Toronto | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
City (single-tier) | |||||
City of Toronto | |||||
![]() From top left: Downtown Toronto featuring the CN Tower and Financial District from the Toronto Harbour, City Hall, the Ontario Legislative Building, Casa Loma, Prince Edward Viaduct, and the Scarborough Bluffs
|
|||||
|
|||||
Nickname(s): "T.O.", "T-Dot", "Hogtown", "The Queen City", "The Big Smoke", "Toronto the Good", "The Six"[1][1][2][3][4] | |||||
Motto: Diversity Our Strength | |||||
![]() Location of Toronto and its census metropolitan area in the province of Ontario |
|||||
Location of Toronto in Canada | |||||
Coordinates: 43°42′N 79°24′W / 43.700°N 79.400°WCoordinates: 43°42′N 79°24′W / 43.700°N 79.400°W | |||||
Country | Canada | ||||
Province | Ontario | ||||
Districts | East York, Etobicoke, North York, Old Toronto, Scarborough, York | ||||
Established | August 27, 1793 (as York) | ||||
Incorporated | March 6, 1834 (as Toronto) | ||||
Amalgamated | January 20, 1953 (as Metropolitan Toronto) | ||||
Amalgamated | January 1, 1998 (as City of Toronto) | ||||
Government | |||||
• Type | Mayor–council | ||||
• Mayor | John Tory | ||||
• Deputy Mayor | Denzil Minnan-Wong | ||||
• Council | Toronto City Council | ||||
• MPs |
List of MPs
|
||||
• MPPs |
List of MPPs
|
||||
Area (2011)[5][6][7] | |||||
• City (single-tier) | 630.21 km2 (243.33 sq mi) | ||||
• Urban | 1,751.49 km2 (676.25 sq mi) | ||||
• Metro | 5,905.71 km2 (2,280.21 sq mi) | ||||
Elevation | 76 m (249 ft) | ||||
Population (2011)[5][6][7] | |||||
• City (single-tier) | 2,615,060 (1st) | ||||
• Density | 4,149.5/km2 (10,747/sq mi) | ||||
• Urban | 5,132,794 (1st) | ||||
• Metro | 5,583,064 (1st) | ||||
Demonym(s) | Torontonian | ||||
Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||||
• Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||||
Postal code span | M | ||||
Area code(s) | 416, 647, 437 | ||||
NTS Map | 030M11 | ||||
GNBC Code | FEUZB | ||||
GDP | US$ 276.3 billion [8] | ||||
GDP per capita | US$ 45,771[8] | ||||
Website | www |
Toronto (/tɵˈrɒntoʊ/, local /təˈrɒnoʊ/ or /ˈtrɒn-/) is the most populous city in Canada, and the capital of the province of Ontario. In 2011, Toronto had a population of 2,615,060,[5] making it the fifth most populous city in North America, after Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.[10][11] The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada with 5,583,064 people living in the census metropolitan area as of 2011.[7] Classified as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[12] Toronto is a leading international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture.[13][14][15]
The area now called Toronto has been inhabited for thousands of years by various Aboriginal peoples.[16] The urban history of the city dates back to 1787, when British officials negotiated the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of the New Credit.[17] They established the Town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada.[18] During the War of 1812, York was ransacked and heavily damaged by U.S. troops in the Battle of York.[19] The town was renamed and incorporated as the City of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867.[20] Toronto has occasionally expanded through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities throughout its history, the results of which can be seen in the 140 independently unique and clearly defined official neighbourhoods that make up the city.[21]
Located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is situated on a broad sloping plateau intersected by a vast network of rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest.[22] It anchors the Golden Horseshoe, a densely populated region surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario that is home to 8,686,923 people,[23] or around 26% of the entire population of Canada.[24] The cosmopolitan and multicultural demographics of Toronto[25] reflect its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada.[26] It is one of the world's most diverse cities,[27] with about 50% of residents having been born outside of Canada,[26] and over 200 distinct ethnic origins represented among its population.[25][28] While English is the primary language spoken by the majority of Torontonians, there are over 160 different languages spoken in the city.[29]
Toronto is a prominent centre for music,[30] theatre,[31] motion picture production,[32] and television production,[33] and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets.[34] Its varied cultural institutions,[35] which include numerous museums, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities,[36] are key attractions to the over 25 million tourists that visit the city every year.[37][38] Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings,[39] in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the CN Tower.[40] As Canada's commercial capital, the city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks,[41] and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations.[42] Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, business services, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.[43][44][45] Toronto is placed among the Global Leaders in the Global Financial Centres Index,[46] and is also consistently rated as one of the world's most liveable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.[47][48]
Contents
History
Before 1800
When Europeans first arrived at the site of present-day Toronto, the vicinity was inhabited by the Iroquois,[49] who by then had displaced the Wyandot people that had occupied the region for centuries before c. 1500.[50] The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning "place where trees stand in the water".[51] This refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, led to widespread use of the name. In the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars.[52]
French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759.[53] During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the unsettled lands north of Lake Ontario. In 1787, the British negotiated the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of New Credit, thereby securing more than a quarter million acres (1000 km2) of land in the Toronto area.[54]
In 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the existing settlement, naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe chose the town to replace Newark as the capital of Upper Canada,[55] believing that the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the US.[56] Fort York was constructed at the entrance of the town's natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The town's settlement formed at the eastern end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street and Front Street (in the "Old Town" area).
1800–1945
In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the town's capture and plunder by US forces.[57] The surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of Fort York and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. The sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war. York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, reverting to its original native name.
The population of only 9,000 included escaped African American slaves, some of whom were brought by the Loyalists, including Mohawk leader Joseph Brant.[58] Torontonians integrated people of colour into their society. In the 1840s an eating house operating on Frederick and King, a place of mercantile prosperity in early Toronto, was operated by a man of colour named Bloxom.[59] Slavery was banned outright in Upper Canada in 1834. Reformist politician William Lyon Mackenzie became the first Mayor of Toronto and led the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 against the British colonial government. The city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century, as a major destination for immigrants to Canada. The first significant population influx occurred when the Great Irish Famine brought a large number of Irish to the city, some of them transient and most of them Catholic. By 1851, the Irish-born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city. Smaller numbers of Protestant Irish immigrants were welcomed by the existing Scottish and English population, giving the Orange Order significant and long-lasting influence over Toronto society.
Toronto was twice for brief periods the capital of the united Province of Canada: first from 1849 to 1852, following unrest in Montreal, and later 1856–1858 after which Quebec became the capital until 1866 (one year before Confederation); since then, the capital of Canada has remained Ottawa.[60] As it had been for Upper Canada from 1793, Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867, the seat of government located at the Ontario Legislature located at Queen's Park. Because of its provincial capital status, the city was also the location of Government House, the residence of the viceregal representative of the Crown in right of Ontario.
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Yonge_Street_crowd_celebrating_the_end_of_the_Boer_War.jpg/220px-Yonge_Street_crowd_celebrating_the_end_of_the_Boer_War.jpg)
In the 19th century, an extensive sewage system was built, and streets became illuminated with gas lighting as a regular service. Long-distance railway lines were constructed, including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes. The Grand Trunk Railway and the Northern Railway of Canada joined in the building of the first Union Station in downtown. The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving, commerce and industry, as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before which enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent.
Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation (in particular, spirits) centre in North America; the Gooderham and Worts Distillery operations became the world's largest whiskey factory by the 1860s. A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the Distillery District, the harbour allowed for sure access to grain and sugar imports used in processing. Expanding port and rail facilities brought in Northern Timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal, industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years.
Horse-drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891, when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission, later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission. The system now has the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America.[61]
The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 destroyed a large section of downtown Toronto, but the city was quickly rebuilt. The fire caused more than $10 million in damage, and resulted in more stringent fire safety laws and expansion of the city's fire department.
