Currency | Falkland pound |
---|---|
1 Falkland pound = 100 pence[1] | |
1 April–31 March | |
Trade organisations
|
N/A |
Statistics | |
GDP | $164.5 million (2007 est.) |
GDP rank | 222nd (PPP, 2007) |
GDP per capita
|
PPP: $55,400 (2002 est.) |
GDP by sector
|
agriculture (95%), Industry (NA%), Services (NA%)(1996) |
1.2% (CPI, 2003) | |
Labour force
|
5,246 (2006) |
Labour force by occupation
|
agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding and fishing), industry & services 5% (1996) |
Unemployment | 4.1% (2010) |
Main industries
|
fish and wool processing; tourism |
External | |
Exports | $125 million (2004 est.) |
Export goods
|
wool, hides, meat, squid |
Main export partners
|
Spain 77.4%, UK 9.4%, US 4.9% (2004) |
Imports | $90 million (2004 est.) |
Import goods
|
fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing |
Main import partners
|
UK 63.2%, Spain 30.3%, France 3.6% (2004) |
Public finances | |
Revenues | $67.1 million (FY2009 / 2010) |
Expenses | $75.3 million (FY2009 / 2010) |
Economic aid | $0 (1997 est.) |
The economy of the Falkland Islands, which first involved sealing, whaling and provisioning ships, became heavily dependent on sheep farming from the 1870s to 1980. It then diversified and now has income from tourism, commercial fishing, and servicing the fishing industry as well as agriculture. The islands use the Falkland pound, which is backed by sterling.
Contents
Historical development[edit]
During the 19th century, the supply and maintenance depot for ships at Stanley developed into a port serving ships rounding Cape Horn. There was also trade in cow hides from the wild descendants of cattle introduced by French settlers in the late 18th century. Sheep farming was then introduced, taking over from the cattle trade in the 1870s and becoming self-supporting by 1885. The islands also provided a base for whaling and sealing, with factories being built on East Falkland and South Georgia, but these industries ended.
By the Falklands War of 1982 sheep farming was the islands' only industry[2] and their economic viability was in doubt, but after the war there was a new commitment from the United Kingdom government. The Falkland Islands Development Corporation was formed in mid 1984 and in its annual report at the end of that year it set out to increase employment opportunities by encouraging diversification, to increase population levels through selective immigration, to aim for long-term self-sufficiency and to improve community facilities. To achieve this, the Corporation identified agricultural improvements, tourism, self-sufficiency in energy, development of the industrial and service sector, fisheries, and land subdivision as areas to tackle.
The largest company in the islands used to be the Falkland Islands Company (FIC), a publicly quoted company on the London Stock Exchange. The company was responsible for the majority of the economic activity on the islands, though its farms were sold in 1991 to the Falkland Islands Government. The company now operates several retail outlets in Stanley and is involved in port services and shipping operations.
By 2002 the Falklands' economy was booming, with income from tourism and the sale of squid fishing licences as well as from indigenous fishing companies with locally registered boats. Fishing boats visit the islands from Spain, Korea, Taiwan and Japan, and obtain supplies and services from the islands.[2] An islander told the BBC that "we were the luckiest people that was ever mixed up in a war".[3] In 2007, Argentina withdrew[4] from a 1995 agreement[5] that set terms for exploitation of offshore resources. It is thought that there might be up to 60 billion barrels (9.5 km3) of oil under the sea bed surrounding the islands.[6] Desire Petroleum and Rockhopper Exploration began drilling for oil in the vicinity of the Falklands in the first half of 2010, sparking strong protest from the Argentine government. Diplomatic disputes with Argentina disrupted tourism slightly in 2004. Buenos Aires refused permission for charter flights from Chile that served cruise ships to fly over Argentina to reach the islands.
Economic overview[edit]
The Falkland Islands have a GDP of $164.5 million, and a per capita GDP of $55,400 (2002 estimate) compared with the United Kingdom GDP per capita of $35,200 (2009 estimate).[7] The contributors to the GDP by sector (2010 forecast) are:[8]
- Fisheries – 0.3%
- Government (including health and education) – 2.0%
- Communications, Finance and Business services – 1.4%
- Hospitality & Transport – 7.7%
- Construction – 6.6%
- Housing and other services – 0.2%
- Mining. Quarrying & Manufacturing – 2.1%
- Agriculture – 73.8%
- Utilities – 0.9%
In the 2009/10 financial year, the government revenue was £42.4 million of which £14.5 million came from fishery licences and services and £10.5 million from taxes. During the same period the government expenditure was £47.6 million.[9]
Other economic indicators include:[7]
Electricity - production: (2011 est.) 12 million kWh
Electricity - production by source: (2011 est.)
