor and Captain Cold join the Justice League. A young woman named Jessica Cruz joins the team after becoming attached to Crime Syndicate's sentient Power Ring and gaining control of its Green Lantern-like abilities.

In August 2013, it was announced that Justice League of America would be retitled Justice League Canada following Forever Evil,[77][78] with the team relocating to Canada, although in the end it launched as a new series, Justice League United in January 2014. Its team members are Animal Man, Martian Manhunter, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Stargirl, Supergirl, Adam Strange and his wife Alanna,[79] along with new Canadian superhero Equinox, a 16-year-old Cree teenager from Moose Factory whose civilian name is Miiyahbin and whose powers change with the seasons.[80] The series, written by Lemire and drawn by Mike McKone. This new team has taken part in mostly space-faring adventures, and its adventures have not involved the other Justice League.

In June 2015, following the Convergence event, and as part of the DC You rebrand, DC launched a fourth volume called Justice League of America, featuring the same core seven members from Justice League, which has not been cancelled, with Bryan Hitch on writing duties. In one scene Aquaman is asked to clarify the name of his team, "Or is it Justice League of America these days?", suggesting that the core Justice League is known by both names.

Various origins of the Justice League[edit]

In a story told in flashback in Justice League of America #9 (February 1962), the Appelaxians infiltrated Earth.[81] Competing alien warriors were sent to see who could conquer Earth first, to determine who will become the new ruler of their home planet. The aliens' attacks drew the attentions of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash (Barry Allen), Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Aquaman, and Martian Manhunter. While the superheroes individually defeated most of the invaders, the heroes fell prey to a single competitor's attack; only by working together were they able to defeat the competitor. For many years, the heroes heralded this adventure as the event that prompted them to agree to pool resources when confronted with similar menaces.

In Justice League of America #144 (July 1977), Green Arrow uncovered inconsistencies in the team's records[82] and extracted admissions from his colleagues that the seven founders had actually formed the League after Martian Manhunter was rescued from Martian forces by the other six founders, along with several other heroes including Robin, Robotman, Congo Bill/Congorilla, Rex the Wonder Dog and even Lois Lane.

Green Lantern participated in this first adventure solely as Hal Jordan, as he had yet to become the costumed hero, the biggest inconsistency Arrow found, as they celebrated the earlier incident's date, while recounting only the later one's events. When the group formalized their agreement, they suppressed news of it because of anti-Martian hysteria. Because the heroes had not revealed their identities to each other at the time, they did not realize that Jordan and Green Lantern were one and the same when he turned up in costume during the event described in #9. While most subsequent accounts of the League have made little mention of this first adventure, the animated Justice League series adapted this tale as the origin of the Justice League as well.

Secret Origins (vol. 2) #32 (November 1988) updated Justice League of America #9's origin for post-Crisis continuity. Differences included the inclusion of the Silver Age Black Canary as a founding member and the absence of Batman, Wonder Woman and Superman. The JLA: Year One limited series, by Mark Waid, Brian Augustyn and Barry Kitson, further expanded the Secret Origins depiction.[83]

In Justice League Task Force #16 (Sept. 1994), during Zero Hour, a then unknown superhuman named Triumph appeared. Triumph was revealed to have been a founding member of the Justice League and was their leader. On his first mission with the Justice League, Triumph seemingly "saved the world" but was teleported into a dimensional limbo that also affected the timestream, erasing all memory of him.

In Infinite Crisis #7 (June 2006), the formation of "New Earth" (the new name for the post-Crisis Earth) restored Wonder Woman as a founding member of the Justice League. In Brad Meltzer's Justice League of America (vol. 2) #0 (September 2006), it was revealed that Superman and Batman were again founding members as well. 52 #51 (June 2007) confirmed that the 1989 Secret Origins and JLA: Year One origins were still in continuity at that time, with Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman joining the team with founding members' status shortly after the group's formation with Aquaman, Black Canary, Flash, Green Lantern and Martian Manhunter.[84] In Justice League of America #12 (October 2007), the founding members of the Justice League were shown to be Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Flash (Barry Allen), Aquaman and the Martian Manhunter.

