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Younger Ikavian
Bosnian-Dalmatian
Younger Ikavian dialect located geographically
Younger Ikavian dialect located geographically
Native toBosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Hungary
Serbia
RegionBačka
Central Bosnia
Dalmatian Hinterland
Western Herzegovina
EthnicityCroats
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Younger Ikavian (Serbo-Croatian: mlađi ikavski), also called Western Ikavian/Western Neoshtokavian Ikavian (Serbo-Croatian: zapadni ikavski/zapadni novoštokavski ikavski), or Bosnian–Dalmatian dialect (bosansko-dalmatinski dijalekat), is a subdialect of Shtokavian Serbo-Croatian spoken primarily by Croats in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Italy, less by Bosniaks and rarely Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most speakers use the Latin alphabet.[1]

Area of use[edit]

In Croatia is spoken in pockets of Gorski kotar, south of Novi Vinodolski in the Lika hinterland, Kordun, central Slavonia, in Dalmatia and in small pockets on Dalmatian islands of Šolta, Brač, Hvar and Korčula.[1][2]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina west of the river Bosna and Neretva, and in the Bačka region of Hungary (inc. Budapest) and the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia. In Italy is spoken in Molise.[1][2][3]

Characteristics[edit]

The dialect is a sub-dialect of Shtokavian dialect group, specifically Western Shtokavian sub-group.[4] It is a descendant of the Western Shtokavian which was spoken in parts of Dalmatia, Western Bosnia and Western Herzegovina, which had several typically western features like Schakavism, Ikavism, reflex "j", acute accent and so by which is closely related to the Chakavian dialect.[5]

Although the vocal characteristic of the dialect is its Ikavian yat reflex (*/ě/ > /i/), there do exist some local differences with rare examples of Ekavian or Ijekavian reflex.[6] It has some similarities to Southern Chakavian and Slavonian dialect.[1] Same can be said for morphology, with some Italian influence too.[7]

Accentology has four accents, sometimes also old acute accent, while in the case of Slavomolisano often two accents due to Italianization.[8] Younger Ikavian accent characteristics can be considered as one of the basis of Croatian standard language.[8]

The lexicon has many Turkish loanwords, aside Slavomolisano and seaside speeches who have more Italian loanwords, while in Bačka also Hungarian and German influences (the German is present also in Lika).[9] There exist many common words with Chakavian dialect (like "grem", "tovar", "muka", "iskat", "hiža", "lačan", "povidat", "zabiti", "dažd/daždit", "pot", "vlasi" and so on).[9]

In some cases, like the area of Slunj, today Younger Ikavian Shtokavian speakers could be described as Shtokavized previous Chakavian Ikavian speakers.[10]

Sub-dialects[edit]

The dialect can be further divided into Ikavian Schakavian (Šćakavian; from šćakavski) and Ikavian Shtakavian (Štakavian; from štakavski) sub-dialects:[3][11]

  • Schakavian would be in Dalmatia between river Cetina and Neretva as well as islands, in whole Slavonia, in whole Bosnia and smaller part of Western Herzegovina, as well pockets in Lika and Gorski kotar.[8]
  • Shtakavian would be in Dalmatia west of river Cetina, in Lika, most of Western Herzegovina, in Bačka, in Molise, and some pockets in Gorski kotar. However, in some local speeches can be found both Schakavian and Shtakavian.[8]

In the literature can be also found terms like Makarska-Primorje sub-dialect and Livno-Vrbas sub-dialect (both Schakavian), Western Hum sub-dialect and Biokovo-Cetina sub-dialect (both Shtakavian).[5] They can be further divided into Schakavian and Shtakavian who have transition of "-l" into "-o" or "-a":[4]

  • Schakavian with "-a" in Makarska Riviera (previously existed Makarska-Primorje dialect)
  • Shtakavian with "-a" around Ljubuški (previously existed southern speeches of Western Hum dialect, from which originate Slavomolisano, and Shtokavian transition of the Southwestern Istrian-Chakavian Ikavian dialect)
  • Schakavian with "-o" around Derventa (previously existed Livno-Vrbas dialect)
  • Shtakavian with "-o" around Mostar (previously existed northern speeches of Western Hum dialect, from which originate Bunjevac dialect in Bačka and elsewhere)

These divisions indicate pre-16th century migratory existence of several different dialects and local vernaculars.[5]

Considering the national and international status recognition of local vernaculars, exist Slavomolisano dialect (with some Chakavian influences) and Bunjevac dialect.

