T] he entire judicial power granted by the Constitution does not embrace authority to entertain a suit brought by private parties against a State without consent given

Eleventh Amendment bars admiralty suits against states without their consent even though text of amendment refers only to suits "in law or equity

Its applicability "is to be determined not by the mere names of the titular parties but by the essential nature and effect of the proceeding, as it appears from the entire record."

The Eleventh Amendment is "but an exemplification" of the fundamental rule that "a State may not be sued without its consent".

Although the amendment refers only to suits "in law or equity," a state's sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment extends also to suits brought under the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the federal courts.

The focus of the real party in interest inquiry is on the essential nature and effect of the proceedings.

The Eleventh Amendment is a textual security of the fundamental principle of sovereign immunity held by state governments.

—holding a suit against the Superintendent of Public Works of the State of New York was a suit against the State

This is so because the fundamental constitutional principle of the sovereign immunity of the several states, "of which the Amendment is but an exemplification," holds that the judicial power granted to federal courts does not extend, absent the state's consent, to suits against it by private parties, whether they be citizens of another state, a foreign state, or even citizens of its …

It precludes a federal court from entertaining a suit brought by a private party against a state without the state's consent.

[CITATION] Northern Insurance Company of New York v. Chatham County

[CITATION] US v. Deep Sea Research, Inc.