Mahar

Mahar
"A Mahar woman", a watercolour by M. V. Dhurandhar, 1928
Regions with significant populations
Major: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh; Minor: Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat
Languages
Marathi, Varhadi, Konkani, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, Bengali, Hindi
Religion
Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Maharashtrian

The Mahar (also known as Maha, Mehra, Taral, Dhegu Megu)^[1] is an Indian community found largely in the state of Maharashtra and neighbouring areas.^[2] Most of the Mahar community followed B. R. Ambedkar in converting to Buddhism in the middle of the 20th century.^[3][4] As of 2017^[update], the Mahar caste was designated as a Scheduled Caste in 16 Indian states.

Mahar is an Indian community and a caste-cluster, or group of many endogamous castes.^[5][6] The origin of 'Mahar' Word is still Debatable.^[7] According to the 19th century Indian social activist, Jyotirao Phule, 'Mahar' is an evolved version of word 'Mahari' meaning Maha = Big or Great & ari means Foe. altogether it means Great or Big Foe.^[8] Mahar is an Abbreviated version of word 'Maharathi'.^{[citation needed]} These diverse origins suggest that the mahars are the indigenous inhabitants of Maharashtra, India.^[7]

Phule also states that Mahars were not a part of Hinduism or hindu Society.^[8] In their Folklore & myths mahars have the epithet 'Bhumiputra', meaning 'son of the soil'. which implies original ownership of the land.

According to Mr. R.V. Russell, "The most probable meaning of Maharashtra would therefore seem to be ‘ The country of the Mahars.^[9] Many other historians also have agreed that Maharashtra name is derived from the people belonging to the caste Mahar like Iravati Karve , Wilson , Shridhar V. Ketkar, Vithal Ramji Shinde and Alexander Robertson.^{[citation needed][9]}

Irawati Karve found, that the mahars are thoroughly the most widespread caste of Maharashtra. she states

'Jetyaparyant mahar pochle tithaparyant Maharashtra.' (as far as the mahars have gone, there is Maharashtra.)

— Iravati Karve

^[10]

They Fought invaders including Aryans^[7] but later they accepted Sanatana dharma.^[11] and in the process got into Religious slavery.^[8] According to Hindu caste system, Mahars are 'Avarna' meaning one that does not have a hindu 'Varna'.^[8][12] The Mahar caste were considered an Untouchable community by the Hindu castes. However, they were socio-economically well above most other untouchable groups because their traditional role had been important in the village administrative system, had necessitated that they had at least a rudimentary education and frequently brought them into contact with upper-caste Hindus.^[13] They lived on the outskirts of villages and their duties included those of village watchman and trackers of thieves, messenger, wall mender, adjudicator of boundary disputes, street sweeper, supplying coarse cloth to the village and removers and processors of carcasses. In return for these services, the village granted them a watan, or rights to small piece of land, to do their own cultivation. The watan also included share of village produce.^[14] They also worked at times as agricultural labourers.^[15][16][17]

During the Bhakti era of Hinduism several Mahar saints such as Chokhamela, Karmamela, Banka, Nirmala., Soyarabai and Bhagu became popular.^[18][19][20]

The Mahar were subjected to degradation during the rule of the Peshwas, who treated them as untouchables.^[21] Specifically, they had to walk with a broom tied to their loincloth to wipe off their foot prints and an earthenware pot tied to their neck so their spit could not fall on the ground thereby polluting the road for hindus.According to Mukta Salve, a fourteen year old Mang girl educated by Jyotirao Phule in the 1850s, human sacrifices of the untouchables were common.For example, they could be buried alive under building foundations of Hindus. They were not allowed to move in public places in the mornings or evenings as their long shadows could defile caste hindus.Mukta is also critical of the Mahar community for feeling superior to the mangs and shunning social relations with them.They were not allowed to read and write. Also passing the Talimkhana (local gymnasium) by an untouchable often resulted in his or her head being cut off and literally played with.Those resisting any sanctions could be trampled under an elephant on the grounds of the Peshwa's palace.^{[22][23][24][better source needed]}

Under British rule, the Mahars became aware of the scope for social and political advancement Their traditional role had been low-status but important in the village system.^[13] A number of Mahars joined the army during the early British era.^[17]

In 1873, Jyotirao Phule, the founder of Satyashodhak Samaj—which aimed to abolish religious slavery from the influence of Brahaminical scriptures—organised Mahars. Their first conference was held in Mumbai in 1903.^[25][26] Mahars were not allowed to enter Hindu temples and were considered unclean. Even their entry into the shrines of Hindu gods was restricted.^[27]

In the 20th century, significant numbers left their traditional villages and moved into the urban centres of India in search of better employment and educational opportunities.^[15] They gave up their traditional jobs in cities, and to a large extent in rural Maharashtra, and took employment in the mills, docks, construction sites and railways.^[28] They created a receptive body of urban workers who were ready to join a political movement for higher status and equality.^[29]

Shahu, the ruler of the princely state of Kohlapur abolished Mahar watan in 1918 and freed the mahars in his territory from the slavery imposed by the caste Hindu society of the day. He also gave them all the human rights and equality that others enjoy.^[14]

The Mahar served in various armies over several centuries. The Maratha king Shivaji recruited a number of them into his army in the 16th century.^[30] They served as guards in hill forts and as soldiers.^[31] The Mahars were one of the vital components of Shivaji's army.^[30]

During the colonial period, large numbers of Mahars were recruited for military duties by the East India Company and the British Raj^[32]

in the mid-seventeenth century.