- fossil fuel: 90%
- wind: 10%
Electricity - consumption: (2011 est.) 11.16 million kWh
Banking[edit]
The Falkland Islands do not have a central bank but the Standard Chartered Bank has a single branch in Stanley that offers retail, commercial and wholesale banking facilities.[10]
The constitution requires the governor of the islands to seek the approval of a [British] secretary of state before assenting to any bill that affects "the currency of the Falkland Islands or relating to the issue of banknotes" or any bill that establishes "any banking association or altering the constitution, rights or duties of any such association".[11] These restrictions effectively give the British Government the ability to prevent the island's government from declaring the islands to be a tax haven or from establishing a central bank.
Agriculture[edit]
Farmland accounts for a little over 80% of the Falklands land area[12] and a sheep appears on the islands' coat of arms, but agriculture is now less than 2% of the economy.[8] As of 2007[update] 670,000 sheep resided on the islands;[13] a 2011 report estimated the sheep population at over one million.[14] Roughly 40% of the national flock are on West Falkland and 60% on East Falkland.[12] The base flock are Corriedale and Polwarth breeds with Dohne Merino, South African Meat Merinos, Afrinos and other breeds having been introduced to improve the fineness of wool and meat characteristics.[15] The wool price suffered a slump in 2005/6 and a peak in 2008. Since 2003 the relative premium commanded by higher quality wool has increased with coarser wool missing out on the high prices in 2008. A summary of the prices for the period 2002 to 2010, which are often dictated by Australian exchange rate and weather conditions[16] is shown below:[17]
Fibre diameter | Minimum price (p/kg) | Maximum price (p/kg) |
---|---|---|
32 micron | 130 (2007) | 210 (2003) |
28 micron | 180 (2006) | 280 (2003) |
24 micron | 255 (2006) | 530 (2010) |
20 micron | 290 (2005) | 590 (2010) |
Although the production of wool is spread across the islands, the breeding of animals for slaughter is concentrated on East Falkland where the EU accredited Send Bay abattoir is situated.[18] An additional cost borne by producers on West Falklands is the fare charged for crossing the Falklands Sound. As of 2010, the ferry company making the crossing charged commercial vehicles £30 per metre for a single trip plus £2 per head of sheep. Wool on the other hand is charged "£45 per tonne delivered to Stanley".[19]
An increasing number of farmers are supplying lamb to the Falkland Islands Meat Company. The abattoir received export accreditation in December 2002 and began exporting meat in May 2003.[20] The number of farms supplying lambs increased from 6 in 2003 to 27 in 2007 while the number of lambs sent to the abattoir rose from 2600 to 11,963 in the same period.[21]
Selected statistics for the year 2008/9 relating to sheep farming are given below:
Region | Area used for sheep (hectares) | Number of sheep | Sheep slaughtered | Wool clipped (kg) | Average fleece (kg) | Greasy wool yield (kg/hectare) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East Falkland | 612,935 | 292,917 | 22,023 | 923,632 | 3.69 | 1.86 |
West Falkland | 425,592 | 182,741 | 7,839 | 602,618 | 3.60 | 1.54 |
Islands | 85,458 | 28,962 | 4,197 | 110,595 | 4.55 | 1.69 |
Total | 1,123,985 | 504,620 | 34,059 | 1,636,845 | 3.95 | 1.70 |
There are also a small number of cows, pigs and horses on the islands that are reared for local use.[12]
Fishing[edit]
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151004033959im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg/220px-Chapkanov-Saint-Nicholas.jpg)
Fishing is the largest part of the economy.[13] Although Lord Shackleton's Report (1982) recommended the setting up of a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) fisheries limit which gave an impetus to the fishing industry, the report did not go into much detail regarding the expansion of the industry.[22] The Falkland Islands Development Corporation which formed as a result of the Shackleton Report provided the impetus for the Falkland Islands to exploit their marine environment.
