Operation Junction City
Part of the Vietnam War
Cedar Falls/Junction City area of operations
Date 22 February – 14 May 1967 Location War Zone C, Tây Ninh Province, South Vietnam Result Inconclusive[1][2][3]
Belligerents
United States  South Vietnam	Viet Cong North Vietnam
Commanders and leaders
William Westmoreland Jonathan Seaman Bruce Palmer Jr. Cao Văn Viên	Hoàng Văn Thái Lê Đức Anh
Strength
30,000 men 240 helicopters[4] 700+ combat vehicles: M48 tank, M113 APC	Unknown
Casualties and losses
United States: 282 killed 3 tanks destroyed 21 AFVs destroyed 5 howitzers destroyed 11 trucks destroyed[5] South Vietnam: unknown PAVN/VC claim: 13,500 U.S./ARVN Killed or Wounded 800 armored vehicles destroyed 119 howitzers destroyed[6]	2,728 killed[7](U.S. claim) 591 Weapons Recovered

Operation Junction City was an 82-day military operation conducted by United States and Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam) forces begun on 22 February 1967 during the Vietnam War. It was the largest U.S. airborne operation since Operation Varsity in March 1945, the only major airborne operation of the Vietnam War, and one of the largest U.S. operations of the war.^[8] The operation was named after Junction City, Kansas, home of the operation's commanding officer.^[9]

Background

The stated aim of the almost three-month engagement involving the equivalent of nearly three divisions of U.S. troops was to locate the elusive 'headquarters' of the Communist uprising in South Vietnam, the Central Office of South Vietnam (COSVN). By some accounts of U.S. analysts at the time, such a headquarters was believed to be almost a "mini-Pentagon," complete with typists, file cabinets, and staff workers possibly guarded by layers of bureaucracy. In truth, after the end of the war, the actual headquarters was revealed by Viet Cong (VC) archives to be a small and mobile group of people, often sheltering in ad hoc facilities and at one point escaping an errant bombing by some hundreds of meters.

Junction City's grand tactical plan was a "hammer and anvil" tactic, whereupon airborne forces would "flush out" the VC headquarters, sending them to retreat against a prepared "anvil" of other forces. The U.S. forces included most of the 1st Infantry Division and the 25th Infantry Division including the 196th Light Infantry Brigade, the airborne troops of the 173rd Airborne Brigade and large armored elements of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (11th ACR).

Operation

II Field Force, Vietnam started the operation on 22 February 1967 (while Operation Cedar Falls was winding down). The initial operation was carried out by the 1st (commanded by Major General William E. DePuy) and the 25th (Major General Frederick C. Weyand) infantry divisions, who led their forces to the north of the operational area to build the "anvil" on which the VC 9th Division would be crushed. At the same time as the movement of infantry (eight battalions with 249 helicopters) along with 845 paratroopers conducted the only mass jump of the Vietnam War and the largest since Operation Tomahawk of the Korean War.^[10] The 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment of the 173d Airborne Brigade, went into action west of the deployment of the 1st and the 25th Infantry Divisions.

At first the operations appeared to be succeeding, objectives were reached without encountering great resistance and on February 23, the mechanized forces 11th ACR and the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, the "hammer" of armor struck against the '"anvil" of the infantry and airborne positioned north and west, giving the VC forces seemingly no chance to escape. The VC, highly mobile and elusive, with information sources deep in the South Vietnamese bureaucracy, had already moved their headquarters to Cambodia and launched several attacks to inflict losses and wear down the Americans. On February 28 and March 10 there were engagements with U.S. forces at the Battle of Prek Klok I and the Battle of Prek Klok II where the US, supported by powerful air strikes and massive artillery support repulsed VC attacks but the strategic result was disappointing.

On 18 March 1967, General Bruce Palmer Jr., new commander of II Field Force, Vietnam, after General Seaman, launched the second phase of Junction City, this time directly to the east by the mechanized divisions, the 1st Infantry Division and 11th ACR, reinforced this time from the 1st Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division. This maneuver gave rise to the toughest battle of the operation, the March 19 Battle of Ap Bau Bang II, where the VC 273rd Regiment put into difficulties the American armored cavalry, before being forced to retire by a huge amount of firepower.

The VC launched two more attacks in force, on March 21 and in Ap Gu on April 1, against the 1st and the 25th Infantry Division, both assaults were bloodily repulsed and the VC 9th Division came out seriously weakened, though still able to fight or retreat to safety in areas adjacent to the Cambodian border. On April 16 the U.S. command of II Field Force, in agreement with the MACV, decided to continue operations with a third phase of Operation Junction City. Until May 14 certain units of the 25th Infantry Division, undertook long and exhausting searches, advancing in the bush, raking villages and retrieving large amounts of materiel but with little contact with the Communist units, now cautiously moved to a defensive footing.

Aftermath

Tay Ninh Province was picked over thoroughly and VC forces suffered significant losses, including large amounts of material captured: 810 tonnes of rice, 600 tonnes of small arms, 500,000 pages of documents. The American losses were not negligible, however, amounting to nearly 300 dead and over 1,500 injured.

According to calculations by the American command the VC 9th Division went seriously weakened by the operations, suffering the loss of 2,728 killed, 34 captured men and 139 deserters. 100 crew-served weapons and 491 individual weapons were captured.^[7]

After the operations, the American forces were recalled to other areas of operation, and the country which was supposed to be in the firm control of the South Vietnamese government soon fell prey again to infiltration by the VC forces as they returned from their sanctuaries in Cambodia.

When American troops found in some stores 120 reels of film and logistical equipment for the printing of documents, the command of MACV believed they had finally found the famous COSVN; however, the reality was very different. The mobile headquarters, commanded by some mysterious and famous personalities such as generals Thanh, Tran Van Tran Between and Do, had quickly retreated to Cambodia, maintaining its operations and confounding the hopes of the U.S. strategic planners.

With a huge consumption of resources and equipment, including 366,000 rounds of artillery and 3,235 tons of bombs, the American forces had inflicted losses on the communist forces and demonstrated the ability of airborne forces and even mechanized forces (also useful in impervious territory). Despite the tactical results, Junction City on an operational level had missed the most important objectives as well as the failure to yield long term strategic leverage.^{[9][1]: 105}

References

Further reading

• Summers, Harry G. Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
• "Destroying the Haven". TIME. 3 March 1967. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
• "Psy-War Success". TIME. 3 March 1967. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
• Van, Dinh Thi, "I Engaged in Intelligence Work" The Gioi Publishers, Hanoi, 2006.
• "The Lure of the Lonely Patrol: Forcing the Enemy to Fight". TIME. 14 April 1967. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
• Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313335365.
• Rogers, Lieutenant General Bernard William (1989). Cedar Falls – Junction City: A Turning Point. Vietnam Studies. United States Army Center of Military History.

External links

• Article about original 173rd jungle jacket worn by Junction City vet
• Battlefield:Timeline, PBS
• After Action Report (Logistical)
• 1/4 Cavalvry After Action Report – JUNCTION CITY II – 26 Apr 67