Poso riots | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Map view front of Poso riots | ||||
Date | December 25, 1998 – December 20, 2001 | |||
Location | ||||
Caused by | Brawl between Muslim and Christian youths[1] | |||
Resulted in | Malino I Declaration armed truce | |||
Parties | ||||
| ||||
Lead figures | ||||
Casualties | ||||
Death(s) | over 1,000[1] |
The Poso riots, also known as Poso communal conflict, is a name given to a series of riots that occurred in Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This incident involved a group of Muslims and Christians in the region and was divided into three stages. The first Poso riot took place from December 25 to 29, 1998, continued from April 17 to 21, 2000, and finally from May 16 to June 15, 2000.
On December 20, 2001, the Malino I Declaration was signed between the two conflicting parties, initiated by Jusuf Kalla, officially concluding the conflict.[2]
Background
[edit]Central Sulawesi is a mountainous province situated between the southern part and the northern part of Sulawesi Island, including many islands nearby. Poso Regency is one of eight other regencies established only after 2002 within the province. The capital of Poso Regency, Poso, is located in the bay, six hours southeast of the provincial capital, Palu. Currently, Poso Regency has a Muslim majority population in towns and coastal villages, and the majority of Protestant indigenous people in the highlands. Historically, in addition to the native Muslim population, there are many migrants of Bugis people from South Sulawesi, as well as from the northern Gorontalo region. There is also a long tradition of Arab traders living in the region, and their descendants play an important role in religious institutions and Islamic education in the area.
The regency is also a focus of the government's transmigration program, which aimed at bringing citizens from densely populated areas, such as Muslim-dominated islands including Java and Lombok, as well as Hindu-dominated Balinese islands, to scarcely populated areas. The Muslim community here consists of indigenous people, official transmigrants, and economic migrants of various ethnic groups which have settled in this area for decades. Under these circumstances, in the late 1990s, the Muslim population became the majority in Poso Regency with percentages above 60 percent.
On the other hand, ethno-linguistic groups that include Pamona, Mori, To Napu, Behoa and Bada inhabit the highlands of the regency. Many of these ethnic groups were formerly constituted dynasties and have histories of war between each others. The missionary activity of Netherlands began at the turn of the 20th century among these people, effectively proliferated Christianity. The city of Tentena became the economic and spiritual center for the Protestant population of Poso, and the center of the synod of the Central Sulawesi Christian Church. This small town lies to the north of Lake Poso in North Pamona Sub-Regency, one of the few sub-regencies with the majority population of Pamona people.
Although the initial conflict centered on tensions between Muslim Bugis migrants and Protestant Pamona people, many other groups were drawn through their ethnic, cultural, or economic ties.[3]
Effects
[edit]With the growing wave of violence, people fled to areas with the majority population of their religion. The Muslims went to Palu, Poso, and the coastal city of Parigi, while Christians in Parigi fled to Tentena and Napu which is located in the mountains, or Manado, in North Sulawesi. In January 2002, after the Malino I Declaration was signed, official figures for coordination with the humanitarian responses to the conflict estimated a total of 86,000 internal refugees emerged in Central Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi Christian Church estimates 42,000 refugees in the Christian-dominated area in other regencies.[4][5]
After the Malino I Declaration, there were some tentative progress. By the end of February, 10,000 refugees had returned home, mostly to the city of Poso, the sub-regency of Poso Pesisir, Lage and Tojo.[6] In March 2002, Human Rights Watch found that many families were hesitantly sending male family members back and clearing the debris by building temporary houses, while waiting to see if the situation remained stable. Some were also waiting for the end of the school year. Since then the number of refugees has begun to decline, and diminishing slowly. The Poso Regency Police and Political Affairs Office reported that in mid-July 2002, 43,308 people had returned home, some 40 percent of the estimated total 110,227 refugees.[7]
There are two notable exceptions to this positive trend. New violence often makes traumatized citizens return fleeing to safe havens. For example, clashes in August 2002 forced about 1,200 people to seek refuge in Tentena. Government or individual efforts of rebuilding have been hampered by new waves of violence throughout the crisis. Some people told Human Rights Watch that they had seen their homes destroyed more than once, and the barracks built by the local government and Indonesian army in 2000 were often targeted by these attacks. Christians in Tentena also have no plans to dismantle their shelter which is painstakingly built, in case of the need of the shelter in the future.[8]
Other important exceptions are regarding the refugees belonging to minorities in their home regions. Muslim refugees from Tentena told Human Rights Watch in Palu that they had no plans to return home, although the remaining twenty-four Muslims who never left Tentena reported that their situation was safe.