Status[edit]

In 2018, Serbia finalized the standardisation of the Bunjevac dialect in Serbia.[12][13]

Since 2021, Croatia categorized the Bunjevac dialect with three historical-etnological sub-branches: Dalmatian, Danubian, and Littoral-Lika.[14]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Lisac 2003, p. 50-51.
  2. ^ a b Kapović 2015, p. 39.
  3. ^ a b Kovačević 2000, p. 493.
  4. ^ a b Lisac 2003, p. 60.
  5. ^ a b c Lisac 2003, p. 60–61.
  6. ^ Lisac 2003, p. 51.
  7. ^ Lisac 2003, p. 56.
  8. ^ a b c d Lisac 2003, p. 53.
  9. ^ a b Lisac 2003, p. 59.
  10. ^ Lisac 2003, p. 61.
  11. ^ Lisac 2003, p. 52.
  12. ^ Vuković, Teodora (January 2015). "Vuković, Theodora. Izrada modela dijalekatskog korpusa bunjevačkog govora".
  13. ^ "Online rečnik bunjevačkog govora". balksrv2012.sanu.ac.rs. Institute for Balkan Studies (Serbia). 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2023. Bunjevački rečnik je audio-rečnik koji za cilj ima da predstavi realnu, svakodnevnu i spontanu upotrebu bunjevačkog govora. Zamišljen je kao baza koja će moći da se dopunjuje i proširuje. Kao osnova rečnika korišćeni su audio snimci prikupljani tokom istraživanja bunjevačkih običaja i govora od strane Balkanoločkog instituta Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti tokom 2009. godine. Rezultati tog istraživanja objavljeni su monografiji "Bunjevci - Etnodijalektološka istraživanja 2009"1. Iz tog korpusa uzete su reči i primeri njihove upotrebe, a značenja reči su preuzete iz "Rečnika bačkih Bunjevaca"2. Za svaku reč, kao i za primere postoji zvučni zapis, kako bi bilo moguće čuti njihov autentičan izgovor. Bunjevački govor pripada mlađim štokavskim dijalektima ikavskog narečja. Bunjevci naseljavaju oblast Bačke, i to pretežno mesta u okolini Subotice i Sombora. Pomenuta istraživanja Balkanološkog instituta, obuhvataju govore iz okoline Subotice, tačnije ruralne zajednice Bikovo, Klisa, Đurđin, Mala Bosna, Stari Žednik i Tavankut. Izostavljene su zajednice iz Sombora i Bunjevci iz Mađarske. Bunjevački rečnik je 2013. godine započela Teodora Vuković, studentkinja master studija na Filološkom fakultetu u Beogradu, uz podršku prof. dr Biljane Sikimić sa Balkanološkog instituta Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti. Projekat podržavaju Balkanološki institut i Nacionalni savet bunjevačke nacionalne manjine. SANU, 2012
  14. ^ "Bunjevački govori". Bunjevački govori pripadaju novoštokavskom ikavskom dijalektu štokavskoga narječja hrvatskoga jezika. Govore se u dijelovima Dalmatinske zagore, Ravnih kotara, Like, Primorja, Gorskoga kotara, Slavonije i Baranje. Tim se govorima govori i u Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji i Mađarskoj. Povijesno i etnološki razlikuju se tri ogranka: podunavski (Bačka, južna Mađarska i okolica Budimpešte), primorsko-lički (Hrvatsko primorje, Lika i Gorski kotar) te dalmatinski Bunjevci (Dalmacija s dinarskim zaleđem, jugozapadna Bosna i Hercegovina). Svim je Bunjevcima prostorno ishodište jugoistočno dinarsko-jadransko granično područje, a vremensko je ishodište razdoblje srednjega vijeka. Bunjevački ogranci prema povijesnim, etnološkim i lingvističkim istraživanjima pokazuju kulturnu povezanost i bliskost.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Kapović, Mate (2015). Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije [The history of Croatian accentuation]. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 9789531509718.
  • Kovačević, Marko (2000). "Duvanjski govor i njegove posebnosti" [The speech of Duvno and its peculiarities]. In Krišto, Jure (ed.). Duvanjski zbornik [The collection of papers of Duvno]. Zagreb-Tomislavgrad: Hrvatski institut za povijest–Naša ognjišta–Zajednica Duvnjaka Tomislavgrad. ISBN 9536324253.
  • Lisac, Josip (2003), "Zapadni dijalekt - Novoštokavski ikavski dijalekt", Hrvatska dijalektologija 1 – Hrvatski dijalekti i govori štokavskog narječja i hrvatski govori torlačkog narječja, Zagreb: Golden marketing – Tehnička knjiga, pp. 50–76, ISBN 953-212-168-4
  • Mujanić, Samra (2021). "Osnovne fonološke i morfološke značajke govora Jezera u sjeverozapadnoj Bosni" [The influence of migrations on the Neoštokavian Ijekavian subdialects in the Neretva region and in lower Herzegovina]. Croatica et Slavica Iadertina (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 (2): 591–605. doi:10.15291/csi.3548. S2CID 248276419.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect

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