Fishing grounds[edit]
The Falkland Islands' fishing waters form part of the 2.7 million square kilometre Patagonian Shelf large marine ecosystem and are located on a spur from the Patagonian Continental Shelf.[23] Most of the fishing takes place in water up to 200 metres (660 ft) deep on this spur or on the Burdwood Bank - another spur lying on an undersea ridge to the south of the Falkland Islands and separated from the islands by a deep channel known as the Falklands Trough. At its highest point, the Burdwood Bank is 46 metres (151 ft) below sea level.
The principal ocean currents in the Falkland Island waters are the West Wind Drift, a cold current from the Southern Pacific Ocean that flows westwards to the south of the Burdwood Bank[24] and the north flowing cold Falklands current, an offshoot of the West Wind Drift that curls around the east of Falklands Plateau and along the Falklands and Patagonian escarpments.[25] It joins the saltier warm Brazil Current in the vicinity of the mouth of the Río de la Plata to form the South Atlantic Current.[26][27][28]
In 1986 the Falklands opened up their fishing industry to outsiders with the declaration of a 160-nautical-mile (300 km; 180 mi) radius Fisheries Conservation & Management Zone centered on the Falkland Sound. This zone was later to become the Falklands Inner Conservation Zone (FICZ). Apart from the Falkland Trough, this zone lies within the continental shelf. In 1990 the Falklands Outer Conservation Zone (FOCZ) was declared – a zone that lay between the perimeter of the FICZ and the Falklands 200-nautical-mile economic zone boundary. The FOCZ includes part of the Burdwood Bank, borders on the confines of the continental shelf and includes part of the Falklands Escarpment - a 2,000-metre (6,600 ft) undersea escarpment running east-west.
At the same time that the FOCZ was declared, the Argentine declared its 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and together with the British Government (acting on behalf of the Falkland Islands) set up the South Atlantic Fisheries Commission (SAFC) to coordinate the management of fishing stocks in the area.[29]
Fish stocks[edit]
Tonne / ton conversion | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Most of the fish that are harvested in the Falkland Islands waters are either squid or finfish. Other types of fish form an insignificant part of the Falkland Islands' catch. A significant number of the fish that are taken are migratory with the spawning grounds and feeding grounds of some species being highly dependent on the water temperature.
Squid[edit]
The Illex squid (Illex argentinus) which typically has a mantle length of 20 to 28 centimetres (7.9 to 11.0 in) and a weight of 150 to 500 grams (5.3 to 17.6 oz) is the most important fish to the Falkands economy followed by its smaller cousin, the Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) which typically has a mantle length of 10 to 15 centimetres (3.9 to 5.9 in) and a weight of 75 to 150 grams (2.6 to 5.3 oz).[30] Neither species was discovered in substantial numbers near the Falklands until the late 1980s.[13]
The lllex squid has its spawning grounds at the mouth of the Río de la Plata and a migratory pattern that takes it southwards along the Patagonian Shelf as far as the FICZ to its feeding grounds. It then returns to its spawning grounds via a route that lies off the continental shelf.[31] In some years, such as 2007, it enters the FICZ with a resultant good harvest, it other years, such as 2009, it does not migrate as far south as the FICZ at all.[30] The catch for the 2010 season in the Falklands recovered to 12105 tonnes, but still the fourth lowest since the beginning of the licencing system. This has been attributed to the lower than usual sea temperatures during the feeding season in February–May.[32]
The Patagonian squid, unlike the Illex, remain in Falkland Island waters all year and are concentrated in the Loloigo box—an area within the Falklands Plateau to the east and south-east of the islands and are harvested during both the austral spring and autumn.
Finfish[edit]
In the 1970s many fin fish, particularly the rock cod, a high volume low value fish[33] were exploited to near-extinction. The levels of rock cod taken in the whole of the South Atlantic dropped by 99.3% in the space of two years between the 1969-70 and 1971-72 seasons.[34][35] while the patagonian rockcod was fished to near-extinction in the Shag Rock area.[36] This resulted in a ban on fishing which was lifted in 2005. Following the collapse of the Illex industry in 2008/9, the rock cod has become, by weight, the most heavily harvested species in the area.
