| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Pd) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural palladium (46Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, 102Pd, 104Pd, 105Pd, 106Pd, 108Pd, and 110Pd, although 102Pd and 110Pd are theoretically unstable. The most stable radioisotopes are 107Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, 103Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and 100Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days. Twenty-three other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.949 u (91Pd) to 128.96 u (129Pd). Most of these have half-lives that are less than 30 minutes except 101Pd (half-life: 8.47 hours), 109Pd (half-life: 13.7 hours), and 112Pd (half-life: 21 hours).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 106Pd, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay product before 106Pd is rhodium and the primary product after is silver.
Radiogenic 107Ag is a decay product of 107Pd and was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite of 1978.[4] The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. 107Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since accretion of the Solar System, must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System.[5]
List of isotopes
[edit]Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4] |
Decay mode [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity [n 7][n 4] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 4] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
91Pd | 46 | 45 | 90.94911(61)# | 10# ms [>1.5 μs] | β+ | 91Rh | 7/2+# | ||||||||||||
92Pd | 46 | 46 | 91.94042(54)# | 1.1(3) s [0.7(+4−2) s] | β+ | 92Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
93Pd | 46 | 47 | 92.93591(43)# | 1.07(12) s | β+ | 93Rh | (9/2+) | ||||||||||||
93mPd | 0+X keV | 9.3(+25−17) s | |||||||||||||||||
94Pd | 46 | 48 | 93.92877(43)# | 9.0(5) s | β+ | 94Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
94mPd | 4884.4(5) keV | 530(10) ns | (14+) | ||||||||||||||||
95Pd | 46 | 49 | 94.92469(43)# | 10# s | β+ | 95Rh | 9/2+# | ||||||||||||
95mPd | 1860(500)# keV | 13.3(3) s | β+ (94.1%) | 95Rh | (21/2+) | ||||||||||||||
IT (5%) | 95Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
β+, p (.9%) | 94Ru | ||||||||||||||||||
96Pd | 46 | 50 | 95.91816(16) | 122(2) s | β+ | 96Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
96mPd | 2530.8(1) keV | 1.81(1) μs | 8+ | ||||||||||||||||
97Pd | 46 | 51 | 96.91648(32) | 3.10(9) min | β+ | 97Rh | 5/2+# | ||||||||||||
98Pd | 46 | 52 | 97.912721(23) | 17.7(3) min | β+ | 98Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
99Pd | 46 | 53 | 98.911768(16) | 21.4(2) min | β+ | 99Rh | (5/2)+ | ||||||||||||
100Pd | 46 | 54 | 99.908506(12) | 3.63(9) d | EC | 100Rh | 0+ | ||||||||||||
101Pd | 46 | 55 | 100.908289(19) | 8.47(6) h | β+ | 101Rh | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
102Pd | 46 | 56 | 101.905609(3) | Observationally Stable[n 8] | 0+ | 0.0102(1) | |||||||||||||
103Pd[n 9] | 46 | 57 | 102.906087(3) | 16.991(19) d | EC | 103Rh | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
103mPd | 784.79(10) keV | 25(2) ns | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||||
104Pd | 46 | 58 | 103.904036(4) | Stable | 0+ | 0.1114(8) | |||||||||||||
105Pd[n 10] | 46 | 59 | 104.905085(4) | Stable | 5/2+ | 0.2233(8) | |||||||||||||
106Pd[n 10] | 46 | 60 | 105.903486(4) | Stable | 0+ | 0.2733(3) | |||||||||||||
107Pd[n 11] | 46 | 61 | 106.905133(4) | 6.5(3)×106 y | β− | 107Ag | 5/2+ | trace[n 12] | |||||||||||
