The traditional lighting equipment of Japan includes the andon (行灯), the bonbori (雪洞), the chōchin (提灯), and the tōrō (灯篭).
Andon[edit]
The andon is a lamp consisting of paper stretched over a frame of bamboo, wood or metal.[1] The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access.[2] Rapeseed oil was popular. Candles were also used, but their higher price made them less popular. A lower-priced alternative was sardine oil.
The andon became popular in the Edo period (1603–1867).[1] Early on, the andon was handheld; it could also be placed on a stand or hung on a wall.[3] The okiandon was most common indoors. Many had a vertical box shape with an inner stand for the light. Some had a drawer on the bottom to facilitate refilling and lighting. A handle on top made it portable. A variety was the Enshū andon. One explanation attributes it to Kobori Enshu, who lived in the late Azuchi-Momoyama period and early Edo period. Tubular in shape, it had an opening instead of a drawer.[4] Another variety was the Ariake andon, a bedside lamp. The kakeandon under the eaves of a shop, often bearing the name of the merchant, was a common sight in the towns.
The expression hiru andon, or "daytime lamp," meant someone or something that seemed to serve no purpose.[5] In dramatizations of the story of the forty-seven ronin, Oishi Yoshio is often given this description.
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Ukiyo-e print showing an andon being carried indoors -
An andon standing outdoors with one side open -
Andons hung in Mishima, Shizuoka -
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Bonbori[edit]
The bonbori (雪洞) is a kind of Japanese paper lamp used in the open during festivals. It normally has an hexagonal profile and a rather wide, open top.[6] It can either hang from a wire or stand on a pole. Famous is the Bonbori Festival (ぼんぼり祭り, Bonbori Matsuri), held annually at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura, Kanagawa. Artists paint on the about 400 bonbori erected for the occasion on the shrine's grounds.[7]
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Bonbori lining the Sandō at a Bonbori Festival -
Yōkōkan Teien (養浩館庭園) in Fukui -
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Chōchin[edit]
A relative of the Chinese paper lantern, the chōchin has a frame of split bamboo wound in a spiral. Paper or silk protect the flame from wind. The spiral structure permits it to be collapsed into the basket at the bottom.[8] The chōchin is used outdoors, either carried or hung outside the house.[1] In present-day Japan, plastic chōchin with electric bulbs are produced as novelties, souvenirs, and for matsuri and events.[9] The earliest record of a chōchin dates to 1085,[8] and one appears in a 1536 illustration.
The akachōchin, or red lantern, marks an izakaya.[10] In Japanese folklore, the chochin appears as a yōkai, the chōchin-obake.[11]
Gifu is known for its Gifu lanterns, a kind of chōchin made from mino washi.[12]
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Chōchin at Minatogawa Shrine in Kōbe -
White chōchin decorated with tomoe -
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Akachōchin lantern outside an izakaya -
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Yata-dera (矢田寺) Temple in Kyōto -
Gifu chōchin -
Massive chōchin at Isshiki Manabi no Yakata museum
Tōrō[edit]
Originally used in the broad sense to mean any lantern, the term tōrō came to refer to a lamp of stone, bronze, iron, wood, or another heavy material. These illuminate the grounds of Buddhist temples, Shinto shrines, Japanese gardens, and other places that include tradition in their decor.[1] The earlier use of oil and candles has in the modern day been replaced by electric bulbs.
Stone tōrō[edit]
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Stone lantern in Taiwan -
Water lantern in Zhejiang Province -
Tachi-dōrō of the kasuga-dōrō type -
Three legged yukimi-dōrō. One leg rests on ground, two in water.
Bronze tōrō[edit]
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Bronze and stone lanterns in Chi Lin Nunnery, Hongkong -
Bronze lantern at Hōryū-ji -
8th century bronze lantern at Tōdai-ji (National Treasure) -
Bronze lantern at Itsukushima Shrine
Wooden tōrō[edit]
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Wooden tōrō (黒木灯籠) -
Wooden tōrō placed between stone tōrō at Fukutokuinari shrine
See also[edit]
- Water lantern
- Physalis alkekengi, the Japanese lantern plant
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d "tourou 灯籠". Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Morse, Edward S. (1885). Japanese Homes and their Surroundings. Charles E. Tuttle Company. p. 221-222. ISBN 0-8048-0998-4.
- ^ Yagi, Koji (1992). A Japanese Touch for Your Home. Kodansha International. p. 71. ISBN 9784770016621.
- ^ Kerr, Alex (5 July 2018). Another Kyoto. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141988344.
- ^ De Mente, Boyé Lafayette. Japan's Cultural Code Words. Tuttle Publishing. p. 96-97.
- ^ Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version
- ^ "Bonbori Matsuri". Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ a b Joya, Mock (2017). Japan and Things Japanese. Routledge. p. 8, 36-37.
- ^ "What are Chochin lanterns". Japan Talk.
- ^ Bunting, Chris (2014). Drinking Japan: A Guide to Japan's Best Drinks and Drinking Establishments. Tuttle Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4629-0627-7.
- ^ Bush, Lawrence (2001). Asian horror encyclopedia: Asian horror culture in literature, manga and folklore. Writers Club Press. p. 109.
- ^ Gifu Paper Lanterns. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed April 30, 2008.
External links[edit]
- Japanese Gardening, Lanterns. Accessed on February 2, 2010