With DC's history rewritten due to the Flashpoint limited series, an entirely new origin for the Justice League appeared in the subsequent Justice League series which debuted with an October 2011 cover date as part of the company-wide event, The New 52. Issue #1 portrayed the first meeting between Batman and Hal Jordan, with the two encountering each other during a battle against a Parademon in Gotham City. After realizing the creature is extraterrestrial in origin, the two heroes head to Metropolis to seek out Superman only to be attacked by him.[85] Later, after a brief fight in which the Flash arrives and Batman convinces Superman they are on the same side, they move to an abandoned building to work on analyzing a mysterious alien box, when it suddenly activates and more Parademons arrive.[86] While fighting the Parademons, Aquaman and Wonder Woman appear and join forces with the other heroes.[87] The mysterious box leads to Darkseid's arrival on Earth, and the heroes come together, along with the newcomer Cyborg, to defeat him. The public becomes enamored with the heroes, and a writer dubs the group the 'Justice League', following the Flash's suggestion of 'Super Seven'.[88]

Justice League[edit]

Character Real name Joined in Notes
New 52 Justice League

The Justice League was rebooted in 2011.
Batman Bruce Wayne Justice League Vol. 2 #6 Founding member
Superman Clark Kent/Kal-El
Flash Barry Allen
Wonder Woman Princess Diana
Aquaman Orin/Arthur Curry
Cyborg Victor Stone
Green Lantern Hal Jordan
Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz/John Jones Between Justice League Vol. 2 #6 and Justice League Vol. 2 #7 Joined but later attacked the Justice League and left, as noted in Justice League vol. 2 #8.
Former member of Stormwatch.
Current member of the Justice League of America.
The Atom Rhonda Pineda Justice League Vol. 2 #18 Revealed in Justice League Vol. 2 #23 to actually be a member of the Crime Syndicate of America, a spy posing as a member of the Justice League.

Died in Forever Evil #7.
Element Woman Emily Sung Left after Forever Evil #7
Firestorm Ronnie Raymond and Jason Rusch
Shazam Billy Batson Justice League Vol. 2 #31
Lex Luthor Lex Luthor Justice League Vol. 2 #33
Captain Cold Leonard Snart
Power Ring Jessica Cruz Justice League Vol. 2 #35

Enemies[edit]

Main article: List of Justice League enemies

The Justice League often unite to face supervillains who pose catastrophic threats. These enemies vary from Earth-based supervillains such as Lex Luthor or the Joker, to intergalactic supervillains such as Darkseid and Brainiac.

Related series[edit]

JLA: Classified
Cover of JLA: Classified #1 by Ed McGuinness.
Publication information
Publisher DC Comics
Schedule Monthly
Format Ended
Genre
Publication date January 2005 - May 2008
Number of issues 54
Creative team
Writer(s) various
Artist(s) various
Creator(s) Grant Morrison
Ed McGuinness

Throughout the years, various incarnations or subsections of the team have operated as Justice League Dark, Justice League Europe, Justice League International, Justice League Task Force, Justice League Elite, Justice League United, and Extreme Justice.

Formerly Known as the Justice League[edit]

Main article: Super Buddies

In 2003, Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire returned with a separate limited series called Formerly Known as the Justice League[89] with the same humor as their Justice League run, and featuring some of the same characters in a team called the "Super Buddies" (a parody of the Super Friends). A follow-up limited series, entitled I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League, soon was prepared, although it was delayed due to the events shown in the Identity Crisis limited series, but was eventually released as the second arc in JLA: Classified. The Super Buddies consisted of Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Fire, Mary Marvel, the Elongated Man with his wife, Sue Dibny, Maxwell Lord, and L-Ron. The second story arc of JLA: Classified focuses on the Super Buddies in a humorous story that features Power Girl, Guy Gardner, with and associated by Doctor Fate.

JLA/Avengers[edit]

Main article: JLA/Avengers

In 2003-2004, George Pérez and Kurt Busiek produced a JLA/Avengers crossover,[90] an idea that had been delayed for 20 years for various reasons. In this limited series, the Justice League and Marvel Comics' superhero team the Avengers were forced to find key artifacts in one another's universe, as well as deal with the threats of villains Krona and the Grandmaster.