Some refugees were given access to land in their new areas, such as Nunu area of Palu, and were able to support themselves through agricultural activities. Christian refugees in Tentena built large housing and are able to find jobs in the urban market, which is economically positive because of means to travel to other markets being limited. In areas where land or work is scarce, conditions are much more poor.
A local NGO reported in August 2002 that the basic needs of refugees were not met, creating problems such as the lack of nutrition for children, widespread diarrhea, skin disease and tetanus from shot wounds.[9] In a mental health assessment by the government in 2001, it indicates that more than 55 percent of those displaced suffer from psychological problems, while major health problems are malaria, respiratory problems, gastric – intestine, and skin diseases.[10]
See also
[edit]- 2000 Walisongo school massacre
- 2002 Poso bus attacks
- 2004 Poso bus bombing
- 2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
- 2005 Tentena market bombings
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Indonesia flashpoints: Sulawesi. BBC. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
- ^ Marino Declaration signed two warring parties end conflict and create peace in Poso, Central Sulawesi. Reliefweb. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
- ^ Aragon, Lorraine (June 2002). "Waiting for peace in Poso". Retrieved March 16, 2017.
- ^ "Estimates of the government Implementation Coordination Unit (Satkorlak)". January 2002.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Crisis Center of the Central Sulawesi Christian Church". December 2001.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Police Head to Poso to Help Disarm Factions". The Jakarta Post. February 25, 2002.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Forkom Replace Pokja Malino in Poso". Compass. August 4, 2002.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Poso Conflict Will Be Delivered to Vice President Website = Nuance Headings". July 6, 2002.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Refugee Conditions at Kamp Kec. Lage, Kec. North Pamona, East Pamona, Poso Pesisir, South Pamona, and North Lore, Poso District". LPS – HAM. August 2002.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Background information on the IDP situation in Indonesia". Norway Norwegian Refugee Council. August 28, 2002.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help)
Sources
[edit]- Aditjondro, George Junus (2004). Kerusuhan Poso dan Morowali, Akar Permasalahan dan Jalan Keluarnya (PDF) (Report). Palu: Yayasan Tanah Merdeka. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016.
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Braithwaite, John; Braithwaite, Valerie; Cookson, Michael; Dunn, Leah (2010). Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding. Canberra: ANU E Press. ISBN 978-192-1666-23-0.
- Brown, Graham; Tajima, Yukhi; Hadi, Suprayoga (2005). Piza-Lopez, Eugenia (ed.). Overcoming Violent Conflict: Peace and Development Analysis in Central Sulawesi. Department of International Development. Overcoming Violent Conflict. Jakarta: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. ISBN 979-99878-4-9.
- Diprose, Rachael; Ukiwo, Ukoha (February 2008). "Decentralisation and Conflict Management in Indonesia and Nigeria". Queen Elizabeth House. CRISE Working Paper (49). CRISE.
- Diprose, Rachael (June 2007). "Passing on the challenges or prescribing better management of diversity? Decentralization, power sharing and conflict dynamics in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia". Queen Elizabeth House. CRISE Working Paper. 8 (38). CRISE: 393–425. doi:10.1080/14678800802539291. S2CID 145478493.
- Gross, Max L. (2015). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic Intelligence Research. ISBN 978-1-932946-19-2. LCCN 2006937784.
- Ilyas (August 2012). "Kajian Simbol-Simbol Etnisitas dalam Kampanye, Komunikasi Politik dan Pergeserannya pada Pemilukada Kabupaten Poso". Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 10 (2). Palu: Tadulako University: 233–247. doi:10.31315/jik.v10i2.3744.
- Li, Tania (2007). "Adat in Central Sulawesi: Contemporary deployments". In Davidson, Jamie S.; Henley, David (eds.). The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism. Routledge. pp. 337–370. ISBN 978-0-203-96549-8.
- LPS-HAM (December 2004). Evaluasi Kondisi HAM di Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2004 (PDF) (Report). Lembaga Pengembangan Studi Hukum dan Advokasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sulawesi Tengah. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014.
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - McBeth, John; Murphy, Oren (June 2000). Bloodbath. Far Eastern Economic Review (Report).