The city received new immigrant groups beginning in the late 19th century into the early 20th century, particularly Germans, French, Italians, and Jews from various parts of Eastern Europe. They were soon followed by Chinese, Russians, Poles, and immigrants from other Eastern European nations. As the Irish before them, many of these new migrants lived in overcrowded shanty type slums, such as "the Ward" which was centred on Bay Street, now the heart of the country's finances. Despite its fast paced growth, by the 1920s, Toronto's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established Montreal. However, by 1934, the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country.
Since 1945
Following the Second World War, refugees from war-torn Europe and Chinese job-seekers arrived, as well as construction labourers, particularly from Italy and Portugal. Following the elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s, immigration began from all parts of the world. Toronto's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large-scale suburbanization began, and doubled to two million by 1971. By the 1980s, Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada's most populous city and the chief economic hub. During this time, in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement, many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and Western Canadian cities.[62]
In 1954, the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a regional government known as Metropolitan Toronto.[63] The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development, and it was believed that a coordinated land use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region. The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries, including highways, police services, water and public transit. In that year, a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904, disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding. In the Toronto area, 81 people were killed, nearly 1,900 families were left homeless, and the hurricane caused more than $25 million in damage.[64]
In 1967, the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged into their larger neighbours, resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the old City of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York. In 1998, the provincial government of Conservative Mike Harris dissolved the metropolitan government despite vigorous opposition from the component municipalities and overwhelming rejection in a municipal plebiscite. All six municipalities were amalgamated into a single municipality, creating the current City of Toronto, successor of the old City of Toronto. North York mayor Mel Lastman became the first "megacity" mayor and the 62nd Mayor of Toronto. John Tory is the current mayor.
On March 6, 2009, the city celebrated its 175th anniversary of its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834. Toronto hosted the 4th G-20 summit during June 26–27, 2010, for which the largest security operation in Canadian history and the biggest mass arrest (more than a thousand people) took place amidst large-scale protests.
On July 8, 2013, severe flash flooding hit Toronto after an afternoon of slow moving, intense thunderstorms. Toronto Hydro estimated that 450,000 people were without power after the storm and Toronto Pearson International Airport reported that 126 mm (5 in) of rain had fallen over 5 hours, more than during Hurricane Hazel.[65] Within six months, December 20, 2013, Toronto was brought to a halt by the worst ice storm in the city's history rivalling the severity caused by the 1998 Ice Storm. Toronto went on to host WorldPride in June 2014 and will host the Pan American Games in 2015.
Geography
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toronto_Landsat.jpg/220px-Toronto_Landsat.jpg)
Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres (243 sq mi),[66] with a maximum north-south distance of 21 kilometres (13 mi) and a maximum east-west distance of 43 km (27 mi). It has a 46-kilometre (29 mi) long waterfront shoreline, on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. The Toronto Islands and Port Lands extend out into the lake, allowing for a somewhat sheltered Toronto Harbour south of the downtown core.[67] The city's borders are formed by Lake Ontario to the south, Etobicoke Creek and Highway 427 to the west, Steeles Avenue to the north and the Rouge River and the Scarborough-Pickering Townline to the east.
Topography
The city is intersected by three rivers and numerous tributaries: the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown at opposite ends of the Toronto Harbour, and the Rouge River at the city's eastern limits. The harbour was naturally created by sediment buildup from lake currents that created the Toronto Islands. The many creeks and rivers cutting from north toward the lake created large tracts of densely forested ravines, and provide ideal sites for parks and recreational trails. However, the ravines also interfere with the city's grid plan, and this results in major thoroughfares such as Finch Avenue, Leslie Street, Lawrence Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue terminating on one side of ravines and continuing on the other side. Other thoroughfares such as the Prince Edward Viaduct are required to span above the ravines. These deep ravines prove useful for draining the city's storm sewer system during heavy rains, but some sections, particularly near the Don River are prone to sudden, heavy floods.
During the last ice age, the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois. Today, a series of escarpments mark the lake's former boundary, known as the Iroquois Shoreline. The escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek, where they form the Scarborough Bluffs. Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River, and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment. Despite its deep ravines, Toronto is not remarkably hilly, but does increase in elevation steadily away from the lake. Elevation differences range from 75 metres (246 ft) above sea level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) ASL near the York University grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue.[68] There are occasional hilly areas; in particular, midtown Toronto has a number of rolling hills. Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue, 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland.
Much of the current lakeshore land area fronting the Toronto Harbour is artificial landfill filled during the late 19th century. Until then, the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back farther inland than today. Much of the adjacent Port Lands are also fill. The Toronto Islands were a natural landspit until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland, creating a channel later used by shipping interests to access the docks.
Climate
Toronto has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa/Dfb), with warm, humid summers and cold winters.[69] The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in length.[70] As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems (such as high and low pressure systems), the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons.[70] Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range (day-night temperature difference). The denser urban scape makes for warmer nights year around; the average nighttime temperature is about 3.0 °C (5.40 °F) warmer in the city than in rural areas in all months.[71] However, it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze since Lake Ontario is cool, relative to the air during these seasons.[71] These lake breezes mostly occur in summer, bringing relief to hot days.[71] Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include lake-effect snow, fog and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions, known as seasonal lag.[71]
Winters are cold with frequent snow.[72] During the winter months, temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).[72] Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps where maximum temperatures remain below −10 °C (14 °F), often made to feel colder by wind chill. Occasionally, they can drop below −25 °C (−13 °F).[72] Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain, can disrupt work and travel schedules, accumulating snow can fall any time from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches also occur in most winters melting accumulated snow. The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures.[72] Daytime temperatures are usually above 20 °C (68 °F), and often rise above 30 °C (86 °F).[72] However, they can occasionally surpass 35 °C (95 °F) accompanied by high humidity making it feel oppressive during these brief periods of hot weather.[citation needed] Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.[71] Daytime temperatures average around 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) during these seasons.[72]
Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, but summer is usually the wettest season, the bulk falling during thunderstorms. There can be periods of dry weather, but drought-like conditions are rare.[citation needed] The average yearly precipitation is about 831 mm (32.7 in), with an average annual snowfall of about 122 cm (48 in).[73] Toronto experiences an average of 2,066 sunshine hours, or 45% of daylight hours, varying between a low of 28% in December to 60% in July.[73]
Climate data for The Annex, Toronto (1981−2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high humidex | 15.7 | 12.2 | 21.7 | 31.6 | 39.8 | 44.5 | 43.0 | 43.8 | 43.8 | 31.2 | 26.1 | 17.7 | 44.5 |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61) |
14.4 (57.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
32.2 (90) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
38.9 (102) |
37.8 (100) |
30.0 (86) |
23.9 (75) |
19.9 (67.8) |
40.6 (105.1) |
Average high °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.5 (45.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
17.2 (63) |
10.7 (51.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Average low °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
4.1 (39.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −32.8 (−27) |
−31.7 (−25.1) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
−15 (5) |
−3.9 (25) |
−2.2 (28) |
3.9 (39) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−2.2 (28) |
−8.9 (16) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−30 (−22) |
−32.8 (−27) |
Record low wind chill | −36.6 | −34.0 | −26.0 | −17.0 | −7.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −7.5 | −17.2 | −33.6 | −36.6 |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.5 (2.421) |
55.4 (2.181) |
53.7 (2.114) |
68.0 (2.677) |
82.0 (3.228) |
70.9 (2.791) |