In 2006, a Spanish vessel on an exploratory trawl found commercial quantities of grenadiers (Macrourus spp., Coelorhynchus spp.) to the south and east of the Falkland Islands at depths between 750 and 830 metres (2,460 and 2,720 ft) depths in the eastern part of FICZ. It has been estimated that this species needs a stock biomass of 40000 tonnes to produce a sustainable harvest of 3000 tonnes per annum and is now reflected as a separate entry in the tables below.[37]
License quota policy and revenue[edit]
With the establishment of the FICZ, the Falklands Fisheries Department issued licences that enable foreign vessels to fish in Falklands waters. Initially there were seven classes of licence, but as of the 2009 season, this was increased to ten classes of licence. Each class of licence has its own characteristics – species or combination of species that may be taken, net sizes that may be used and seasons when the licence is valid. The main fishing areas are in waters that are up to 200 metres (660 ft) deep with principal concentrations close to the confluence of the FOCZ, FICZ and EEZ to the north west of the Islands and also on the Burwood Bank – a shallow water to the south of the Islands.[30] Initially licences were issued on a total allowable effort (TAE) but in 2007, the toothfish longline fishery became the first fishery in the Falkland Islands to be issued on a total allowable catch (TAC) basis.[30] Apart from the Islander’s own fleet, the principal fishing fleets come from Spain, Korea and Taiwan. When the Falkland Islands first opened up her waters, the Polish fishing fleet had a presence as did the Japanese, but the Poles stopped fishing in the area in the mid-1990s and the Japanese in the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century.[30] By 2002 the license revenue was so great that the island government had no debt and had built up more than £80 million in savings.[2]
Since 1993, the principal licence classes have been:
- A licence - Permits the taking of unresticted fin fish during the first season
- B licence - Permits the taking of Illex squid.
- X licence - Permits the taking of Patagonian squid during the second season (Loligo).
- Y licence - Permits the taking of unresticted fin fish during the second season (The Southern blue whitting and the Hoki in particular are classed as restricted finship).
Revenue from licence fees (£ millions)[30]
Licence type | 1989-1993 (Average) |
1994-1998 (Average) |
1999-2003 (Average) |
2004-2008 (Average) |
2009 | Average 1989-2009 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 19.91 | 12.45 | 13.60 | 4.09 | 0.00 | 11.92 |
X | 3.77 | 3.58 | 3.67 | 1.70 | 1.94 | 3.12 |
Y | 0.80 | 2.08 | 1.80 | 3.07 | 4.24 | 2.05 |
Others | 1.70 | 3.67 | 4.87 | 4.65 | 4.67 | 3.76 |
Total | 26.18 | 21.78 | 23.93 | 13.51 | 10.85 | 20.85 |
International cooperation[edit]
The Antarctic Treaty was signed by both the United Kingdom and Argentina in 1959. In its wake, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty signed by 24 nations and covering the area that includes most of the Falkland Islands waters, came into force in 1982,[38] having been signed by the United Kingdom on 31 August 1981 and Argentina on 28 May 1982.[39] The convention covers Southern Ocean ecosystem which is generally accepted as being south of approximately 50° to 55°S. The CCAMLR provides a forum for exchanging information regarding marine life in the Antarctic region and has the authority to ban the harvesting of certain type of fish and also to ban or put restrictions on the use of certain methods of harvesting. The convention requires that member states who are not parties to the Antarctic Treaty accept certain provisions of that treaty.[40]
The South Atlantic Fisheries Commission (SAFC) was set up in 1990 between the Argentine and the United Kingdom (acting on behalf of the Falkland Islands) to exchange information and to coordinate fishing activities in the South Atlantic. One of their prime activities was the monitoring of the Illex spawning stock biomass (SSB). If the SSB drops below a threshold of 40000 tonnes the SAFC recommend will early closure of the fishing season.[41] Since 2005 the SAFC has been largely moribund as the Argentine Government reduced co-operation, declining to continue the routine joint meeting process and suspending joint scientific activities.[41] She has since extended her claim to all of the Falkland Island waters.[42]
Catch statistics[edit]
The table below shows the average catch in tonnes of various species (as categorised by FIFD - Falkland Island Fishing Department) for successive five-year periods.[30]
