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'''National liberalism''' ( |
'''National liberalism''' ({{lang-de|Nationalliberalismus}}; {{lang-sv|nationell liberalism}}; {{lang-fi|kansallin liberalismi}}) is a variety of [[liberalism]], combining liberal policies with elements of nationalism, and/or a term used to describe a series of political parties whuch have been active in several European national contexts. |
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The roots of national liberalism are to be found in the 19th century, when [[conservative liberalism]] was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries and in particular those of Central Europe, then governed by [[monarchy|monarchies]]. At their origin, national liberals, although pro-business, were not, however, Manchesterian free-traders, that is advocates of [[economic liberalism]], like the mainstream liberals of the 19th century everywhere else in the world, favoring instead cooperation between the government and the national industry by moderate levels of protectionism, the establishment of preferential custom unions, subsidies for [[infant industry]] or companies considered of strategic importance for national development, and various forms of incipient industrial planning. In [[German language|German-speaking]] countries, national liberals were also in favour of a more authoritarian or conservative political regime because of the multi-ethnic character or heterogeneous nature of countries like the [[Austrian Empire]] (later officially renamed [[Austria-Hungary]]) or the newly created [[Germany]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} |
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National liberal parties exist today, for instance in [[Austria]], where the ideology is one of the three traditional ideological strains in the country, and [[Romania]], where it is at the base of the oldest and second-largest political party of the country. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 06:52, 16 May 2017
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National liberalism (German: Nationalliberalismus; Swedish: nationell liberalism; Finnish: kansallin liberalismi) is a variety of liberalism, combining liberal policies with elements of nationalism, and/or a term used to describe a series of political parties whuch have been active in several European national contexts.
The roots of national liberalism are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries and in particular those of Central Europe, then governed by monarchies. At their origin, national liberals, although pro-business, were not, however, Manchesterian free-traders, that is advocates of economic liberalism, like the mainstream liberals of the 19th century everywhere else in the world, favoring instead cooperation between the government and the national industry by moderate levels of protectionism, the establishment of preferential custom unions, subsidies for infant industry or companies considered of strategic importance for national development, and various forms of incipient industrial planning. In German-speaking countries, national liberals were also in favour of a more authoritarian or conservative political regime because of the multi-ethnic character or heterogeneous nature of countries like the Austrian Empire (later officially renamed Austria-Hungary) or the newly created Germany.[citation needed]
National liberal parties exist today, for instance in Austria, where the ideology is one of the three traditional ideological strains in the country, and Romania, where it is at the base of the oldest and second-largest political party of the country.
History
National liberalism was popular in a number of countries including Sweden, Finland,Germany and Austria during the 19th century.[1][verification needed] In Germany and Austria, "National-Liberal" parties were long in government.[citation needed] It also became influential in Romania.
József Antall, the first post-communist Prime Minister of Hungary, described national liberalism as "part and parcel of the emergence of the nation state" in 19th century Europe.[2]
In his book Up From Conservatism, Michael Lind defines a "national liberalism" in a way that The Progressive describes as matching historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. use of Vital Center.[3]
Germany
In 19th-century Germany believers in national liberalism differed from liberal nationalists in that they believed in a more authoritarian presence in Europe and a strong Germanic Empire. Liberal nationalists, such as Max Weber, were looking towards a democratic Germany in cooperation with the other European powers.[citation needed]
Austria
In Austria, national liberalism has remained the basis of one of the three Lager, or ideological camps, in the country. Historically, this has been represented by the Freedom Party,[citation needed] but they have recently been joined by a splinter, the Alliance for the Future of Austria. Germany's Free Democratic Party continues to feature a national-liberal faction,[4] which holds a consistently Eurosceptic position, differently from the rest of the party.[5] In Romania the National Liberal Party (PNL), founded in 1875, revived in 1990 and enlarged in 2014, has also been part of the national-liberal tradition.
Sweden
In the 1860s in Sweden, liberals described themselves with the term as national liberals, the national liberaler coalition of monarchists and liberal reformists combined to support Parliamentary reforms.[1][verification needed]
Grand Duchy of Finland
In the Russian Grand-Duchy of Finland, where am many as 80% of the population was Protestant and Finnish-speaking, aomewhat under 20% were Protestant Swedish speakers (Sweden ruled Finland until 1809,) and a small number were Russian Orthodox, the term "national liberal" was used by elite speakers of Swedish who advocated liberal ideals but who wanted to keep Swedish as the dominant language, an idea opposed by Finnish-speaking nationalists.[1][verification needed]
Other uses
In the 1990s a Russian movement self-describing as "national liberalism" claimed to be redefining "liberal" principles as understood in the Western tradition to produce a "national liberalism" better suited to Russian culture.[6]
List of "National liberal" political parties
Many political parties have included "national liberal"in their titles, these include:
Footnotes
- ^ a b c Kurunmaki, Jussi. “On the Difficulty of Being a National Liberal in Nineteenth-Century Finland.” Contributions to the History of Concepts, vol. 8, no. 2, 2013, pp. 83–95., www.jstor.org/stable/43610946.
- ^ Özsel, Doğancan (2011). Reflections on Conservatism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 1443833959. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Harvey, Kaye (October 1966). "Wobbling around the center". The Progressive. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Kirchner, Emil Joseph (1988). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9.
- ^ Taggart, Paul; Szczerbiak, Aleks. "The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States" (PDF). SEI Working Paper. 51. Sussex European Institute: 11.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Evans, Mark (2001). The Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Liberalism. PsychologyPress. p. 273. ISBN 1579583393.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)
References
- Verlag Beck, Germany from Napoléon to Bismarck, 1800-1866, Princeton University Press
- Lucien Calvié, Unité nationale et liberté politique chez quelques libéraux allemands au début des années 30 and Naissance et évolution du libéralisme allemand, in Françoise Knopper and Gilbert Merlio (edited by), Notices politiques et littéraires sur l'Allemagne, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, Paris, 1835
- Alfred Wahl, Les forces politiques en Allemagne, Armand Colin