JLA: Classified[edit]

In 2004, DC began an anthology series titled JLA: Classified, which would feature rotating writers and artists producing self-contained story-arcs and aborted mini-series projects that were reappropriated for publication within the pages of the series, starring the JLA. While the bulk of the stories took place within the continuity of the series (circa JLA #76–113) some of the stories take place outside of regular DC Universe canon. The series was canceled as of issue #54 (May 2008).

Justice[edit]

Main article: Justice (DC Comics)

In October 2005, DC began publishing the 12-issue miniseries Justice by writer Jim Krueger, writer/illustrator Alex Ross, and artist Doug Braithwaite. The story, which takes place outside regular DC continuity, has Lex Luthor assembling the Legion of Doom after he and several other villains begin to have nightmares about the end of the world and the failure of the Justice League to prevent the apocalypse. As the Legion begins engaging in unprecedented humanitarian deeds throughout the world, they also launch a series of attacks on the Justice League and their families. The threat that the Legion was warned about destroying the Earth turns out to be caused by Brainiac, who seeks to destroy Earth during the chaos.

Justice League: Cry for Justice[edit]

Main article: Justice League: Cry for Justice

Originally planned as an ongoing title, Justice League: Cry For Justice is a mini-series written by James Robinson and drawn by Mauro Cascioli. The mini-series, set after the events of Final Crisis, has Hal Jordan leaving the League following the deaths of Batman and Martian Manhunter, as their deaths have caused Hal to seek a more proactive manner of dealing with super-villains. Hal, along with Green Arrow, and later joined by Supergirl, Captain Marvel Jr., and Batwoman are then recruited by Ray Palmer to investigate a murder of a former colleague that had been carried out on orders from Prometheus. This ties into another string of murders, bringing Starman Mikaal Tomas and Congorilla together as their investigation of the murders of several European super-heroes are also revealed to be the work of Prometheus.

With help from the Hawkman villain I.Q., Prometheus plans on creating the ultimate weapon in mass murder, a massive doomsday device which he plans on using to destroy entire cities, as part of his revenge scheme against the JLA for lobotomizing him. Disguised as Captain Marvel Jr., Prometheus maims Roy Harper and brutally injures JLA members Dr. Light II, Vixen, and Plastic Man while using the JLA Satellite to activate his doomsday device, which destroys Star City, killing 90,000 innocent civilians, including Roy Harper's young daughter Lian. Prometheus ultimately extorts his freedom from the League in exchange for the codes that will shut down his weapon, much to the horror of the JLA members. Green Arrow (with help from reformed villain the Shade), tracks Prometheus down and kills him by firing an arrow into his head.

The mini-series leads directly into the formation of a brand new JLA roster with Green Lantern Hal Jordan, Donna Troy, Dick Grayson as Batman, Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), Mon-El, Cyborg, Starfire, Congorilla, Guardian, and Mikaal Tomas.

JLA/The 99[edit]

Main article: JLA/The 99

Launching in October 2010, JLA/The 99 was a crossover mini-series featuring the Justice League teaming up with the heroes of Teshkeel Comics' The 99 series. The JLA consisted of Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (John Stewart), The Flash (Barry Allen), The Atom (Ray Palmer), Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), Hawkman, and Firestorm (Jason Rusch).

Cultural Impact[edit]

The comic's early success was indirectly responsible for the creation of the Fantastic Four. When Marvel-Timely owner Martin Goodman heard in 1961 how well DC's then-new book Justice League was selling, he told Stan Lee, his comics editor, to come up with a team of superheroes for Marvel.[91] The result was "Fantastic Four" #1 by Lee and Jack Kirby, which debuted in November 1961.[92]

Marvel also introduced a team of villains in 1971 based on the Justice League called Squadron Supreme which has appeared in print as well as Disney XD's Avengers Assemble animated series. The characters are analogous to Superman, (Hyperion), Batman (Nighthawk), Wonder Woman (Power Princess), Green Lantern (Doctor Spectrum), and Flash (Speed Demon).