107m1Pd | 115.74(12) keV | 0.85(10) μs | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
107m2Pd | 214.6(3) keV | 21.3(5) s | IT | 107Pd | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
108Pd[n 10] | 46 | 62 | 107.903892(4) | Stable | 0+ | 0.2646(9) | |||||||||||||
109Pd[n 10] | 46 | 63 | 108.905950(4) | 13.7012(24) h | β− | 109mAg | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
109m1Pd | 113.400(10) keV | 380(50) ns | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
109m2Pd | 188.990(10) keV | 4.696(3) min | IT | 109Pd | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
110Pd[n 10] | 46 | 64 | 109.905153(12) | Observationally Stable[n 13] | 0+ | 0.1172(9) | |||||||||||||
111Pd | 46 | 65 | 110.907671(12) | 23.4(2) min | β− | 111mAg | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
111mPd | 172.18(8) keV | 5.5(1) h | IT | 111Pd | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
β− | 111mAg | ||||||||||||||||||
112Pd | 46 | 66 | 111.907314(19) | 21.03(5) h | β− | 112Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
113Pd | 46 | 67 | 112.91015(4) | 93(5) s | β− | 113mAg | (5/2+) | ||||||||||||
113mPd | 81.1(3) keV | 0.3(1) s | IT | 113Pd | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
114Pd | 46 | 68 | 113.910363(25) | 2.42(6) min | β− | 114Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
115Pd | 46 | 69 | 114.91368(7) | 25(2) s | β− | 115mAg | (5/2+)# | ||||||||||||
115mPd | 89.18(25) keV | 50(3) s | β− (92%) | 115Ag | (11/2−)# | ||||||||||||||
IT (8%) | 115Pd | ||||||||||||||||||
116Pd | 46 | 70 | 115.91416(6) | 11.8(4) s | β− | 116Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
117Pd | 46 | 71 | 116.91784(6) | 4.3(3) s | β− | 117mAg | (5/2+) | ||||||||||||
117mPd | 203.2(3) keV | 19.1(7) ms | IT | 117Pd | (11/2−)# | ||||||||||||||
118Pd | 46 | 72 | 117.91898(23) | 1.9(1) s | β− | 118Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
119Pd | 46 | 73 | 118.92311(32)# | 0.92(13) s | β− | 119Ag | |||||||||||||
120Pd | 46 | 74 | 119.92469(13) | 0.5(1) s | β− | 120Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
121Pd | 46 | 75 | 120.92887(54)# | 285 ms | β− | 121Ag | |||||||||||||
122Pd | 46 | 76 | 121.93055(43)# | 175 ms [>300 ns] | β− | 122Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
123Pd | 46 | 77 | 122.93493(64)# | 108 ms | β− | 123Ag | |||||||||||||
124Pd | 46 | 78 | 123.93688(54)# | 38 ms | β− | 124Ag | 0+ | ||||||||||||
125Pd[6] | 46 | 79 | 57 ms | β− | 125Ag | ||||||||||||||
126Pd[7][8] | 46 | 80 | 48.6 ms | β− | 126Ag | 0+ | |||||||||||||
126m1Pd | 2023 keV | 330 ns | IT | 126Pd | 5− | ||||||||||||||
126m2Pd | 2110 keV | 440 ns | IT | 126m1Pd | 7− | ||||||||||||||
127Pd | 46 | 81 | 38 ms | β− | 127Ag | ||||||||||||||
128Pd[7][8] | 46 | 82 | 35 ms | β− | 128Ag | 0+ | |||||||||||||
128mPd | 2151 keV | 5.8 μs | IT | 128Pd | 8+ | ||||||||||||||
129Pd | 46 | 83 | 31 ms | β− | 129Ag | ||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mPd – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 102Ru
- ^ Used in medicine
- ^ a b c d e Fission product
- ^ Long-lived fission product
- ^ Cosmogenic nuclide, also found as nuclear contamination
- ^ Believed to decay by β−β− to 110Cd with a half-life over 6×1017 years
Palladium-103
[edit]Palladium-103 is a radioisotope of the element palladium that has uses in radiation therapy for prostate cancer and uveal melanoma. Palladium-103 may be created from palladium-102 or from rhodium-103 using a cyclotron. Palladium-103 has a half-life of 16.99[9] days and decays by electron capture to rhodium-103, emitting characteristic x-rays with 21 keV of energy.