- Nordholt, Henk Schulte; van Klinken, Gerry (2007). Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 978-906-7182-83-6.[permanent dead link]
- Sadi, Haliadi; Agustino, Leo (2016). "Jurnal Analisis Politik: Pemikiran Politik Lokal dalam Sejarah Pembentukan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah" (PDF). 1 (2). Padang: Andalas University.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto (October 2008). "State formation, decentralisation and East Sulawesi province: Conflict and the politics of transcending boundaries in Eastern Indonesia". Department of International Development. CRISE Working Paper (56). CRISE.
- van Klinken, Gerry (2005). "New actors, new identities: Post-Suharto ethnic violence in Indonesia". In Anwar, Dewi Fortuna; Bouvier, Hélène; Smith, Glenn; Tol, Roger (eds.). Violent Internal Conflicts in Asia Pacific: Histories, Political Economic and Policies. Penerbit Obor. pp. 79–100. ISBN 979-461-514-5.
- van Klinken, Gerry (2007). Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Small Town Wars. Jakarta: Routledge. ISBN 978-113-4115-33-4.
Bibliography
[edit]- Aliansi Jurnalis Independen (April 2007). Liputan Peristiwa 22 Januari 2007 di Poso [Shabby Portrait of the Republic’s Role in Poso] (PDF) (Report). Palu. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- Anis, Elis Z. (2006). "Framing Conflict News In Poso Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of the Manado Post, MAL, and Kompas Newspapers". Ohio University.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Aragon, Lorraine (October 2001). "Communal Violence in Poso, Central Sulawesi: Where People Eat Fish and Fish Eat People". Indonesia (72): 45–79. doi:10.2307/3351481. hdl:1813/54240. JSTOR 3351481.
- Aragon, Lorraine (April 2005). "Mass Media Fragmentation and Narratives of Violent Action in Sulawesi's Poso Conflict". Indonesia (79).
- Damanik, Rinaldy; Posende, Masdianto (2000). Kronologis Peristiwa Kerusuhan Poso (II) April 2000 (Report). Tentena: Crisis Center GKST.
- Darlis, Andi Muhammad (2012). Konflik Komunal: Studi dan Rekonsiliasi Konflik Poso. Yogyakarta: Buku Litera. ISBN 978-602-19217-6-0.
- Ecip, Sinansari; Waru, Darwis (2001). Kerusuhan Poso yang Sebenarnya. Jakarta: Global Mahardika Netama.
- Human Rights Watch (December 2002). BREAKDOWN: Four Years of Communal Violence in Central Sulawesi. Indonesia (Report). Vol. 14. New York City.
- Hwang, Julie Chernov; Panggabean, Rizal; Fauzi, Ihsan Ali (August 2013). "The Disengagement of Jihadis in Poso, Indonesia". Asian Survey. 53 (4): 754–777. doi:10.1525/as.2013.53.4.754. ISSN 1533-838X.
- International Crisis Group (February 2004). Indonesia Backgrounder: Jihad in Central Sulawesi. ICG Asia Report (Report). International Crisis Group.
- International Crisis Group (January 2007). Jihadism in Indonesia: Poso on the Edge. ICG Asia Report (Report). International Crisis Group.
- Karnavian, Tito (2014). Explaining Islamist Insurgencies: The Case of al-Jamaah al-Islamiyyah and the Radicalisation of the Poso Conflict, 2000–2007. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-178-3264-88-9.
- KontraS (2004). Laporan Penelitian Bisnis Militer di Poso Sulawesi Tengah (PDF) (Report). Jakarta.
- Mappangara, Suriadi (2001). Respon Militer Terhadap Konflik Sosial di Poso (Report). Palu: Yayasan Bina Warga.
- McRae, Dave (April 2007). "Criminal Justice and Communal Conflict: A Case Study of the Trial of Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva, and Marinus Riwu". Indonesia (83).
- McRae, Dave (2008). The Escalation and Decline of Violent Conflict in Poso, Central Sulawesi, 1998-2007 (Ph.D). Canberra: Australian National University.
- McRae, Dave (2013). A Few Poorly Organized Men: Interreligious Violence in Poso, Indonesia. Jakarta: BRILL. ISBN 978-900-4251-72-4.
- Tengko, Rafyuddin (2000). Sekilas Tentang Kerusuhan Poso III (Report).