Awards[edit]

The original Justice League of America series has won:

Collected editions[edit]

Silver Age Justice League of America[edit]

This series has been collected in the following:

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 Justice League of America Archives volume 1 The Brave and the Bold #28-30, Justice League of America #1-6 978-1563890437
2 Justice League of America Archives volume 2 Justice League of America #7-14 978-1563891199
3 Justice League of America Archives volume 3 Justice League of America #15-22 978-1563891595
4 Justice League of America Archives volume 4 Justice League of America #23-30 978-1563894121
5 Justice League of America Archives volume 5 Justice League of America #31-38, #40* 978-1563895401
6 Justice League of America Archives volume 6 Justice League of America #41-47, #49-50* 978-1563896255
7 Justice League of America Archives volume 7 Justice League of America #51-57, #59-60* 978-1563897047
8 Justice League of America Archives volume 8 Justice League of America #61-66, #68-70* 978-1563899775
9 Justice League of America Archives volume 9 Justice League of America #71-80 978-1401204020
10 Justice League of America Archives volume 10 Justice League of America #81-93 978-1401234126
11 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 1 The Brave and the Bold #28-30; Justice League of America #1-16; Mystery in Space #75 978-1401207618
12 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 2 Justice League of America #17-36 978-1401212032
13 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 3 Justice League of America #37-38; #40-47; #49-57; #59-60* 978-1401217181
14 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 4 Justice League of America #61-66; #68-75; #77-83* 978-1401221843
15 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 5 Justice League of America #84; #86-92; #94-106* 978-1401230258
16 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 6 Justice League of America #107-132* 978-1401238353
17 Justice League of America Chronicles volume 1 The Brave and the Bold #28-30; Justice League of America #1-3 978-1401240820

* omitted issues that featured reprints of material from earlier volumes.

Justice League/Justice League International/Justice League America (1987–1996)[edit]

This series has been collected in the following collections (there are hardcover and trade paperback versions of all volumes):

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 Justice League International Volume 1 Justice League #1-6, Justice League International #7 1-4012-1666-8
2 Justice League International Volume 2 Justice League International #8-14, Justice League Annual #1 1-4012-1826-1
3 Justice League International Volume 3 Justice League International #15-22 1-4012-1941-1
4 Justice League International Volume 4 Justice League International #23-25, Justice League America #26-30 1-4012-2196-3
5 Justice League International Volume 5 Justice League International Annual #2-3, Justice League Europe #1-6 978-1-4012-3010-4
6 Justice League International Volume 6 Justice League America #31-35, Justice League Europe #7-11 978-1-4012-3119-4

JLA (1997-2006)[edit]

This series has been collected in the following trade paperbacks:

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 New World Order JLA #1-4 1-56389-369-X
2 American Dreams JLA #5-9 1-56389-394-0
3 Rock of Ages JLA #10-15 1-56389-416-5
4 Strength in Numbers JLA #16-23, JLA Secret Files #2, New Year's Evil: Prometheus (one-shot) 1-56389-435-1
5 Justice For All JLA #24-33 1-56389-511-0
6 World War III JLA #34-41 1-56389-618-4
7 Tower of Babel JLA #42-46, JLA Secret Files #3, JLA 80-Page Giant #1 1-56389-727-X
8 Divided We Fall JLA #47-54 1-56389-793-8
9 Terror Incognita JLA #55-60 1-56389-936-1
10 Golden Perfect JLA #61-65 1-56389-941-8
11 The Obsidian Age (Book 1) JLA #66-71 1-56389-991-4
12 The Obsidian Age (Book 2) JLA #72-76 1-4012-0043-5
13 Rules of Engagement JLA #77-82 1-4012-0215-2
14 Trial By Fire JLA #84-89 1-4012-0242-X
15 The Tenth Circle JLA #94-99 1-4012-0346-9
16 Pain of the Gods JLA #101-106 1-4012-0468-6
17 Syndicate Rules JLA #107-114, and a story from JLA Secret Files 2004 1-4012-0477-5
18 Crisis of Conscience JLA #115-119 1-4012-0963-7
19 World Without a Justice League JLA #120-125 1-4012-0964-5

This series has been collected in the following Grant Morrison-centric hardcover (and later paperback) collections:

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 1 JLA #1-9, plus a story included in JLA: Secret Files and Origins #1 1-4012-1843-1
2 JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 2 JLA #10-17, Prometheus (one-shot), plus JLA/WILDCATS 1-4012-2265-X
3 JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 3 JLA #22-26, 28-31 and 1,000,000 1-4012-2659-0
4 JLA: The Deluxe Edition Vol. 4 JLA #34, 36-41, JLA: Classified #1-3, JLA: Earth II 1-4012-2909-3