63.9 (2.516) |
81.1 (3.193) |
84.7 (3.335) |
64.4 (2.535) |
84.1 (3.311) |
61.5 (2.421) |
831.1 (32.72) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 29.1 (1.146) |
29.7 (1.169) |
33.6 (1.323) |
61.1 (2.406) |
82.0 (3.228) |
70.9 (2.791) |
63.9 (2.516) |
81.1 (3.193) |
84.7 (3.335) |
64.3 (2.531) |
75.4 (2.969) |
38.2 (1.504) |
714.0 (28.11) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 37.2 (14.65) |
27.0 (10.63) |
19.8 (7.8) |
5.0 (1.97) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.1 (0.04) |
8.3 (3.27) |
24.1 (9.49) |
121.5 (47.83) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 15.4 | 11.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 13.2 | 145.5 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.9 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 7.0 | 114.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 12.0 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.08 | 3.1 | 8.4 | 40.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 85.9 | 111.3 | 161.0 | 180.0 | 227.7 | 259.6 | 279.6 | 245.6 | 194.4 | 154.3 | 88.9 | 78.1 | 2,066.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 29.7 | 37.7 | 43.6 | 44.8 | 50.0 | 56.3 | 59.8 | 56.7 | 51.7 | 45.1 | 30.5 | 28.0 | 44.5 |
Source: Environment Canada [73][74] |
Cityscape
Architecture
Lawrence Richards, a member of the faculty of architecture at the University of Toronto, has said "Toronto is a new, brash, rag-tag place—a big mix of periods and styles."[75] Toronto buildings vary in design and age with many structures dating back to the mid-19th century, while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century. Bay-and-gable houses, mainly found in Old Toronto, are a distinct architectural feature of the city. Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower, a telecommunications and tourism hub. Completed in 1976 at a height of 553.33 metres (1,815 ft 5 in), it was the world's tallest[76] freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by Burj Khalifa.[citation needed]
Toronto is a city of high-rises, having 1,800 buildings over 30 metres (98 ft).[77]
Through the 1960s/70s, significant pieces of Toronto's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or, simply, parking. In contrast, since the 2000s, Toronto has experienced a period of architectural revival, with several buildings by world-renowned architects having opened during the late 2000s. Daniel Libeskind's Royal Ontario Museum addition, Frank Gehry's remake of the Art Gallery of Ontario, and Will Alsop's distinctive Ontario College of Art & Design expansion are among the city's new showpieces.[78] The historic Distillery District, located on the eastern edge of downtown has been redeveloped into a pedestrian-oriented arts, culture and entertainment neighbourhood.[citation needed]
Neighbourhoods
The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from that of the skyscrapers in the commercial core. Victorian and Edwardian-era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Rosedale, Cabbagetown, The Annex, and Yorkville. Wychwood Park is historically significant for the architecture of its homes, and for being one of Toronto's earliest planned communities. The Wychwood Park neighbourhood was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985. The Casa Loma neighbourhood is named after Casa Loma, a storybook castle built in 1911 complete with gardens, turrets, stables, an elevator, secret passages, and a bowling alley. Spadina House is a 19th-century manor that is now a museum.
The City of Toronto encompasses a geographical area formerly administered by six separate municipalities. These municipalities have each developed a distinct history and identity over the years, and their names remain in common use among Torontonians. Throughout the city there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres. Former municipalities include East York, Etobicoke, North York, Old Toronto, Scarborough, and York.
Old Toronto
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto_map.png/300px-Toronto_map.png)
The Old City of Toronto covers the area generally known as downtown, but also older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and north of downtown. It includes the historic core of Toronto and remains the most densely populated part of the city. The Financial District contains the First Canadian Place, Toronto-Dominion Centre, Scotia Plaza, Royal Bank Plaza, Commerce Court and Brookfield Place. This area includes, among others, the neighbourhoods of St. James Town, Garden District, St. Lawrence, Corktown, and Church and Wellesley. From that point, the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street.
Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves, such as Yorkville, Rosedale, The Annex, Forest Hill, Lawrence Park, Lytton Park, Deer Park, Moore Park, and Casa Loma, most stretching away from downtown to the north. East and west of Downtown, neighbourhoods such as Kensington Market, Chinatown, Leslieville, Cabbagetown and Riverdale are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as communities of artists with studio lofts, with many middle and upper class professionals. Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity, including two smaller Chinatowns, the Greektown area, Little Italy, Portugal Village, and Little India, along with others.
Suburbs
The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York. These are mature and traditionally working class areas, primarily consisting of post–World War I small, single-family homes and small apartment blocks. Neighbourhoods such as Crescent Town, Thorncliffe Park, Weston, and Oakwood–Vaughan mainly consist of high-rise apartments, which are home to many new immigrant families. During the 2000s, many neighbourhoods have become ethnically diverse and have undergone gentrification, as a result of increasing population and a housing boom during the late 1990s and first two decades of the 21st century. The first neighbourhoods affected were Leaside and North Toronto, gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York. Some of the area's housing is in the process of being replaced or remodelled.
The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke (west), Scarborough (east) and North York (north) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development. Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of Metro Government, existing towns or villages such as Mimico, Islington and New Toronto in Etobicoke; Willowdale, Newtonbrook and Downsview in North York; Agincourt, Wexford and West Hill in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s. Upscale neighbourhoods were built such as the Bridle Path in North York, the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in Guildwood, and most of central Etobicoke, such as Humber Valley Village, and The Kingsway. One of largest and earliest "planned communities" was Don Mills, parts of which were first built in the 1950s.[79] Phased development mixing single-detached housing with higher density apartment blocks became more popular as a suburban model of development. Over the late 20th century and early 21st century, North York City Centre, Etobicoke City Centre and Scarborough City Centre have emerged as secondary business districts outside Downtown Toronto. High-rise development in these areas have given the former municipalities distinguishable skylines of their own with high-density transit corridors serving them.
Industrial
In the earlier industrial era of Toronto, industry became concentrated along the Toronto Harbour and lower Don River mouth.
The Distillery District contains the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian industrial architecture in North America. Once an alcohol processing centre, related structures along the Harbour include the Canada Malting Co. grain processing towers and the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Although production of spirits has declined over the decades, Toronto still has a growing microbrewery industry. The District is a national heritage site; it was listed by National Geographic magazine as a "top pick" in Canada for travellers. Similar areas that still retain their post-industrial character, but are now largely residential are the Fashion District, Corktown, and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville. Toronto still has some active older industrial areas, such as Brockton Village, Mimico and New Toronto. In the west end of Old Toronto and York, the Weston/Mount Dennis and The Junction areas still contain factories, meat packing facilities and railyards close to medium density residential.
Beginning in the late 19th century as Toronto sprawled out, industrial areas were set up on the outskirts. Over time, pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards. This trend continues to this day, the largest factories and distribution warehouses have mostly moved to the suburban environs of Peel and York Regions; but also within the current city: Etobicoke (concentrated around Pearson Airport), North York, and Scarborough. Many of Toronto's former industrial sites close to (or in) Downtown have been redeveloped including parts of the Toronto waterfront and Liberty Village, large-scale development is underway in the West Don Lands.
The "brownfield" industrial area of the Port Lands, on the east side of the harbour, is one area planned for redevelopment. Formerly a marsh that was filled in to create industrial space, it was never intensely developed, its land unsuitable for large-scale development, because of flooding and unstable soil. It remains largely undeveloped, apart from a power plant, some port facilities, a large movie studio and low-density industrial facilities. The Waterfront Toronto agency has developed plans for a naturalized mouth to the Don River and to create a flood barrier around the Don, making more of the land suitable for higher-value residential and commercial development.
Public spaces
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Toronto_Yellow_Circles_2010.jpg/220px-Toronto_Yellow_Circles_2010.jpg)
Toronto has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines. Nathan Phillips Square is the city's main square in downtown, and forms the entrance to City Hall. Yonge-Dundas Square, near City Hall, has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city. Other squares include Harbourfront Square, on the Toronto waterfront, and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto, most notably Mel Lastman Square in North York. The Toronto Public Space Committee is an advocacy group concerned with the city's public spaces. In recent years, Nathan Phillips Square has been refurbished with new facilities, and the central waterfront along Queen's Quay West has recently been updated with a new street architecture and a new square next to Harbourfront Centre.
