The meat industry are the people and companies engaged in modern industrialized livestock agriculture for the production, packing, preservation and marketing of meat (in contrast to dairy products, wool, etc.). In economics, the meat industry is a fusion of primary (agriculture) and secondary (industry) activity and hard to characterize strictly in terms of either one alone. The greater part of the meat industry is the meat packing industry – the segment that handles the slaughtering, processing, packaging, and distribution of animals such as poultry, cattle, pigs, sheep and other livestock.

A great portion of the ever-growing^[1] meat branch in the food industry involves intensive animal farming in which livestock are kept almost entirely indoors^[2] or in restricted outdoor settings like pens. Many aspects of the raising of animals for meat have become industrialized, even many practices more associated with smaller family farms, e.g. gourmet foods such as foie gras.^[3][4] The production of livestock is a heavily vertically integrated industry where the majority of supply chain stages are integrated and owned by one company.

Efficiency considerations

The livestock industry uses more land than any other human activity and is one of the largest contributors to water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. A relevant factor is the produced species' feed conversion efficiency. Taking into account other concerns, like the use of energy, pesticides, land, and nonrenewable resources, beef, lamb, goat, and bison as sources of red meat show the worst efficiency; poultry and eggs come out best.^[5]

Meat sources

Global production of meat products

Companies

Among the largest meat producers worldwide are:

• JBS S.A.
• Tyson Foods
• WH Group

World beef production

Criticism

Criticized aspects and effects of industrial meat production include:

• Hormone treatment such as steroids and the effect of consuming meat from animals raised with these on human consumers (see also Beef hormone controversy)^[9]
• Spread of animal diseases, e.g. mad-cow disease (BSE), avian flu, swine influenza (H1N1), avian influenza (H5N1), foot-and-mouth disease,^[1] including to human consumers
• The commonness of cruelty to animals in the meat industry
• Certain animal rights advocates and groups believe that the production of meat is unethical^[10] and the industry should be abolished^[11]
• Contribution of the overconsumption of meat products to obesity
  See also: Red_meat § Human_health, and Beef § Health_concerns
• Spread of human disease associated with animal waste, e.g. through E. coli
  • Cost of state services associated with the above, including meat inspection and health care
• Spread of human disease associated with workers in meat and poultry processing facilities^[12]
• The ecological footprint of the meat industry, including the raising of feed and animal waste disposal
  • Heavy use of groundwater for feeding animals
  • Deforestation, extinction and other species loss especially in the Amazon region or other places where beef cattle are raised in what was formerly rainforested land
  • Climate change via greenhouse gases generated by the meat industry is significantly greater than growing and processing fruits and vegetables. The largest agricultural methane source on the planet is livestock. Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods.^[13]

Many observers^[who?] suggest that the expense of dealing with the above is grossly underestimated by present economic metrics and that true cost accounting would drastically raise the price^[14] of industrial meat.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Effects on livestock workers

American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than the average American worker.^[19] NPR reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average.^[20] The Guardian reports that, on average, there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States.^[21] On average, one employee of Tyson Foods, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per month.^[22] The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents.^[23] In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals being killed.^[24] A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.^[25]

The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for any period of time—that let's [sic] you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look a hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, 'God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.' You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them – beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care.

— Gail A. Eisnitz, ^[26]

The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved.^{[27][28][20][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]} A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior."^[37] A 2009 study by criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries."^[37] As authors from the PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows, that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD."^[38]

Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants.^[39][40] In 2010, Human Rights Watch described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime.^[41] In a report by Oxfam America, slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.^[42]

Possible alternatives

Cultured meat (aka "clean meat") potentially offers some advantages in terms of efficiency of resource use and animal welfare. It is, however, still at an early stage of development and its advantages are still contested.

Alternative meat industry

A growing trend towards vegetarian or vegan diets and the Slow Food movement are indicators of a changing consumer conscience in western countries. Producers on the other hand have reacted to consumer concerns by slowly shifting towards ecological or organic farming. The Alternative meat industry is projected to be worth 140 billion in the next 10 years.^[43]

See also

References

Further reading

• Fuquay, John W. ed. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (2nd Edition, 4 vol 2011), comprehensive coverage
• Nierenberg, Danielle; Lisa Mastny (2005). "Happier meals: rethinking the global meat industry" (PDF). Worldwatch Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
• Walsh, Margaret (1982). "From Pork Merchant to Meat Packer: The Midwestern Meat Industry in the Mid Nineteenth Century". Agricultural History. 56 (1): 127–137. JSTOR 3742304.
• Warren, Wilson J. (1 January 2021). "The Meat Industry Goes Back to the Jungle". Current History. 120 (822): 21–27. doi:10.1525/curh.2021.120.822.21. S2CID 231906705.
• "Meat Atlas 2021, facts and figures about animals we eat" (PDF). Friends of the Earth, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland. September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.