Justice League of America (vol. 2) (2006–2011)[edit]

This series has been collected in the following hardcover collections:

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 The Tornado's Path Justice League of America (vol. 2) #1-7 HC: 978-1401213497
SC: 978-1401215804
2 The Lightning Saga Justice League of America (vol. 2) #0, #8-12;
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #5-6		 HC: 978-1401216528
SC: 978-1401218690
3 The Injustice League Justice League of America (vol. 2) #13-16;
JLA Wedding Special #1		 HC: 978-1401218027
SC: 978-1401220501
4 Sanctuary Justice League of America (vol. 2) #17-21 HC: 978-1401219925
SC: 978-1401220105
5 The Second Coming Justice League of America (vol. 2) #22-26 HC: 978-1401222529
SC: 978-1401222536
6 When Worlds Collide Justice League of America (vol. 2) #27-28, #30-34 HC: 978-1401224226
SC: 978-1401224233
7 Team History Justice League of America (vol. 2) #38-43 HC: 978-1401228385
SC: 978-1401232603
8 The Dark Things Justice League of America (vol. 2) #44-48;
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #41-42		 HC: 978-1401230111
SC: 978-1401231934
9 Omega Justice League of America (vol. 2) #49-53 HC: 978-1401232436
SC: 978-1401233563
10 The Rise of Eclipso Justice League of America (vol. 2) #54-60;
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #43		 SC: 978-1401234133

The New 52 Justice League (vol. 2) (2011-present)[edit]

The series has been collected in the following hardcover collections:

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 Origin Justice League (vol. 2) #1-6 978-1401234614
2 The Villain's Journey Justice League (vol. 2) #7-12 978-1401237646
3 Throne of Atlantis Justice League (vol. 2) #13-17;

Aquaman (vol. 7) #15-16

 978-1401242404
4 The Grid Justice League (vol. 2) #18-20, 22-23 978-1401247171
5 Forever Heroes Justice League (vol. 2) #24-29 978-1401254193
6 Injustice League Justice League (vol. 2) #30-39 978-1401252366

The New 52 Justice League of America (vol. 3) (2013-2014)[edit]

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 World's Most Dangerous Justice League of America Vol. 3 #1-7 978-1401242367
2 Survivors of Evil Justice League of America Vol. 3 #8-14 978-1401247263

Miscellaneous reprints[edit]

These trades reprint themed issues.

# Title Material collected ISBN
1 Justice League of America Hereby Elects Justice League of America #4, 75, 105-106, 146, 161, and 173-174 978-1401212674
2 JLA: The Greatest Stories Ever Told Justice League of America #19, 77, 122, and 166-168,
Justice League #1, JLA Secret Files #1 and JLA #61		 978-1401209322
3 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 1 Justice League of America ##21-22, 29-30, 37-38, and 46-47 978-1563898952
4 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 2 Justice League of America #55-56, 64-65, 73-74, and 82-83 978-1401200039
5 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 3 Justice League of America #91-92, 100-102, 107-108, and 113 978-1401202316
6 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 4 Justice League of America #123-124, 135-137, and 147-148 978-1401209575
7 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 5 Justice League of America #159-160, 171-172, and 183-185 978-1401226237
8 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 6 Justice League of America #195-197, 207-209 and crossover issues All-Star Squadron #15-17 978-1401238223

Attractions[edit]

In other media[edit]

Main article: Justice League in other media

See also[edit]