Common Name | Fish type | Season | 1989-1993 (Average) |
1994-1998 (Average) |
1999-2003 (Average) |
2004-2008 (Average) |
2009 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red Cod | Salilota australis | fin | Feb-Nov | 4350 | 6564 | 4932 | 3598 | 5079 |
Southern blue whiting | Micromesistius australis | fin | Sep-Mar | 45053 | 31834 | 24675 | 20309 | 10395 |
Illex squid | Illex argentinus | squid | Mar-Jun | 161277 | 89120 | 144665 | 72656 | 44 |
Kingklip | Genypterus blacodes | fin | Feb-Nov | 1274 | 1635 | 1720 | 2483 | 3395 |
Patagonian squid | Loligo gahi | squid | Feb-Apr Jul-Sep |
78238 | 60646 | 44811 | 44595 | 31475 |
Martialia squid | Martialia hyadesi | squid | 36 | 2003 | 52 | 5 | 0 | |
Common Hake Austral hake[43] |
Merluccius hubbsi Merluccius spp Merluccius Australis |
fin | Mar-Oct | 8448 | 2003 | 2583 | 7763 690 |
13051 0 |
Skates and rays | Rajidae | skate & ray | Apr-Dec | 5361 | 3769 | 4060 | 5009 | 5865 |
Patagonian toothfish | Dissostichus eleginoides | fin | all year | 546 | 1806 | 2112 | 1640 | 1419 |
Hoki | Macruronus magellanicus | fin | Feb-Nov | 9612 | 14973 | 21770 | 18992 | 23170 |
Grenadiers[44] | Macrouridae Grenadiers | fin | 787 | 958 | ||||
Rock cod[44] | Patagonotothen | fin | 46986 | 58149 | ||||
Scallop | Zygochlamys patagonica | Mollusc | 273 | 764 | 13 | |||
Other | all year | 2285 | 1662 | 2749 | 3706 | 246 | ||
Total | 316479 | 215632 | 254284 | 203182 | 153258 |
Tourism[edit]
Tourism is the second-largest part of the economy. In 1982, an average of only 500 tourists visited the Falklands per annum but by 2007, this figure had grown to 55,000[45] and the Falkland Islands Tourist Board[46] hired its first tourism director that year.[13] In 2010, the transport and hospitality sector was expected to contribute £7.8 million or 7.7% of the island’s GDP.[8] Tourism forms a significant part of this figure with land-based visitors expected to contribute £2.7 million to the Islands’ economy in 2010.[47] The islands have become a regular port of call for the growing market of cruise ships to Antarctica and elsewhere in the South Atlantic.[2] Attractions include the scenery and wildlife conservation including 1,000,000 penguins,[13] seabirds, seals, and sea lions, as well as visits to battlefields, golf, fishing and wreck diving. In addition to accommodation in Stanley, there are tourist lodges at Port Howard, Darwin, Pebble Island, Carcass Island, and Sea Lion Island. Self-catering accommodation at holiday cottages on island farms. The total contribution of tourism to the Islands’ is expected to reach £5.4 million in 2010.[47]
During the 2008-2009 season almost 69,000 tourists visited the Falklands, with 62,600 of these arriving onboard cruise or expedition vessels.[46] Since cruise liners have their own accommodation, substantial numbers of tourists can be accommodated at once, such as an occasion in 2005 when 3000 tourists visited the islands in one day.[48] In 2013 passengers from cruise ships faced protests in Latin American ports over the British military presence.[49] The cruise industry is expecting passenger numbers to decline from 39,500 in 2013-2014 to 34,000 for 2014-2015. However land tourism is increasing which is offsetting the effect of a decrease in cruise tourism. [50]
Other sources of "tourist" revenue include spending by the British military personnel based on the islands, by business travellers and by pilgrims to the graves of both British and Argentine soldiers who fell in the 1982 Falklands War. Although there is still a resentment in the Islands to the Argentine occupation, the Falkland Islands Government continues "to respect the need for Argentine veterans of the 1982 conflict and their next of kin to visit the battlefield sites and the cemetery at Darwin". Such visits are arranged in conjunction with LAN Airlines (Chile) who, on such occasions, use larger aircraft than normal for the weekly flights.[51]
Energy and minerals[edit]
Petroleum exploration[edit]
Four sedimentary basins that could potentially contain hydrocarbons have been identified in the Falkland Island waters.[52] They are:
- North Falkland Basin which is located to the north of the islands.
- Falklands Plateau Basin which is located to the east of the East Falkland.
- South Falklands Basin which lies to the south-east of the islands and extends up to the Falklands Trough.
- Malvinas Basin which lies to the south-west of West Falkland, between that island and Tierra del Fuego at the head of the Falklands Trough. Part of this basin lies in Argentine waters.
The latter three basins are part of a larger contiguous formation.