There are many large downtown parks, which include Allan Gardens, Christie Pits, Grange Park, Little Norway Park, Moss Park, Queen's Park, Riverdale Park and Trinity Bellwoods Park. An almost hidden park is the compact Cloud Gardens,[80] which has both open areas and a glassed-in greenhouse, near Queen and Yonge. South of downtown are two large parks on the waterfront: Tommy Thompson Park on the Leslie Street Spit, which has a nature preserve, is open on weekends; and the Toronto Islands, accessible from downtown by ferry. Large parks in the outer areas include High Park, Humber Bay Park, Centennial Park, Downsview Park, Guildwood Park, Morningside Park and Rouge Park. Toronto also operates several public golf courses. Most ravine lands and river bank floodplains in Toronto are public parklands. After Hurricane Hazel in 1954, construction of buildings on floodplains was outlawed, and private lands bought for conservation. In 1999, Downsview Park, a former military base in North York, initiated an international design competition to realize its vision of creating Canada's first national urban park. The winner, "Tree City", was announced in May 2000. Approximately 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres), or 12.5% of Toronto's land base is maintained parkland.[81] Toronto's largest park is Morningside Park, which is 241.46 hectares (596.7 acres) in size.[81]
In the winter, Nathan Phillips Square, Harbourfront Centre, and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice-skating. Etobicoke's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto's first skating trail. Centennial Park and Earl Bales Park offer outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a chair lift, rental facilities, and lessons. Several parks have marked cross-country skiing trails.
Culture
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Toronto_Pride_Parade_2007.jpg/220px-Toronto_Pride_Parade_2007.jpg)
Toronto theatre and performing arts scene has more than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, two symphony orchestras and a host of theatres. The city is home to the National Ballet of Canada, the Canadian Opera Company, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Canadian Electronic Ensemble, and the Canadian Stage Company. Notable performance venues include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, Roy Thomson Hall, the Princess of Wales Theatre, the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Massey Hall, the Toronto Centre for the Arts, the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres and the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts (originally the "O'Keefe Centre" and formerly the "Hummingbird Centre").
Ontario Place features the world's first permanent IMAX movie theatre, the Cinesphere,[82] as well as the Molson Amphitheatre, an open-air venue for music concerts. In spring 2012, Ontario Place closed after a decrease in attendance over the years. Although the Molson Amphitheatre and harbour still operate, the park and Cinesphere are no longer in use.
Each summer, the Canadian Stage Company presents an outdoor Shakespeare production in Toronto's High Park called "Dream in High Park". Canada's Walk of Fame acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians, with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street.
The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry. Toronto as of 2011 ranks as the third largest production centre for film and television after Los Angeles and New York City,[83] sharing the nickname "Hollywood North" with Vancouver.[84][85][86] The Toronto International Film Festival is an annual event celebrating the international film industry. Another prestigious film festival is the Toronto Student Film Festival, that screens the works of students ages 12–18 from many different countries across the globe.
Toronto's Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival (also known as Caribana) takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer.[87] Primarily based on the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community celebrated Canada's Centennial. More than forty years later, it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's Lake Shore Boulevard annually. Tourism for the festival is in the hundred thousands, and each year, the event generates over $400 million in revenue into Ontario's economy.[88]
One of the largest events in the city, Pride Week takes place in late June, and is one of the largest LGBT festivals in the world.
Tourism
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Toronto_-_ON_-_CN_Tower_bei_Nacht2.jpg/170px-Toronto_-_ON_-_CN_Tower_bei_Nacht2.jpg)
The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a museum of world culture and natural history. The Toronto Zoo,[90][91] is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains a large collection of Canadian, European, African and contemporary artwork, and also plays host to exhibits from museums and galleries all over the world. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics, and the Museum's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The city also hosts the Ontario Science Centre, the Bata Shoe Museum, and Textile Museum of Canada. Other prominent art galleries and museums include Design Exchange, Museum of Inuit Art, TIFF Bell Lightbox, Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art, Institute for Contemporary Culture, Toronto Sculpture Garden, CBC Museum, Redpath Sugar Museum, University of Toronto Art Centre, Hart House, TD Gallery of Inuit Art and the Aga Khan Museum. The city also runs its own museums, which includes the Spadina House.
The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site that opened in 1889, and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996, with further restoration and reuse being completed in stages since then. The Canadian National Exhibition is held annually at Exhibition Place, and it is the oldest annual fair in the world. The ex has an average attendance of 1.25 million.[92]
City shopping areas include the Yorkville neighbourhood, Queen West, Harbourfront, the Entertainment District, the Financial District, and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood. The Eaton Centre is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.[93]
Greektown on the Danforth is home to the annual "Taste of the Danforth" festival which attracts over one million people in 2½ days.[94] Toronto is also home to Casa Loma, the former estate of Sir Henry Pellatt, a prominent Toronto financier, industrialist and military man. Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions include The Beaches, the Toronto Islands, Kensington Market, Fort York, and the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Sports
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Toronto.jpg/220px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Toronto.jpg)
Toronto is represented in seven major league sports, with teams in the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Canadian Football League, Major League Soccer, Canadian Women's Hockey League and W-League. The National Football League's Buffalo Bills used to play select home games in the city from 2008 to 2013. The city's major sports venues include the Air Canada Centre, Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome), Ricoh Coliseum, and BMO Field.
Toronto is home to the Toronto Maple Leafs, one of the National Hockey League's Original Six clubs, and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958. The city had a rich history of hockey championships. Along with the Maple Leafs' 13 Stanley Cup titles, the Toronto Marlboros and St. Michael's College School-based Ontario Hockey League teams, combined, have won a record 12 Memorial Cup titles. The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Ricoh Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs.
The Toronto Raptors entered the National Basketball Association in 1995, and have since earned seven playoff spots and three Atlantic Division titles in 20 seasons. The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel, NBA TV Canada. They and the Maple Leafs play their home games at the Air Canada Centre.
The Toronto Rock are the city's National Lacrosse League team. They won five Champion's Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, appearing in an NLL record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003, and are currently first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock share the Air Canada Centre with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors.
The city is represented in the Canadian Football League by the Toronto Argonauts, who have won 16 Grey Cup titles. Toronto played host to the 95th Grey Cup in 2007, the first held in the city since 1992. Later in 2012, while hosting the 100th Grey Cup but also participants, they won the game to the delight of the home fans. In addition, the city has hosted several National Football League exhibition games; Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013. The city is also home to Major League Baseball's Toronto Blue Jays, who have won two World Series titles (1992, 1993). Both the Argonauts and Blue Jays play their home games at the Rogers Centre, in the downtown core.
Toronto was home to the International Bowl, an NCAA sanctioned post-season football game that pitted a Mid-American Conference team against a Big East Conference team. From 2007 to 2010, the game was played at Rogers Centre annually in January.
Toronto, along with Montreal, hosts an annual Tennis Tournament called the Rogers Cup between the months of July and August. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years.
Besides team sports, the city annually hosted Champ Car's Molson Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place from 1986 to 2007. The race was revived in 2009 as the Honda Indy Toronto, part of the IndyCar Series schedule. Both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing events are conducted at Woodbine Racetrack in Rexdale.
Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the Granite Club (established in 1836), the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (established in 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (established in pre-1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (established in 1872), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (established in 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (established in 1924).