Portal icon Comics portal

Spin-off groups[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Gardner Fox (w), Mike Sekowsky (p), Sachs, Bernard, Joe Giella, Murphy Anderson (i). "The Justice League of America" Brave and the Bold 28 (March 1960), New York, NY: DC Comics
  2. ^ a b Eury, Michael (2005). The Justice League Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 1-893905-48-9. 
  3. ^ Rosen, Christopher (June 6, 2012). "Justice League Movie: Warner Bros. Hires Gangster Squad Writer To Resurrect Superhero Supergroup". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012. 
  4. ^ Eury, Michael (2005). The Justice League Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 1-893905-48-9. The readers were more familiar with 'League' from the National League and the American League. 
  5. ^ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1960s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Editor Julius Schwartz had repopulated the [superhero] subculture by revitalizing Golden Age icons like Green Lantern and the Flash. He recruited writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky, and together they came up with the Justice League of America, a modern version of the legendary Justice Society of America from the 1940s. 
  6. ^ Daniels, Les (1995). "The Justice League of America A Team of Good Sports". DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Bulfinch. p. 127. ISBN 0821220764. Justice League was a hit. It solidified once and for all the importance of super hero groups, and in the process provided a playground where DC's characters could attract new fans while entertaining established admirers. 
  7. ^ a b Julius Schwartz' run on the Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database
  8. ^ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "Doom of the Star Diamond" Justice League of America 4 (April–May 1961)
  9. ^ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "The Menace of the 'Atom' Bomb!" Justice League of America 14 (September 1962)
  10. ^ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "Riddle of the Runaway Room!" Justice League of America 31 (November 1964)
  11. ^ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 105: "In a tale written by Gardner Fox, with art by Mike Sekowsky, Dr. Light's first [adventure] was almost the JLA's last."
  12. ^ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 109: "The two-part 'Crisis on Earth-One!' and 'Crisis on Earth-Two!' saga represented the first use of the term 'Crisis' in crossovers, as well as the designations 'Earth-1' and 'Earth-2'. In it editor Julius Schwartz, [writer Gardner] Fox, and artist Mike Sekowsky devised a menace worthy of the World's Greatest Heroes."
  13. ^ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 112: "Writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky crafted a tale in which the Crime Syndicate...ambushed the JLA on Earth-1."
  14. ^ Fox, Gardner (w), Sekowsky, Mike (p), Sachs, Bernard (i). "Metamorpho Says No!" Justice League of America 42 (February 1966)
  15. ^ Dick Dillin's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database. Dillin missed only the planned reprint issues #67, 76, 85 and 93; issue #153 which was pencilled by George Tuska; and issue #157 where Dillin provided the intro and epilogue pages while Juan Ortiz pencilled the main story.
  16. ^ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 133: "In less than a year on the Justice League of America series, scribe Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin had made major changes to the team. Two issues after Wonder Woman left the JLA, the Martian Manhunter did the same."
  17. ^ O'Neil, Denny (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Greene, Sid (i). "Where Death Fears to Tread" Justice League of America 74 (September 1969)
  18. ^ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 135: "November [1969] saw Black Canary both relocate and develop her 'canary cry'...The crime-fighting beauty at the behest of writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin, left the JSA on Earth-2 to join the JLA on Earth-1."
  19. ^ McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 135: "As told by writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin, the JLA suffered heartbreak at the hands of Snapper Carr...a disgraced Snapper resigned his JLA honorary membership."
  20. ^ O'Neil, Denny (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Giella, Joe (i). "The Coming of the Doomsters" Justice League of America 78 (February 1970)
  21. ^ Wein, Len (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Giordano, Dick (i). "Specter in the Shadows!" Justice League of America 105 (April–May 1973)
  22. ^ Wein, Len (w), Dillin, Dick (p), Giordano, Dick (i). "Wolf in the Fold!" Justice League of America 106 (July–August 1973)
  23. ^ Englehart, Steve (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "Inner Mission!" Justice League of America 146 (September 1977)
  24. ^ Conway, Gerry (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "The Reverse-Spells of Zatanna's Magic" Justice League of America 161 (December 1978)
  25. ^ Conway, Gerry (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "The Siren Song of the Satin Satan" Justice League of America 179 (June 1980)
  26. ^ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 152 "Through an impromptu team-up of the JLA and the Justice Society on Earth-2, writer Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin ushered in the return of DC's Seven Soldiers of Victory."
