Wang Lian | |
|---|---|
| 王連 | |
| Chief Clerk of the Imperial Chancellor (丞相長史) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Succeeded by | Xiang Lang |
| Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry (屯騎校尉) | |
| In office 223–? | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| General of Revival (興業將軍) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Administrator of Shu Commandery (蜀郡太守) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Colonel of the Salt Office (司鹽校尉) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Prefect of Guangdu (廣都令) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Prefect of Shifang (什邡令) | |
| In office 214 or after – ? | |
| Prefect of Zitong (梓潼令) | |
| In office ?–214 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown Nanyang, Henan |
| Died | c. 223[1] |
| Children | Wang Shan |
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Wenyi (文儀) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Pingyang Village (平陽亭侯) |
Wang Lian (died c. 223),[1] courtesy name Wenyi, was an official of the Yi province warlord Liu Zhang. After refusing to submit to invasion, rose to become a senior officer of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Trusted with the salt monopoly by the regime, and a noted finder of talent.[2][1]
Life[edit]
Wang Lian was from Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡), which is around present-day Nanyang, Henan.[3] He entered Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) sometime between 194 and 213 in the late Eastern Han dynasty, when warlord Liu Zhang was the Governor of Yi Province. He served as the Prefect (令) of Zitong County under Liu Zhang during this time.[4]
Between 212 and 214,[5] the warlord Liu Bei engaged Liu Zhang in a war for control of Yi Province. When Liu Bei's forces attacked Zitong County, Wang Lian ordered his troops to hide behind the city walls and close the gates, and refused to surrender to Liu Bei. Liu Bei admired Wang Lian for his loyalty towards Liu Zhang, so he called off the attack on Zitong County.[6]
In 214,[5] after Liu Bei successfully conquered Yi Province, he recruited many of Liu Zhang's former subordinates to serve in his administration. During this time, he appointed Wang Lian as the Prefect of Shifang County and later reassigned him to be the Prefect of Guangdu County (廣都縣; northeast of present-day Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan). Wang Lian performed well in office and was later promoted to Colonel of the Salt Office (司鹽校尉) to oversee and regulate the production and trade of salt and iron. Under Wang Lian's leadership, the Salt Office gained a lot of revenue for Liu Bei's administration through profits and taxes. At the same time, Wang Lian also identified some of his subordinates with great potential, such as Lü Yi, Du Qi (杜祺) and Liu Gan (劉幹), and promoted them or recommended them to serve in higher positions.[7][8][9][10][11] He was later given additional appointments as the Administrator (太守) of Shu Commandery (蜀郡; centred around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) and General of Revival (興業將軍) while remaining in charge of the salt office.[12][1]
In 223, after Liu Shan became the emperor of the Shu Han state, Wang Lian was appointed as a Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry (屯騎校尉) and as the Chief Clerk (長史) of Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor (丞相), becoming a senior assistant to the most powerful official in the kingdom. He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Pingyang Village (平陽亭侯).[13] When Liao Li resented holding low office, one of the senior figures he criticized as unworthy, in comparison to himself, was Wang Lian.[14]
Sometime between 223 and 224, when rebellions broke out in the Nanzhong region of southern Shu, Zhuge Liang wanted to personally lead the Shu army on a campaign to quell the revolts and pacify the region. Wang Lian strongly objected and said that Zhuge Liang, given his important status, should not undertake the risk of going into the dangerous and distant Nanzhong region. As Zhuge Liang was worried that none of the Shu generals was sufficiently competent for this task, he insisted on personally leading the campaign. However, Wang Lian's sincerity did make Zhuge Liang reconsider many times[15] before he finalised his decision to go on the campaign in early 225.[16] His objection to Zhuge Liang is the only time Wang Lian appears in the 14th century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Wang Lian died not long later, probably around 223.[1] After his death, his son, Wang Shan (王山), inherited his marquis title and marquisate. Like his father, Wang Shan served as an official in Shu and the highest appointment he held was Administrator of Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡; around present-day Neijiang, Sichuan).[17]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 824. ISBN 9789004156050.
- ^ Sanguozhi vol.41.
- ^ (王連字文儀，南陽人也。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ (劉璋時入蜀，為梓潼令。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian vols. 66–67.
- ^ (先主起事葭萌，進軍來南，連閉城不降，先主義之，不彊偪也。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ (及成都旣平，以連為什邡令，轉在廣都，所居有績。遷司鹽校尉，較鹽鐵之利，利入甚多，有裨國用，於是簡取良才以為官屬，若呂乂、杜祺、劉幹等，終皆至大官，自連所拔也。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ 後校尉王連請乂及南陽杜祺、南鄉劉幹等並為典曹都尉 Sanguozhi vol.39.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 181. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 505. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 631. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ (遷蜀郡太守、興業將軍，領鹽府如故。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ (建興元年，拜屯騎校尉，領丞相長史，封平陽亭侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ 王連流俗，苟作掊克，使百姓疲弊，以致今日 Sanguozhi vol.40.
- ^ (時南方諸郡不賔，諸葛亮將自征之，連諫以為「此不毛之地，疫癘之鄉，不宜以一國之望，冒險而行」。亮慮諸將才不及己，意欲必往，而連言輒懇至，故停留者乆之。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 70.
- ^ (會連卒。子山嗣，官至江陽太守。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.