Toronto was a candidate city for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Atlanta and Beijing respectively. The Canadian Olympic Committee was considering a Toronto bid for the 2020 Games;[95] however, in August 2011 it was announced that Toronto would not bid for the 2020 games.[96] It has been suggested that Toronto may bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics.[97]
Toronto hosted the 2015 Pan American Games in July 2015, and the 2015 Parapan American Games in August 2015. It beat the cities of Lima, Peru and Bogotá, Colombia, to win the rights to stage the games.[98] The games became the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in Canada (in terms of athletes competing), double the size of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[99]
Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toronto Argonauts | CFL | Football | Rogers Centre | 1873 | 16 (Last in 2012) |
Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | Ice hockey | Air Canada Centre | 1917 | 13 (Last in 1967) |
Toronto Blue Jays | MLB | Baseball | Rogers Centre | 1977 | 2 (Last in 1993) |
Toronto Raptors | NBA | Basketball | Air Canada Centre | 1995 | 0 |
Toronto FC | MLS | Soccer | BMO Field | 2007 | 0 |
Toronto Maple Leafs | IBL | Baseball | Christie Pits | 1969 | 8 |
Toronto Rock | NLL | Box lacrosse | Air Canada Centre | 1998 | 6 (last in 2011) |
Toronto Marlies | AHL | Ice hockey | Ricoh Coliseum | 2005 | 0 |
Toronto City Saints | CRL | Rugby league | Newtonbrook Secondary School | 2010 | 0 |
Toronto Furies | CWHL | Women's ice hockey | Lakeshore Lions Arena | 2007 | 1 |
Toronto Lady Lynx | USL | Women's soccer | Centennial Park Stadium | 2005 | 0 |
Toronto Eagles | AFLO | Australian Football | Humber College North | 1989 | 12 |
Toronto Rush | AUDL | Ultimate Frisbee | Varsity Stadium | 2013 | 1 |
Media
Toronto is Canada's largest media market,[100] and has four conventional dailies, two alt-weeklies, and three free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 6 million inhabitants. The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers, while national dailies, The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city. The Toronto Star, The Globe and Mail, and National Post are broadsheet newspapers. Metro and 24 Hours are distributed as free commuter newspapers. Several magazines and local newspapers cover Toronto, including Now and Toronto Life, while numerous magazines are produced in Toronto, such as Canadian Business, Chatelaine, Flare and Maclean's.
Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks CBC, CTV, City, Global, The Sports Network (TSN) and Sportsnet. MuchMusic, MuchMore and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city, though they no longer primarily show music videos as a result of channel drift.
Economy
Toronto is an international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street, in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization.[101] The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the Big Five, have national offices in Toronto.[43]
The city is an important centre for the media, publishing, telecommunication, information technology and film production industries; it is home to Bell Media, Rogers Communications, and Torstar. Other prominent Canadian corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International, Celestica, Manulife Financial, Sun Life Financial, the Hudson's Bay Company, and major hotel companies and operators, such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.
Although much of the region's manufacturing activities take place outside the city limits, Toronto continues to be a wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor and its road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, machinery, chemicals and paper. The completion of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean.
Toronto's unemployment rate was 8.1% in November 2011, down from 8.3% year over year.[102] The cost of living in Toronto was ranked highest in Canada in 2011[update].[103]
Demographics
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TTC_CLRV_College_St_%40_Montrose_Ave.jpg/220px-TTC_CLRV_College_St_%40_Montrose_Ave.jpg)
The city's population grew by 4% (96,073 residents) between 1996 and 2001, 1% (21,787 residents) between 2001 and 2006, and 4.3% (111,779 residents) between 2006 and 2011. Persons aged 14 years and under made up 17.5% of the population, and those aged 65 years and over made up 13.6%. The median age was 36.9 years. Foreign-born people made up 49.9% of the population.[105] The city's gender population is 48% male and 52% female.[106] Women outnumber men in all age groups over 20.[107] In 2011, 49.1% of the residents of the city proper belonged to a visible minority group,[108] and visible minorities are projected to comprise a majority in the Toronto CMA by 2017.[109] In 1981, Toronto's visible minority population was 13.6%.[110]
According to the United Nations Development Programme, Toronto has the second-highest percentage of constant foreign-born population among world cities, after Miami, Florida. While Miami's foreign-born population has traditionally consisted primarily of Cubans and other Latin Americans, no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto's immigrant population, placing it among the most diverse cities in the world.[105] Visible minorities are projected to increase to 63% of the city's population by 2031.[111] Over 100,000 immigrants arrive in the Greater Toronto Area annually.[112]
In the 2011 Canadian census, the most common ethnic origins in the city of Toronto were as follows:
Ethnic origin | Population[113] | Percentage |
---|---|---|
English | 333,220 | 12.9 |
Chinese | 308,690 | 12.0 |
Canadian | 291,665 | 11.3 |
Irish | 250,460 | 9.7 |
Scottish | 245,545 | 9.5 |
East Indian | 195,590 | 7.6 |
Italian | 177,065 | 6.9 |
Filipino | 140,420 | 5.5 |
German | 119,030 | 4.6 |
French | 115,300 | 4.5 |
Polish | 98,315 | 3.8 |
Portuguese | 93,050 | 3.6 |
Jamaican | 81,380 | 3.2 |
Jewish | 78,860 | 3.1 |
Ukrainian | 64,875 | 2.5 |
Russian | 62,850 | 2.4 |
Toronto has a racially diverse population. In 2011 its population defined itself thus:[108]
- 50.2% White
- 12.7% East Asian; 10.8% Chinese, 1.4% Korean, 0.5% Japanese
- 12.3% South Asian
- 8.5% Black
- 7.0% Southeast Asian; 5.1% Filipino
- 2.8% Latin American
- 2.0% West Asian
- 1.1% Arab
- 0.7% Aboriginal, of which 0.5% are First Nations and 0.2% are Metis
- 1.5% Multiracial; 1.7% including Metis
- 1.3% Other
This diversity is reflected in Toronto's ethnic neighbourhoods, which include Chinatown, Corso Italia, Greektown, Kensington Market, Koreatown, Little India, Little Italy, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal and Roncesvalles.[114]
In 2011, the most commonly reported religion in Toronto was Christianity, adhered to by 54.1% of the population. A plurality, 28.2%, of the city's population was Catholic, followed by Protestants (11.9%), Christian Orthodox (4.3%), and members of other Christian denominations (9.7%). With the city's significant number of Methodist Christians, Toronto was historically referred to as the Methodist Rome.
Other religions significantly practiced in the city are Islam (8.2%), Hinduism (5.6%), Judaism (3.8%), Buddhism (2.7%), and Sikhism (0.8%). Those with no religious affiliation made up 24.2% of Toronto's population.[108]
While English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians, many other languages have considerable numbers of local speakers.[115] The varieties of Chinese and Italian are the second and third most widely spoken languages at work.[116][117] The city's 9-1-1 emergency services are equipped to respond in over 150 languages.[118]
Government
Toronto is a single-tier municipality governed by a mayor–council system. The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of Toronto Act. The Mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 44 councillors representing geographical wards throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits. (Until the 2006 municipal election, the mayor and city councillors served three-year terms.) However, on November 18, 2013, council voted to modify the city's government by transferring many executive powers from mayor Rob Ford to the deputy mayor, Norm Kelly, and itself.[119]
At the start of the 2007 term, the city council will have seven standing committees, each consisting of a Chairman, a vice-chair and four other councillors. The Mayor names the committee chairs and the remaining membership of the committees is appointed by City Council.[120] An executive committee is formed by the chairs of each of standing committee, along with the mayor, the deputy mayor and four other councillors. Councillors are also appointed to oversee the Toronto Transit Commission and the Toronto Police Services Board.
The city has four community councils that consider local matters. City Council has delegated final decision-making authority on local, routine matters, while others—like planning and zoning issues—are recommended to the city council. Each city councillor serves as a member on a community council.