  27. ^ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 156 "The annual Justice League-Justice Society get-together resulted in scribe Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin transporting both teams to the alternate reality of Earth-X. There, Nazi Germany ruled after winning a prolonged World War II and only a group of champions called the Freedom Fighters remained to oppose the regime."
  28. ^ Larnick, Eric (October 30, 2010). "The Rutland Halloween Parade: Where Marvel and DC First Collided". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011. 
  29. ^ Cronin, Brian (October 1, 2010). "Comic Book Legends Revealed #280". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011. 
  30. ^ Amazing Adventures #16 (Jan. 1973), Justice League of America #103 (Dec. 1972), and Thor #207 (Jan. 1973) at the Grand Comics Database
  31. ^ Riley, Shannon E. (August 2012). "Flashback: 22,300 Miles Above Earth A Look Back at the JLA's 'Satellite Years'". Back Issue! (TwoMorrows Publishing) (58): 14. 
  32. ^ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 160 "Through the words of scripter Len Wein and the art of Dick Dillin, the masked menace of Libra established himself as a grave threat to the World's Greatest Heroes."
  33. ^ Bates, Cary; Maggin, Elliot S. (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "Where on Earth Am I?" Justice League of America 123 (October 1975), DC Comics
  34. ^ Bates, Cary; Maggin, Elliot S. (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i). "Avenging Ghosts of the Justice Society!" Justice League of America 124 (November 1975), DC Comics
  35. ^ Jimenez, Phil; Wells, John (2010). The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. pp. 420–421. ISBN 0-345-50107-1. Retrieved November 26, 2011. 
  36. ^ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 169: "The Justice League officially reinstated Wonder Woman in issue #222 of her own series. However, her meeting with the JLA within the pages of their comic [Justice League of America #128] didn't go well, thanks to writer Martin Pasko and artist Dick Dillin."
  37. ^ Cronin, Brian (September 15, 2005). "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #16!". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012. Englehart next began a run on Justice League of America, and in issue #142, Mantis showed up! Only this time, she was calling herself Willow. 
  38. ^ Gerry Conway's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database
  39. ^ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 182: "Writer Gerry Conway and artist Dick Dillin crafted a tale of foul play aboard the JLA satellite, during the team's annual get-together with Earth-2's JSA. Mr. Terrific...was murdered before he could expose a turncoat among the heroes."
  40. ^ Sanderson, Peter (September–October 1981). "Justice League #200 All-Star Affair". Comics Feature (New Media Publishing) (12/13): 17. 
  41. ^ Bolland, Brian (2006). Pruett, Joe, ed. The Art of Brian Bolland. Image Comics. p. 130. ISBN 1-58240-603-0. 
  42. ^ George Pérez' run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database
  43. ^ Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan, p. 198: "The Justice League of America teamed up with the Justice Society of America on a large-scale with 'Crisis on Earth-Prime', a five-part saga that crossed from the pages of Justice League of America into All-Star Squadron."
  44. ^ Thomas, Roy (2000). "The Justice League-Justice Society Team-Ups". The All-Star Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 191–192. ISBN 1-893905-05-5.  Justice League of America #207-209 (Oct.-Dec. 1982) and All-Star Squadron #14-15 (Oct.-Nov. 1982)
  45. ^ Justice League of America #210 at the Grand Comics Database
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  47. ^ Wells, John (December 2012). "The Perils of the DC/Marvel Tabloid Era". Back Issue! (TwoMorrows Publishing) (61): 6. 
  48. ^ Conway, Gerry (w), Patton, Chuck (p), Hunt, Dave (i). "--The End of the Justice League!" Justice League of America Annual 2 (1984)
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  50. ^ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 226: "Alongside artist Luke McDonnell, DeMatteis crafted a dramatic four-part finale to the first series of DC's premier team of superheroes."
  51. ^ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 228: "It was clear that the [Justice League] needed a major overhaul. But no one quite expected how drastic the transformation would truly be in the hands of writers Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis and artist Kevin Maguire."
  52. ^ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 251: "The lauded Giffen/DeMatteis era of the Justice League came to a dramatic close with "Breakdowns", a sixteen-part storyline that crossed through the pages of both Justice League America and Justice League Europe."
  53. ^ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 278: "JLA #1 hit the stands, enthralling readers with its compelling, fast-paced story by writer Grant Morrison, and showcasing the art of talented relative newcomer Howard Porter"
  54. ^ Cowsill, Alan "2000s" in Dolan, p. 326: "After the success of Identity Crisis, best-selling novelist Brad Meltzer was given the job of relaunching the Justice League of America in the title's second series. With Ed Benes providing the pencils, Meltzer stripped the Justice League back to basics."
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External links[edit]

source: https://web.archive.org/web/20151103132526/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League

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