An agreement[when?] with Argentina had set the terms for exploitation of offshore resources including large oil reserves[53] as it was thought that there might be up to 60 billion barrels (9.5 km3) of oil under the sea bed surrounding the islands.[54] However, in 2007 Argentina unilaterally withdrew from the agreement.[55] In response, Falkland Oil and Gas has signed an agreement with BHP Billiton to investigate the potential exploitation of oil reserves.[56] Climatic conditions of the southern seas mean that exploitation will be a difficult task, though economically viable, and the continuing sovereignty dispute[clarification needed] with Argentina is hampering progress.[57]
Some 2012 exploration results have indicated that taxation on oil revenues, even though they will be amongst the lowest in the world, are expected to more than double[clarification needed] the country's revenue.[58]
North Falklands basin[edit]
In February 2010, exploratory drilling for oil was begun by Desire Petroleum,[59] but the results from the first test well were disappointing.[60] Two months later, on 6 May 2010, when Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil",[61] Argentina’s Foreign Minister warned that his country would take all possible lawful steps to impede British oil exploration and production there.[62] On 17 September 2010, Rockhopper Exploration published the results of the borehole analysis - the well was drilled in water 451 m deep and a flow test showed that a payable oil column of 53 m was capable of producing over 2,000 barrels per day (320 m3/d).[63] In February 2011 Rockhopper Exploration commenced an appraisal programme of the Sea-Lion discovery. An update of the first appraisal drill was released on Monday 21 March 2011 indicating a significant reservoir package with a downhole mini Drill Stern Test flowing oil at better rates then the September 2010 flow test: confidence in the commerciality of the Sea Lion discovery has been increased by this first appraisal.[64]
On 14 September 2011 Rockhopper Exploration announced plans are under way for oil production to commence in 2016, through the use of Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) technology, replicating the methodology used on the Foinaven oilfield off the Shetland Islands.[65] The proposal envisages a FPSO vessel located 200 km offshore servicing 24 production wells and 12 water injection wells in about 450 m of water. The wells will be arranged in clusters of 6 wells per drill centre.[66] The two water injection well clusters will be 3.0 km from the four oil well clusters.[67] Oil will be transferred from the FPSO vessel to shuttle oil tankers.[68] Each year thereafter the production date has been pushed back another year.[69]
The production site will require approximately 110 people working offshore and another 40 working onshore.[70] The oil expected to trade at 90 - 105% of the Brent crude price.[71]
In May 2015 oil was discovered in Isobel deep in May 2015 by a consortium of oil companies including Falkland Oil and Gas, Pemier Oil, and Rockhopper Oil & Gas.[72] [73] [74]
East and south Falklands fields[edit]
As of 2011 the East and South Falklands Fields had not been fully evaluated; Leiv Eiriksson, a 5th generation semi-submersible drilling rig, is expected to drill two exploratory wells for Falkland Oil and Gas in 2012.[75]
Renewable energy sources[edit]
The islands have been investing in windpower - in 2010, three 330 kW wind turbines were installed at Sand Bay, about 10 km from Stanley on the opposite side of the valley from three turbines that were installed in 2007. The island's government has plans to install a 2 MWh battery storage system which will allow surplus wind energy to be stored.[76] The first three turbines resulted in a 20% reduction in the Stanley power station's energy consumption and it was hoped that the second set of three turbines would double this figure. In parallel, there are on-going investigations into other forms of renewable energy for remote locations on the islands.[77]
Philately and numismatics[edit]
In October 1877, the Secretary of State of the Colonial Office, the Earl of Carnarvon began the process of application for the Falkland Islands to join the General Postal Union (renamed Universal Postal Union in 1879). The first stamps, 1d, 6d, and 1 shilling values featuring the usual profile of Queen Victoria, were issued 19 June 1878. Since then the islands have issued their own stamps, which are a source of revenue from overseas collectors. Between 2000 and 2008, the islands issued between six and eight sets of commemorative stamps.[78] The workload placed on the Falkland Islands Post Office by overseas collectors led to the establishments in 1978 of the Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau.[79] The Bureau also handles philately-related sales on behalf of the governments of Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands and of the British Antarctic Territory.
