The 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak has been referred to as the “Pearl Harbor for the food game" ^[1] the "9/11 of the food industry,"^[2] and has been described as "far and away the most infamous food poison outbreak in contemporary history."^[3][4][5]

This landmark event occurred when several lots of frozen hamburger patties adulterated with the pathogen were shipped along the west coast for Jack in the Box restaurants. Investigations would later reveal that the restaurants cooked the adulterated meat at a temperature too low to kill the pathogen. As a result, 708^[6] people are known to have become infected with the Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacterium originating from undercooked beef patties in hamburgers.^[7][8][9] The outbreak involved 73 Jack in the Box restaurants in California, Idaho, Washington and Nevada.

The wide media coverage and scale of the outbreak were responsible for "bringing the exotic-sounding bacterium out of the lab and into the public consciousness" but was not the first E. coli O157:H7 outbreak resulting from undercooked patties. The bacterium had previously been identified in an outbreak of food poisoning in 1982 (traced to undercooked burgers sold by McDonald's restaurants in Oregon and Michigan) and prior to the Jack in the Box incident there had been 22 documented outbreaks in the United States resulting in 35 deaths.^[10]

Victims[edit]

171 people required hospitalization.^[11] The majority of the victims who presented symptoms and were clinically diagnosed (but not hospitalized) were children aged under 10 years old.^[12][13]

Forty five of the infected children required hospitalization, of which thirty eight suffered serious kidney problems and twenty one required dialysis^[14]

Four children died:

• 6-year-old Lauren Beth Rudolph of Southern California (who died on December 28, 1992, due to complications of an E. coli O157:H7 infection later tied to the same outbreak.)^{[15][16][17][18][19]}
• 2-year-old Michael Nole of Tacoma, WA (who died on Jan. 22, 1993.) ^[20][21]
• 2-year-old Celina Shribbs of Mountlake Terrace, WA (who died on Jan. 28, 1993. She became ill due to a secondary, person-to-person contact transmission from another child sick with E.coli)^[22][23]
• 17-month-old Riley Detwiler of Bellingham, WA, (who died on Feb. 20, 1993. He also became ill due to a secondary, person-to-person contact transmission from another child sick with E.coli. The 18-month-old boy who infected Riley had spent two days in the daycare before a clinical laboratory could return the positive test results for E. coli. His mother suspected he had E. coli, but did not tell the daycare for fear that he would be sent home. When the test results finally came in positive for E. coli, county health officials could not reach the child’s parents in the middle of the workday. As it turned out, both parents worked at Jack in the Box, where they regularly fed their son hamburgers.)^[22][24][25]

Sources[edit]

Health inspectors traced the contamination to the restaurants' "Monster Burger" sandwich which had been on a special promotion (using the slogan So good it's scary!) and sold at a discounted price.^[10][26] The ensuing high demand "overwhelmed" the restaurants and the product was not cooked for long enough or at a high enough temperature to kill the bacteria.^[27] At a 1993 press conference the president of Foodmaker (the parent company of Jack in the Box) blamed Vons Companies Inc. (supplier of their hamburger meat) for the E. coli epidemic. However, the Jack in the Box fast-food chain knew about but disregarded Washington state laws which required burgers to be cooked to 155 °F (68 °C), the temperature necessary to completely kill E. coli. Instead, it adhered to the federal standard of 140 °F (60 °C). Had Jack in the Box followed the state cooking standard, the E. coli outbreak would have been prevented, according to court documents and experts from the Washington State Health Department.^[28] Subsequent investigation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified five slaughterhouses in the United States and one in Canada as "the likely sources of [...] the contaminated lots of meat.".^[29] In February 1998, Foodmaker agreed to accept $58.5 million from Vons and eight other beef suppliers to settle the lawsuit started in 1993.^[30]

Legacy[edit]

Sen. Richard Durbin [D-IL], addressing a congressional hearing on food safety in 2006, described the outbreak as "a pivotal moment in the history of the beef industry."^[31] James Reagan, Vice President of Research and Knowledge Management at the National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA), said that the outbreak was "significant to the industry" and "the initiative that moved us further down the road [of food safety] and still drives us today."^[32] David Acheson, a former U.S. Food and Drug Administration Associate Commissioner for Foods, recently told Retro Report that "Jack in the Box was a wakeup call to many, including the regulators. You go in for a hamburger with the kids and you could die. It changed consumers' perceptions and it absolutely changed the behaviors of the industry."^[33]

As a direct result of the outbreak:

• E. coli O157:H7 was upgraded to become a reportable disease at all state health departments^[34]
• the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) increased the recommended internal temperature for cooked hamburgers from 140 °F (60 °C) to 155 °F (68 °C)^[3][34]
• the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) introduced safe food-handling labels for packaged raw meat and poultry retailed in supermarkets, alongside an educational campaign alerting consumers to the risks associated with undercooked hamburgers^[3][34] The labels and the educational campaign came with criticism and objection from the industry.^[24]
• the FSIS introduced testing for E. coli O157:H7 in ground meat^[3]
• the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reclassified E. coli O157:H7 as an adulterant in ground beef^[35]
• the USDA introduced the Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) program^{[3][35][36][37]}
• the NCBA created a task force to fund research into the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle and slaughterhouses^[3]
• Jack in the Box completely overhauled and restructured their corporate operations around food safety priorities, setting new standards across the entire fast food industry.^[32]
• Parents of victims formed STOP Foodborne Illness (formerly Safe Tables Our Priority, or S.T.O.P.,) a national non-profit organization dedicated “to prevent Americans from becoming ill and dying from foodborne illness” by advocating for sound public policy, building public awareness, and assisting those impacted by foodborne illness.^[38]
• Parents of the victims played key roles in spreading awareness and advocating for change - speaking directly to President Bill Clinton, meeting with Vice President Al Gore, testifying before the Clinton Healthcare Task Force, working with the Secretary of Agriculture, and discussing food safety issues with lawmakers in Washington, D.C.^[39][40]
• Some parents, including Darin Detwiler (who lost his son, Riley, to E.coli and Hemolytic-uremic syndrome during the outbreak) later served as regulatory policy advisors to the USDA for meat and poultry inspection.^[41]

See also[edit]

	Food portal
	1990s portal

• List of food contamination incidents
• STOP Foodborne Illness
• 1996 E. coli case from Odwalla juice

References[edit]

Bibliography

External links[edit]