Palladium-107
[edit]Nuclide | t1⁄2 | Yield | Q[a 1] | βγ |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Ma) | (%)[a 2] | (keV) | ||
99Tc | 0.211 | 6.1385 | 294 | β |
126Sn | 0.230 | 0.1084 | 4050[a 3] | βγ |
79Se | 0.327 | 0.0447 | 151 | β |
135Cs | 1.33 | 6.9110[a 4] | 269 | β |
93Zr | 1.53 | 5.4575 | 91 | βγ |
107Pd | 6.5 | 1.2499 | 33 | β |
129I | 15.7 | 0.8410 | 194 | βγ |
Palladium-107 is the second-longest lived (half-life of 6.5 million years[9]) and least radioactive (decay energy only 33 keV, specific activity 5×10−5 Ci/g) of the 7 long-lived fission products. It undergoes pure beta decay (without gamma radiation) to 107Ag, which is stable.
Its yield from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235 is 0.14% per fission,[10] only 1/4 that of iodine-129, and only 1/40 those of 99Tc, 93Zr, and 135Cs. Yield from 233U is slightly lower, but yield from 239Pu is much higher, 3.2%.[10] Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides[which?] will produce palladium-107 at higher yields.
One source[11] estimates that palladium produced from fission contains the isotopes 104Pd (16.9%),105Pd (29.3%), 106Pd (21.3%), 107Pd (17%), 108Pd (11.7%) and 110Pd (3.8%). According to another source, the proportion of 107Pd is 9.2% for palladium from thermal neutron fission of 235U, 11.8% for 233U, and 20.4% for 239Pu (and the 239Pu yield of palladium is about 10 times that of 235U).
Because of this dilution and because 105Pd has 11 times the neutron absorption cross section, 107Pd is not amenable to disposal by nuclear transmutation. However, as a noble metal, palladium is not as mobile in the environment as iodine or technetium.
References
[edit]- Patent application for Palladium-103 implantable radiation-delivery device[permanent dead link] (accessed 12/7/05)
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Palladium". CIAAW. 1979.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ W. R. Kelly; G. J. Wasserburg (1978). "Evidence for the existence of 107Pd in the early solar system". Geophysical Research Letters. 5 (12): 1079–1082. Bibcode:1978GeoRL...5.1079K. doi:10.1029/GL005i012p01079.
- ^ J. H. Chen; G. J. Wasserburg (1990). "The isotopic composition of Ag in meteorites and the presence of 107Pd in protoplanets". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 54 (6): 1729–1743. Bibcode:1990GeCoA..54.1729C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90404-9.
- ^ Future Plan of the Experimental Program on Synthesizing the Heaviest Element at RIKEN, Kosuke Morita Archived September 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b H. Watanabe; et al. (2013-10-08). "Isomers in 128Pd and 126Pd: Evidence for a Robust Shell Closure at the Neutron Magic Number 82 in Exotic Palladium Isotopes" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (15): 152501. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111o2501W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.152501. hdl:2437/215438. PMID 24160593.
- ^ a b "Experiments on neutron-rich atomic nuclei could help scientists to understand nuclear reactions in exploding stars". phys.org. 2013-11-29.
- ^ a b Winter, Mark. "Isotopes of palladium". WebElements. The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ a b Weller, A.; Ramaker, T.; Stäger, F.; Blenke, T.; Raiwa, M.; Chyzhevskyi, I.; Kirieiev, S.; Dubchak, S.; Steinhauser, G. (2021). "Detection of the Fission Product Palladium-107 in a Pond Sediment Sample from Chernobyl". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 8 (8): 656–661. Bibcode:2021EnSTL...8..656W. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00420.
- ^ R. P. Bush (1991). "Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from High Level Radioactive Waste" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 35 (4): 202–208. doi:10.1595/003214091X354202208. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.