There are about 40 subcommittees and advisory committees appointed by the city council. These bodies are made up of city councillors and private citizen volunteers. Examples include the Pedestrian Committee, Waste Diversion Task Force 2010, and the Task Force to Bring Back the Don.[121]
Toronto had an operating budget of C$7.6 billion in 2006.[122] The city receives funding from the Government of Ontario in addition to tax revenues and user fees, spending 36% on provincially mandated programmes, 53% on major municipal purposes such as the Toronto Public Library and the Toronto Zoo, and 11% on capital financing and non-programme expenditures.[123]
Crime
The low crime rate[124] in Toronto has resulted in the city having a reputation as one of the safest major cities in North America.[125][126] For instance, in 2007, the homicide rate for Toronto was 3.3 per 100,000 people, compared with Atlanta (19.7), Boston (10.3), Los Angeles (10.0), New York City (6.3), Vancouver (3.1), and Montreal (2.6). Toronto's robbery rate also ranks low, with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared with Los Angeles (348.5), Vancouver (266.2), New York City (265.9), and Montreal (235.3).[127][128][129][130][131][132] Toronto has a comparable rate of car theft to various US cities, although it is not among the highest in Canada.[124]
Toronto recorded its largest number of homicides in 1991 with 89, a rate of 3.9 per 100,000.[133][134] In 2005, Toronto media coined the term "Year of the Gun", because there was a record number of gun-related homicides, 52, out of 80 homicides in total.[126][135] The total number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006, that year, nearly 2,000 people in Toronto were victims of a violent gun-related crime, about one-quarter of the national total.[136] 84 homicides were committed in 2007, roughly half of which involved guns. Gang-related incidents have also been on the rise; between the years of 1997 and 2005, over 300 gang-related homicides have occurred. As a result, the Ontario government developed an anti-gun strategy.[137] In 2011, Toronto's murder rate plummeted to 45 murders—nearly a 26% drop from the previous year. The 45 homicides were the lowest number the city has recorded since 1986.[138]
Education
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uoft_universitycollege.jpg/220px-Uoft_universitycollege.jpg)
Toronto has a number of post-secondary academic institutions. The University of Toronto, established in 1827, is Canada's largest university and has two satellite campuses, one of which is located in the city's eastern district of Scarborough while the other is located in the neighbouring city of Mississauga. York University, Canada's third-largest university, founded in 1959, is located in the northwest part of the city. Toronto is also home to Ryerson University, OCAD University, and the University of Guelph-Humber.
There are four diploma- and degree-granting colleges in Toronto. These are Seneca College, Humber College, Centennial College and George Brown College. The city is also home to a satellite campus of the francophone Collège Boréal.
The Royal Conservatory of Music, which includes the Glenn Gould School, is a school of music located downtown. The Canadian Film Centre is a film, television and new media training institute founded by filmmaker Norman Jewison. Tyndale University College and Seminary is a Christian post-secondary institution and Canada's largest seminary.
The Toronto District School Board (TDSB) operates 558 public schools. Of these, 451 are elementary and 102 are secondary (high) schools. Additionally, the Toronto Catholic District School Board manages the city's publicly funded Roman Catholic schools, while the Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud manages public and Roman Catholic French-language schools, respectively. There are also numerous private university-preparatory schools including the University of Toronto Schools, the Upper Canada College and Havergal College.
The Toronto Public Library[139] consists of 100[140] branches with more than 11 million items in its collection.[141]
Infrastructure
Health and medicine
Toronto is home to 20 public hospitals, including the Hospital for Sick Children, Mount Sinai Hospital, St. Michael's Hospital, North York General Hospital, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, St. Joseph's Health Centre, Rouge Valley Health System, The Scarborough Hospital, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, as well as the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.
In 2007, Toronto was reported as having some of the longer average ER wait times in Ontario. Toronto hospitals at the time employed a system of triage to ensure life-threatening injuries receive rapid treatment.[142] After initial screening, initial assessments by physicians were completed within the waiting rooms themselves for greater efficiency, within a median of 1.2 hours. Tests, consultations, and initial treatments were also provided within waiting rooms. 50% of patients waited 4 hours before being transferred from the emergency room to another room.[142] The least-urgent 10% of cases wait over 12 hours.[142] The extended waiting-room times experienced by some patients were attributed to an overall shortage of acute care beds.[142]
Toronto's Discovery District[143] is a centre of research in biomedicine. It is located on a 2.5-square-kilometre (620-acre) research park that is integrated into Toronto's downtown core. It is also home to the Medical and Related Sciences Centre (MaRS),[144] which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the Province of Ontario. Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM).[145]
Toronto also has some specialized hospitals located outside of the downtown core. These hospitals include Baycrest for geriatric care and Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital for children with disabilities.
Toronto is also host to a wide variety of health-focused non-profit organizations that work to address specific illnesses for Toronto, Ontario and Canadian residents. Organizations include The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Canadian Cancer Society, the Alzheimer Society of Canada, Alzheimer Society of Ontario and Alzheimer Society of Toronto, all situated in the same office at Yonge and Eglinton, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research, Cystic Fibrosis Canada, the Canadian Mental Health Association, the ALS Society of Canada and many others. The organizations work to help people within the GTA, Ontario or Canada who are affected by these illnesses. As well, most engage in fundraising to promote research, services and public awareness.
Transportation
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/UnionStationToronto.jpg/220px-UnionStationToronto.jpg)
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20151022011643im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gardiner_Expressway_Downtown_Toronto.jpg/220px-Gardiner_Expressway_Downtown_Toronto.jpg)
Toronto's transport forms the hub of the road, rail and air networks in the Greater Toronto Area and much of southern Ontario. There are many forms of transport in the city of Toronto, including highways and public transit. Toronto also has an extensive network of bicycle lanes and multi-use trails and paths.
Public transportation
Toronto's main public transportation system is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).[61] The backbone of its public transport network is the Toronto rapid transit system, which includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines and a mainly elevated light-metro rapid transit line that runs in Scarborough. The TTC also operates an extensive network of buses and streetcars. There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light-rail lines, but many efforts have been thwarted by budgetary concerns. Since July 2011, the only subway-related work is the Spadina subway (line 1) extension north of Downsview Station to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre. By November 2011, construction on the Eglinton Crosstown LRT (line 5) began. Line 5 is scheduled to finish by 2020.[146][147] In 2015, the Ontario government promised to fund the Finch West LRT (line 7) which is to be completed by 2021.[148]
The Government of Ontario also operates an interregional rail and bus transit system called GO Transit in the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit carries over 250,000 passengers every weekday (2013) and 57 million annually, with a majority of them travelling to or from Union Station.[149][150] GO Transit is implementing RER (Regional Express Rail) into their system.[151]
Airports
Canada's busiest airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport (IATA: YYZ), straddles the city's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga. Limited commercial and passenger service is also offered from the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, on the Toronto Islands, southwest of downtown. Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport in Markham provides general aviation facilities. Toronto/Downsview Airport, near the city's north end, is owned by de Havilland Canada and serves the Bombardier Aerospace aircraft factory.
There are a number of municipal expressways and provincial highways that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular, Highway 401 bisects the city from west to east, bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America,[152] and one of the busiest highways in the world.[153][154] The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the Gardiner Expressway, the Don Valley Parkway, and to some extent, Allen Road. The Greater Toronto Area suffers from chronic traffic congestion problems, and Toronto has the second worst traffic congestion in Canada after Vancouver.[155]
Road system
The grid of major city streets was laid out by a concession road system, in which major arterial roads are 6,600 ft (2.0 km) apart (with some exceptions, particularly in Scarborough and Etobicoke, as they were originally separate townships). Major east-west arterial roads are generally parallel with the Lake Ontario shoreline, and major north-south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, though slightly angled north of Eglinton Avenue. This arrangement is sometimes broken by geographical accidents, most notably the Don River ravines.
Toronto's grid north is approximately 18.5° to the west of true north.