Coins and banknotes may only be issued by the Falkland Islands Government with the authorisation of the British Government. Coins for local use were first struck in 1974 and are the same size as the corresponding British coins. There is a flourishing business in the issue of commemorative coins struck on behalf of the Falkland Island Government for collectors - in particular the 2007 series of coins that commemorated the 25th anniversary of the liberation of islands attracted much attention.[80] The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) is required to deposit 110% of the face value of any coins struck on its behalf into its currency fund,[81] thereby effectively backing the Falkland pound with the pound sterling. In the case of commemorative coins that are unlikely to be redeemed, this money represents a long-term investment. In many cases the set-up and production costs are carried by the mint concerned, who pay the FIG a royalty on coins that it sells to collectors.[81]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ the Falkland pound is at par with the Pound Sterling
- ^ a b c d Browne, Anthony (17 March 2002). "Falkland Islands millionaires reap the war dividend". The Observer. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ Adams, Paul (18 March 2002). "The Falklands: 20 years on". BBC News. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ Arie, Sophie (3 April 2007). "Argentina snubs UK over oil deal as anniversary nears". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
- ^ Sims, Calvin (20 September 1995). "Britain and Argentina Reach an Accord on Falkland Oil Rights". New York: The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Carroll, Rory; Kelly, Annie (7 February 2010). "Falklands oil prospects stir Anglo-Argentinian tensions". The Guardian (London).
- ^ a b "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "Preliminary GDP Estimates, 2008–2009 and 2010 Forecast (Constant Prices)" (PDF). The Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ "Economy – Background". The Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ "Falkland Islands". Company website. Standard Chartered Bank. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008" (PDF). The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in Council. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ a b c "Biennial Report 2008/9" (PDF). Falklands Island Government Department of Agriculture. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Herbert, Ian (18 January 2007). "Wanted: holiday rep to sell joys of Falklands tourism". The Independent. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ Farming In The Falklands, November 29, 2011.
- ^ "Agriculture in the Falkland Islands [pamphlet]" (PDF). Falklands Island Government Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ Robert Hall (July 2007). "The Wool Press" (PDF). Falkland Islands Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
|article=
ignored (help) - ^ "The Wool Press; Vol 244; pg 12" (PDF). Falkland Islands Department of Agriculture. July 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
|article=
ignored (help) - ^ "Home Page". Falkland Islands Meat Company. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Concordia Bay -Tariffs 2010" (PDF). Workboat Services Ltd. Retrieved 18 July 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "The Falkland Islands Government - Agriculture". Falkland Islands Government. 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ Neil Judd (July 2007). "Is there money in lamb?" (PDF). The Wool Press, Vol. 211, July 2007, page 3. Department of Agriculture, Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Falkland Islands (Shackleton Report)". Hansard - HC Deb 8 December 1982 vol 33 cc851-60. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Patagonian Shelf large marine ecosystem". The encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Smith,Ryan; Desflots,Melicie; White,Sean; Mariano,Arthur J.; Ryan,Edward H. "The Antarctic CP Current". Ocean Surface Currents. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Gyory,Joanna; Mariano,Arthur J.; Ryan,Edward H. "The Malvinas Current". Ocean Surface Currents. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Bischof,Barbie; Rowe,Elizabeth; Mariano,Arthur J.; Ryan,Edward H. (2004). "The Brazil Current". Ocean Surface Currents. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ "Goce gravity mission traces ocean circulation". BBC News - Science and Environment. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Lại Trường Thọ. "About Atlantic Ocean Currents". Social Network GlobMaritime. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ "Management". Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Department. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Fisheries Department Fisheries Statistics, Volume 14, 2009:" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ John Barton (18 April 2007). "The Offshore Fishery; balancing commercial activities & conservation". Falklands Fisheries. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Dr. Alexander Arkhipkin. "Illex 2010: the case for improved conservation". Fisheries Information & Services.
- ^ Ross Shotton. "B17. Southern Ocean". FAO. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ 399700 tonnes in 1969-70, 101560 tonnes in 1970-71, 2740 tonnes in 1971-72,
- ^ "Regional Reviews: B17 - Southern Oceans" (PDF). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 457. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Large-scale commercial marine harvesting". Lighthouse Foundation - Foundation for the seas and oceans. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ "Fisheries Department Fisheries Statistics, Volume 11, 2006:" (PDF). Falkland Islands Government. 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "General Introduction". Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Secretariat. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ "Antarctic Region" (PDF). United Nations Environment Protection accessdate = 30 June 2010.