They Served British Army as well as their Army's Navy battalion.

an expert on Indian army, Named Stephen P. Cohen, Writes about the mahars

a sizeable portion of the armies of the Mahratta chieftain Shivaji, served as hereditary local policeman, and were thus a "natural" martial class. Heavily recruited in the premutiny years, the Mahars constituted a fifth to a quarter of the entire Bombay Army.

Battles involving mahars,

Second Anglo-Maratha War , Third Anglo-Maratha war, Second Anglo-afghan war, Second Anglo-Sikh war.^[30] Third Anglo-Mysore War, Battle of Miani, British Expedition to Abyssinia, Third Anglo-Burmese War, Anglo-Persian War^[33][30] World War 1^[10]

The Battle of Koregaon (1 January 1818) is commemorated by an obelisk known as the Koregaon pillar—which was erected at the site of the battle—and by a medal issued in 1851. The pillar featured on the Mahar Regiment crest until the Independence of India; it is inscribed with the names of 22 Mahars killed at the battle.^[32]

"They are possessed of as much soldierly quality as many castes of whom much higher opinions are entertained."

— The Commanding officer of the 19th Bombay Infantry

^[30]

The Mahar were initially heavily recruited into the East India company military units, but this process slowed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Their recruitment was halted under Lord Kitchener in the early 1890s. Before the rebellion, Mahar regiments made up one-sixth of the Bombay units of the East India Company but thereafter they were pensioned off and gradually removed from military service.^[34][35] Mahar recruitment reached its nadir in the early 1890s (sources differ as to exact year) when Kitchener halted the recruitment of Untouchables in Maharashtra in favour of "martial races," such as the Marathas and other north-western communities.^[4][36] The Mahar community attempted to confront this block with a petition circulated among the Mahar, Chamar, and Mang former soldiers—all Marathi-speaking Untouchables—but the movement was unable to organise and submit their petition.^[4] The attempt at a challenge had been spearheaded by Gopal Baba Walangkar, himself a Mahar and former soldier, but he found that Mahar military pensioners were unwilling to sign because they feared that they might lose their pensions.^[37] In 1941, the Mahar Regiment was formed.^[38]

There were a number of useful functions which the Mahars performed. Their Argus eye; their daring tenacity and determination; their faithfulness, loyalty and honesty; their courage and candour, were inestimable qualities which were always held in respect and were for ever utilized to advantage by the village .... In course of time, their voice carried great weight when there were disputes over property as their evidence was considered most accurate, intimate, and trustworthy. .

— Colonel V. Longer, "Forefront Forever: The History of the Mahar Regiment.", The Mahar Movement's Military Component

^[30]

As of 2017^[update], the Mahar community was designated as a Scheduled Caste (SC) in 16 Indian states, being: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh Assam, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Telangana and West Bengal.^[1]

Mahar is numerically the largest Scheduled Caste in Maharashtra state with 56.2% Buddhists, 43.7% Hindus and 0.1% Sikhs according to 2001 Indian Census.^[39]

In the late 19th century, Otto Weishaupt's attempts to evangelise in the Sangamner area of Ahmadnagar district met with little success with communities such as the Brahmins, Muslims and Bhils but his efforts to promote Christianity did appeal to the Mahars there.^[40] There were also some Mahar converts to Christianity in other areas of Ahmednagar district around the early 20th century.^[41]

The Christian conversion movement became overshadowed by the emergence of B. R. Ambedkar's Buddhist equivalent.^[42] When he converted to Buddhism at Nagpur in 1956, many Mahars were among those of his followers who chose to do the same.^[43] As Buddhists, they gave up their traditional Hindu occupations and sought to redefine their social status.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar died about two months after this mass conversion.^[44] At the same spot, after his cremation, more Mahars were converted to Buddhism.^[45]

Some Buddhist leaders among the population prefer that the term Mahar no longer be applied to these converts.^[46] Buddhism appealed to the sense of equality in the Mahar;^[47] an intellectual of Mahar origin said, "I have accepted Buddhist doctrine. I am Buddhist now. I am not Mahar now, not untouchable nor even Hindu. I have become a human being".^[48]

According to Eleanor Zelliot, Dalit literature originated in Marathi-speaking areas of Maharashtra. She credits Ambedkar, a Mahar himself, for inspiring many Dalit writers. Baburao Bagul (1930–2008), Shankarrao Kharat, and Bandhu Madhav were early Marathi writers from the Mahar community.^[49] The Mahar writer Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther) was significant in the Dalit movement.^[50] Other notable Mahar authors writing in Marathi include Shantabai Kamble, Raja Dhale, Daya Pawar, and Narendra Jadhav.^[51]

According to Brahmins specifically Deshastha Brahmins, Mahars are 'Chandravanshi' ('Descendants of the moon') who were treated as untouchables by peshwas because of their beef eating nature.^[52]

cow is considered a sacred animal consisting of 3300 million hindu deities, today in hinduism and hindu society beef consumption is forbidden. but in vedik times, all hindus were beef eaters and sacrifice of cow, buffalo, horse, etc were common.^[53] majority of hindus in south India eat flesh of the cow while in north india cow is considered a sacred animal, eating beef is considered unscrupulous, to be left to the morally inferior.^[54]

Robertson states, deshashtha brahmins are less of aryan origin they belongs to same ancient Indigenous race of the mahars mahars and deshasta brahmins are same ancient stock.^[55] 'Bhumiputra' Epithet of mahars indicates original ownership of the land^[7] while 'Deshashtha brahmin' means native brahmin.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

Citations

• Constable, Philip (May 2001). "The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India". The Journal of Asian Studies. 60 (2): 439–478. doi:10.2307/2659700. JSTOR 2659700. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)