Notable people
International relations
|
|
See also
- Great Lakes Megalopolis
- Largest cities in the Americas
- List of metropolitan areas in the Americas
- OPENCities
- Outline of Toronto (extensive topic list)
Notes
References
- ^ a b Benson, Denise. "Putting T-Dot on the Map". Eye Weekly. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "Why is Toronto called 'Hogtown?'". funtrivia.com.
- ^ "City nicknames". got.net.
- ^ Johnson, Jessica (August 4, 2007). "Quirky finds in the Big Smoke". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Ontario)". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2011 and 2006 censuses". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
- ^ "The real story of how Toronto got its name | Earth Sciences". Geonames.nrcan.gc.ca. September 18, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "North America's Largest Cities: Toronto Overtakes Chicago". The Huffington Post.
- ^ "Sorry, Toronto: No one cares that you're now the fourth-largest city in North America". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ "What makes a global city?", (2007)
- ^ "Toronto Facts – Your City – Living In Toronto | City of Toronto". .toronto.ca. January 1, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Toronto – World Cities Culture Forum". Worldcitiescultureforum.com. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Toronto | A Top 10 Financial Centre". Tfsa.ca. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "First Peoples, 9000 BCE to 1600 CE – The History of Toronto: An 11,000-Year Journey – Virtual Exhibits | City of Toronto". .toronto.ca. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Natives and Newcomers, 1600–1793 – The History of Toronto: An 11,000-Year Journey – Virtual Exhibits – City of Toronto". Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ "The early history of York & Upper Canada". Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ "The Battle of York, 200 years ago, shaped Toronto and Canada: Editorial". thestar.com. April 21, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ "Timeline: 180 years of Toronto history". Toronto.
- ^ Christopher Hume (August 30, 2009). "We define ourselves by our neighbourhoods". Toronto Star. Retrieved December 2014.
Toronto has always been a city of neighbourhoods, but who knew just how many neighbourhoods?
- ^ http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonlyvgnextoid=1d66f937de453410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=57a12cc817453410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
- ^ "Human Activity and the Environment: Table 3.3 — Population, Greater Golden Horseshoe, 1971, 2001 and 2011". Statcan.gc.ca. December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006". 2.statcan.gc.ca. September 22, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ a b Flew, Janine; Humphries, Lynn; Press, Limelight; McPhee, Margaret (2004). The Children's Visual World Atlas. Sydney, Australia: Fog City Press. p. 76. ISBN 1-74089-317-4.
- ^ a b Citizenship and Immigration Canada (September 2006). "Canada-Ontario-Toronto Memorandum of Understanding on Immigration and Settlement (electronic version)". Archived from the original on August 25, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ Roth, Mark (October 19, 2014). "Toronto: 'most multicultural city in the world' | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Diversity – Toronto Facts – Your City. City of Toronto". Retrieved April 2, 2015.
- ^ Toronto 2011 census backgrounder: Language
- ^ "Music – Key Industry Sectors – City of Toronto". Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Quality of Life – Arts and Culture". Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Film & Television – Key Industry Sectors – City of Toronto". Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Made here. Seen everywhere. – Film in Toronto – City of Toronto". Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Ontario's Enertainment and Creative Cluster" (PDF). Retrieved July 3, 2015.
- ^ "Toronto Press Room – Culture, The Creative City". Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ Cultural Institutions
- ^ "Arts and Culture – Living In Toronto | City of Toronto". .toronto.ca. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Tourism". toronto.ca.
- ^ Trevor Melanson. "What Toronto's skyline will look like in 2020 – Canadian Business – Your Source For Business News". Canadian Business – Your Source For Business News.
- ^ Torontoist. "The CN Tower is Dead. Long Live The CN Tower!". torontoist.com.
- ^ http://www.fraserinstitute.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2520
- ^ https://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/articles/corporate-headquarters-in-canada-sept2011.pdf
- ^ a b City of Toronto (2007) – Toronto economic overview, Key industry clusters. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ^ ICF Consulting (February 2000). "Toronto Competes". Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ "Business Toronto – Key Business Sectors". Investtoronto.ca. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ Citymayors.com, Toronto Star (2004). Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- ^ "Vancouver is 'best city to live'". CNN. October 5, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ Mercer Human Resource Consulting (2006). "Mercer 2006 Quality of Living Survey" (PDF). Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ Myrvold, Myrvold (1997). The people of Scarborough : a history. Toronto: City of Scarborough Public Library Board. pp. 12–18. ISBN 0968308600.
- ^ See R. F. Williamson, ed., Toronto: An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years (Toronto: James Lorimer, 2008), ch. 2, with reference to the Mantle Site.
- ^ "The real story of how Toronto got its name". Natural Resources Canada (2005). Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ Schmalz, Peter S. (1991). The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press|. ISBN 978-0802067784.
- ^ Fort Rouillé, Jarvis Collegiate Institute (2006). Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ Natives and newcomers, 1600–1793, City of Toronto (2006). Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ "History of Ontario's Legislative Buildings". Government of Ontario. Retrieved July 13, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Welcome to the birthplace of Toronto". Friends of Fort York (2006). Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ "Battle of York". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^ Black history at the City of Toronto Archives, City of Toronto (2009). Retrieved March 13, 2009.
- ^ Peppiatt, Liam. "Chapter 13A: A Once Great Mercantile Row". Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited.
- ^ "Canada Provinces". Statoids.com. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ a b Toronto transit chief says searches unlikely (2005). Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ Westward ho? The shifting geography of corporate power in Canada, Journal of Canadian Studies (2002). Retrieved January 14, 2007. Archived March 30, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto Act, Government of Ontario (2000). Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ SOS! Canadian Disasters Library and Archives Canada (2006). Retrieved December 19, 2008.
- ^ "Environment Canada answers the question: Where was Toronto's severe thunderstorm warning?". Global Toronto. July 9, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
- ^ Population statistics and land area, Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "Getting Here". Visiting Toronto. City of Toronto. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "City of Toronto: Toronto Facts, Toronto's geography". Toronto.ca. October 23, 2000. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
- ^ a b "What are we studying and why?" (PDF). Toronto's Future Weather and Climate Driver Study. City of Toronto. 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Why is Weather in Toronto the way it is?" (PDF). Toronto's Future Weather and Climate Driver Study. City of Toronto. 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Weather Expectations". City of Toronto. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ^ a b c "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals". Environment Canada. 2014-02-13. Climate ID: 6158350. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
- ^ "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals". Environment Canada. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ "Toronto Architecture". Archived from the original on November 1, 2011.
- ^ Dubai building surpasses CN Tower in height, CTV Television Network (2007); retrieved September 13, 2007.
- ^ "skyscraperpage.com/diagrams Most of these buildings are residential, whereas the central business district contains commercial office towers. There has been recent attention given for the need to retrofit many of these buildings, which were constructed beginning in the 1950s as residential apartment blocks to accommodate a quickly growing population. As of November 2011, the city had 132 high-rise buildings under construction.". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
- ^ "Toronto's Cultural Renaissance", City of Toronto website (2005); retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ "Plan town of 45,000 on Don Mills farms; Will cost 00,000,000", Paul L. Fox, Toronto Star, March 12, 1953, p. 3. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
- ^ "Urban Design: Cloud Garden Park". Lost Streams, Toronto, Web site. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
- ^ a b Armstrong, James; McAllister, Mark (April 5, 2013). "Toronto boasts thousands of hectares of parkland". Global News. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ^ IMAX.com / Corporate History Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ^ "Film and Television Industry: 2011 Year in Review" (PDF). City of Toronto. September 1, 2012.
- ^ 'Sarasota Herald-Tribune."Toronto Now Called Hollywood of North ". Retrieved June 10, 2011.