- ^ "Text of the convention on the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources" (PDF). 20 May 1980. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ a b Dr. Alexander Arkhipkin (8 June 2010). "Illex 2010: the case for improved conservation". Fish Information and Services. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ "Claims and potential claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans by Argentina and the UK" (PDF). International Boundaries Research Unit, Durham University. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ Between 1990 and 2005, common hake and austral hake were categorised as Merluccius spp. From 2006 onwards they have been categorised as separate species - Merluccius hubbsi and Merluccius Australis
- ^ a b Was categorised as "others" until the end of 2005.
- ^ "Falkland Focus - News from the Falkland Island Government" (PDF). July–August 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Tourism is an important source of revenue to the Falkland Islands.". Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Falklands tourism ready for brighter future after challenging year". Merco Press. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ Sharon Jaffray (22 April 2005). "Four Seasons and more than 3,000 Tourists in One Day". Penguin News.
- ^ "Falklands: Britain condemns luxury cruise 'intimidation' amid fresh protests."
- ^ "Tourists flock to Falklands". Daily Post. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Record Of The Budget Meeting of the Legislative Assembly held in Stanley" (PDF). 26 and 28 May 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2010. Check date values in:
|date=
(help) - ^ "Regional geology". Falkland Islands Government Department of Mineral Resources. 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ Sims, Calvin (20 September 1995). "Britain and Argentina Reach an Accord on Falkland Oil Rights". The New York Times (New York). Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Carroll, Rory; Kelly, Annie (7 February 2010). "Falklands oil prospects stir Anglo-Argentinean tensions". The Guardian (London).
- ^ Arie, Sophie (3 April 2007). "Argentina snubs UK over oil deal as anniversary nears". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 20 October 2007.
- ^ Mortished, Carl (3 October 2007). "BHP Billiton strikes $100m Falklands drilling deal". The Times (London). Retrieved 20 October 2007.
- ^ Webber, Jude (3 October 2007). "Argentina protests at Falklands oil stake". The Financial Times. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
- ^ Warren, Michael (16 March 2012). "Offshore oil a 'game-changer' for Falkland Islands". Bloomberg Businessweek (Bloomberg).
- ^ "Drilling for oil begins off the Falkland Islands". BBC News. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
- ^ Clark, Nick (30 March 2010). "Explorers fail to strike oil in test sites off Falklands". The Independent (London). Retrieved 9 June 2010.
- ^ "Falklands oil firm Rockhopper claims discovery". BBC News. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Decian McGarvey; Robin Pagnamenta (8 May 2010). "Discovery in disputed waters puts Argentina back on the defensive". The Times (London).
- ^ "Result of Flow Test- Sea Lion 14/10-2" (PDF). Rockhopper Exploration plc. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ "Appraisal well update" (PDF). Rockhopper Exploration plc. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ "Capital Markets Presentation - Development" (PDF). Rockhopper Exploration plc. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ Rockhopper presentation - page 137
- ^ Rockhopper presentation - Page 160
- ^ Rockhopper presentation - page 134
- ^ Gosden, Emily (22 August 2013). "First Falklands Islands oil production delayed to 2018". www.telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- ^ Rockhopper presentation - page 130
- ^ Rockhopper presentation - page 151
- ^ http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12367637.html London Stock Exchange
- ^ http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/138815/Oil_Discovered_at_Isobel_Deep Rig Zone
- ^ http://subseaworldnews.com/2015/05/12/fogl-isobel-deep-bop-fixed/ Subsea World News
- ^ "Falkland Oil and Gas 2012 drilling programme". FOGL. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ^ "Falkland Islands - Three new Enercon turbines operating Staff". Windpower Monthly Magazine (London). 1 June 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
- ^ "Renewable Energy". Falkland Islands Government. 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Simplified Catalogue - Stamps of the World. Stanley Gibbons. 2010. ISBN 978-0-85259-722-4.
- ^ "Falkland Islands". Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Thatcher strikes Falklands coin". BBC News. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Commemorative Coin – Lifetime of Service" (PDF). Executive Council of the Falkland Islands Government. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
External links[edit]
- Falkland Islands Development Corporation - Annual Report 1984
- A Visitor's View of the Falkland Islands
- Guardian Unlimited - Special Reports - Share the Falklands
- Four Seasons and more than 3,000 Tourists in One Day
- "Falklands Experience" tours
- Falklandsinfo: Welcome to our Spectacular Islands!
- Britain sends minister to resolve Falklands air row with Argentina
- Guardian Unlimited - Special Reports - The Falklands' rise to riches
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