Romano-British culture is that of the Romanised Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years after the Roman departure.

Arrival of the Romans

The Romano-British were originally a diverse group of Celtic (mostly or wholly Brythonic) peoples living, and frequently fighting, with each other. They first united when Roman troops, mainly from nearby Germanic provinces, under Emperor Claudius invaded Britannia in 43 AD. ^[1] Defeated and conquered, the various tribes were assimilated into the Roman Empire as the province of Britannia. Roman businessmen and officials came to Britannia to settle by the thousands along with their families. Roman troops from all across the Empire as far as Spain, Italy, North Africa, and the Roman Orient--but mainly from the nearest location in Gallia Belgica--were garrisoned in Roman towns, taking local Britons for wives and intermarrying. This diversified Britannia's cultures and religions, while the populace remained mainly Celtic with a Roman way of life.

Britain was also independent of the rest of the Roman Empire for a number of years, first as a part of the Gallic Empire, then a couple of decades later under the usurpers Carausius and Allectus.

Christianity came to Britain in the third century. One early figure was Saint Alban, who was martyred near the Roman town of Verulamium, on the site of the modern St Albans, by tradition during the reign of the emperor Decius.

Roman citizenship

One vector of Roman influence into British life was the grant of Roman citizenship [1]. At first this grant went out very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, which Roman practice made citizens; to veterans, either legionaries or soldiers in auxiliary units; and to a number of natives whose patrons were able to obtain it for them. Some of the local Celtic kings, such as Togidubnus, received citizenship in this manner. However, the number of citizens steadily increased over the years, as people inherited citizenship and more grants were made. Eventually all people who were not slaves or freed slaves were granted citizenship by the Constitutio Antoniniana in 212.

The other inhabitants of Britain, who did not enjoy citizenship, the Peregrini, continued to live under the laws of their ancestors. The principal handicaps were that they could not:

• own land with a Latin title,
• serve as a legionary in the army (although they could serve in an auxiliary unit, and become a Roman citizen upon discharge)
• in general, inherit from a Roman citizen

But for the majority of British inhabitants, who were peasants tied to the soil, citizenship would not dramatically alter daily operation of their lives.

The Roman withdrawal

Britannia became one of the most loyal provinces of the Empire until its decline, when Britannia's manpower started to be diverted by civil wars, eventually leading Honorius to bring Roman troops back home to help fight the invading hordes.

After the withdrawal of Roman troops, the Romano-British were commanded by Honorius to "look to their own defences". A written plea to General Flavius Aëtius known as The Groan of the Britons may have seen some brief naval assistance from the fading Roman Empire of the West, but otherwise they were on their own. In the early stages the lowlands and cities may have had some organisation or "council" and the Bishop of London appears to have played a key role, but they were divided politically as former soldiers, mercenaries, nobles, officials and farmers declared themselves kings, fighting amongst each other and leaving Britain open to invasion. Two factions could have emerged; a pro-Roman faction and a traditionalist faction. The only named leader at this time was Vortigern who may have held the position of "High King". The depredations of the Picts from the north and Scotti (Scots) from Ireland forced them to seek help from pagan Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who decided to settle. Some of the Romano-British may have migrated to Brittany and possibly Ireland.

Some histories (in context) refer to the Romano-British people with the blanket term "Welsh". The term Welsh is an Old English word meaning 'foreigner', referring to the old inhabitants of southern Britain. [2]. Historically Wales and the Cornish peninsula were known respectively as North Wales and West Wales. [3] The Celtic north of England was referred to as Hen Ogledd.

The struggles of this period have given rise to the legends of Uther Pendragon and King Arthur. It is sometimes said that Ambrosius Aurelianus, the leader of the Romano-British forces, was the model for the former, and that Arthur's court of Camelot (Camelod or Camelodonum is the old name for modern Colchester) is an idealised Welsh memory of pre-Saxon Romano-British civilisation.

English supersessionism

Although the Anglo-Saxons are counted as very important for the foundation of England and very much has been made of this since the Victorian era, the Historia Regum Britanniae compiled by Geoffrey of Monmouth was a significant source of the notion that the English people are in a sense "Italo-Celtic" (much like Western Rome in general), albeit with significant Belgian or German influences in particular having developed over time. Cornish popular legend holds that some of their ancestry stems from the Phoenicians (like Carthage) and also the Greeks (like Marseille), through the tin trade route, whereas the Germanic tribes were dependent upon the amber trade and had extensive Scythian links, links which are not dissimilar to those attested by the Scots and Irish as Gaels beyond the Hadrianic and Antoninic walls, but which are different from those held to be the case by the Brythonic peoples, divided only much later by the smaller fortifications known as Offa's Dyke. Some of the evidence for relations to antiquated grandeur in common with other classical peoples in which the Romans were born, is the former existence of a megalithic culture attested as of Mediterranean origin, most notably exhibited at Stonehenge.

In the Matter of Britain, Brutus of Troy and Corineus are essentially, the ancestors of the English and Welsh, founders of Trinovantum and Corinium Dobunnorum respectively. The English nation was born not only in the specific toe-hold of the Saxon Shore, but also the provinces known as Caesariensis; Maxima and Flavia, whereas the Welsh nation is the remnant from the provinces known as Britannia; Prima and Secunda. Englishness is similar to Welshness, for the pre-Norman symbol of England was the White Dragon, even as the symbol of Wales was the Red Dragon, but the French and Germans have an attachment to the Roman eagle, which is absent from England and Wales, even as the draco was a Roman military standard. The more widely understood and accepted circumstances of Vortigern and Rowena with the employment of foederati or laeti, are held to be stemming from a much older dynastic "betrayal", by Locrinus having an affair with Estrildis.

The nature of the stories seem to be a range spanning between Roman Hellenism to the convolution of "Dark Ages" myth. In fact, the Anglo-Saxon bridge between the Continental and Insular tribes, was merely a late Roman expression of the pre-Roman British Belgae in what much later became known as Wessex, with a capital at Winchester that the Tudor dynasty claimed was King Arthur's Camelot, much as the later Danelaw and Normandy (itself once having a Saxon Shore) relationship was a continuation of these same trans-aquatic tribal patterns. There is in essence, no way in which the English character can be described or function as some "black and white" matter of one ("Anglo-Saxon") to the exclusion of the other ("Romano-British") and still be recognisable as English, for Englishness is still a symbiosis or synthesis which the Holy Roman Empire even did not become. England was formed within Britain and not elsewhere, even if various disparate components of a Continental nature are held to be contributive to its foundations, but this makes the English no more or less British than their blood brothers in the rest of the British Isles, considering their origin stories. The very fact that the English nation was born in the most Roman part of Britain, attests to continuity between the English and Romans, rather than Romans and Welsh, although collectively, England and Wales are what remains today of Roman Britain. Most of the differences stem from linguistics and mythologies, as well as the protagonist or antagonist in differing perspectives on the same stories.

See also

• Roman Britain
• Roman sites in the United Kingdom
• Gallo-Roman

References