- ^ "New numbers confirm Toronto's rank as Hollywood North". City of Toronto. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ "SARS costs for 'Hollywood North' and more". CBC News. March 9, 2004. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ Toronto Caribbean Carnival (Caribana) Festival 2006, WORD Magazine (2006). Retrieved December 11, 2006.
- ^ "The Caribana success story". Toronto Star. May 3, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
- ^ "City of Toronto, Attractions". Toronto.ca. October 23, 2000. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ "About the Toronto Zoo". Toronto Zoo. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ Buhasz, Laszlo (May 7, 2003). "Uncaging the zoo". Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ CNE – About Us, Canadian National Exhibition (2006). Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ Who uses the square (Demographics), City of Toronto (2007). Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ "Welcome to the Taste of the Danforth". Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
- ^ Byers, Jim (July 10, 2007). "Third time lucky for T.O. Games bid?, TheStar.com, 2007". The Star (Toronto). Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ "Toronto won't bid for 2020 Olympics". CBC News. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013.
- ^ "Toronto Considers 2024 Olympic Bid". Gamesbids.com. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ "Toronto 2015 Pan American Games Bid Officially Launched". GameBids.com.
- ^ Cayley, Shawn (August 12, 2014). "Countdown is on to Pan American and Parapan American Games in Durham Region". durhamregion.com (Metroland Media Group). Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- ^ Media Job Search Canada Media Job Search Canada (2003). Retrieved May 8, 2007. Archived April 14, 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Market Statistics Toronto Stock Exchange (2006). Retrieved May 11, 2007. Archived February 9, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Labour force characteristics, unadjusted, by census metropolitan area". Statistics Canada. December 2, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
- ^ "Toronto beats Vancouver as most costly city". CTV. July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
- ^ Detailed Mother Tongue, Toronto CMA 2006, Retrieved August 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Francine Kopun; Nicholas Keung (December 5, 2007). "A city of unmatched diversity". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ "Toronto.ca" (PDF). Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Canada (July 18, 2007). "Still Single, Time To Move West". Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ a b c "National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011". 2.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
- ^ Canada's visible minority population in 2017, Statistics Canada (2005); retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "Toronto in Transition: Demographic Change in the Late Twentieth Century". (PDF). CERIS – The Ontario Metropolis Centre.
- ^ [1] Toronto Star (Wed March 10, 2010)
- ^ ""A few frank words about immigration", The Globe and Mail. October 7, 2010; accessed February 8, 2014.
- ^ "NHS Profile, Toronto, C, Ontario, 2011 (Enthic origin)". Statistics Canada. April 28, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ^ Jeff Clark (2013). Toronto Visible Minorities (Map). Neoformix. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ Various Languages Spoken – Toronto CMA, Statistics Canada (2006); retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ Language used at work by mother tongue in Toronto CMA, Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ Language used at work by mother tongue (City of Toronto), Statistics Canada (2001); retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "City of Toronto: Emergency Services– 9–1–1 = EMERGENCY in any language". City of Toronto. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
- ^ "'Taking the keys' from Mayor Rob Ford: How Toronto councillors voted". thestar.com. November 18, 2013.
- ^ "City Council names Speaker and members to Standing Committees, Agencies, Boards and Commissions". CNW Group. December 6, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
- ^ "Directory of committees, task forces and round tables". City of Toronto. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
- ^ "2006 City Budget". City of Toronto. 2006. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
- ^ "2006 Operating Budget" (PDF). City of Toronto. 2006. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
- ^ a b Statistics Canada, The Daily (July 21, 2006). "Crime statistics". Retrieved March 5, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Torontoisms – Crime and Safety[dead link]
- ^ a b "Despite rise, police say T.O. murder rate 'low'". Ctv.ca. December 26, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "FBI statistics 2008". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Topping, David (July 22, 2008). "Metrocide: A History of Violence". Torontoist. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Story – News". Vancouver Sun. Canada. March 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Bilan chiffres_A_new" (PDF). Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Vancouver.ca". Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "2007annrep_draft_daily_2008_03_26.xlsm" (PDF). Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "GunControl.ca" (PDF). Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ "Double murder occurred on Christmas Day: police". Ctv.ca. December 27, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "CTV Toronto – Toronto sets a new record for gun-related carnage – CTV News, Shows and Sports – Canadian Television". Toronto.ctv.ca. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Gun crime in Metro Vancouver highest per capita in Canada".
- ^ "Ministry of the Attorney General – Backgrounder". Attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca. October 25, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Doucette, Chris (December 31, 2011). "Toronto murder rate plummets in 2011". Toronto Sun. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ "Key Facts: Media : Toronto Public Library". Torontopubliclibrary.ca. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ "Scarborough Civic Centre Branch : Hours & Locations : Toronto Public Library". Toronto Public Library. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
- ^ "Toronto Public Library contributes 63 millionth record" OCLC (February 3, 2006). Retrieved 2007-07-08.
- ^ a b c d "Study sheds light on ER wait times in Ontario". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 25, 2007. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Toronto Discovery District FAQ, Toronto Discovery District (2006). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ Medical and Related Sciences Centre, Medical and Related Sciences Centre (2006). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM), McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (2006). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "Metrolinx Eglinton Crosstown LRT". www.metrolinx.com. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^ "More Transit for Toronto | Crosstown". www.thecrosstown.ca. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^ "Ontario Moving Forward with Finch West Light Rail Transit Project". Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^ "Info to GO" (PDF). GO Transit. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
- ^ "Underground mall in store for Union Station makeover". Globe and Mail (Toronto). November 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ "Metrolinx Regional Express Rail". www.metrolinx.com. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^ Maier, Hanna (October 9, 2007). "Chapter 2". Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada (Report). Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004, and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000 vehicles.
- ^ "Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401". Ontario Ministry of Transportation. August 6, 2002. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto.
- ^ Brian Gray (April 10, 2004). "GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 – North America's Busiest Freeway". Toronto Sun, transcribed at Urban Planet. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world...
- ^ [2] Archived April 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Toronto's International Alliance Program". Toronto.ca. October 23, 2000. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns]. Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] (in Portuguese). Retrieved August 23, 2013.
- ^ "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa" [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship]. Camara Municipal de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Retrieved August 23, 2013.
- ^ "Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471" [Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471]. Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
- ^ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource (Portuguese)
Bibliography
- Fulford, Robert (1995). Accidental city: the transformation of Toronto. Toronto: Macfarlane, Walter & Ross. ISBN 0-921912-91-9. Also ISBN 1-55199-010-5 (paperback).
- Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: stories about Canadian place names (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8293-9.
- Phillips, Robert; Bram, Leon; Dickey, Norma (1971). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Vol. 23. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 0-8343-0025-7.
- Careless, J.M.S.. "Toronto". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- "Toronto". Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE. 2003. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- "Toronto's Economic Profile". City of Toronto. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
- "Ultimate Inline Skating Guide to Toronto v1.5" (Google Earth). 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
- The novel "In the Skin of a Lion" by Michael Ondaatje depicts Toronto in the 1920s, giving prominence to the construction of Toronto landmarks, such as the Prince Edward Viaduct and the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, and focusing on the lives of the immigrant workers.
- Carolyn Whitzman (May 15, 2009). Suburb, slum, urban village: transformations in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood, 1875–2002. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1535-2.
- Richard Harris (October 7, 1999). Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6282-3.
- Careless, J. M. S (1984). Toronto to 1918: An Illustrated History. J. Lorimer and National Museum of Man. ISBN 0-88862-665-7.
- Filey, Mike (2008). Toronto: the way we were. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-842-3.
- Akler, Howard; Hood, Sarah (2003). Toronto: The Unknown City. Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1-55152-146-6.
External links
- Official website , the official City of Toronto web site
- Tourism Toronto, by the Toronto Convention & Visitors Association
![]() |
Brampton | Vaughan, Markham | ![]() |
|
Mississauga | ![]() |
Pickering | ||
|
||||
![]() |
||||
Lake Ontario |
|