|common_name =

|year_start = 970s

|year_end = 1010

|title_leader = Amir

|leader1 = [[Hamid Khan Lodi]]

|year_leader1 = 970s-?

|year_leader2 = ?-1010

|common_languages =

The '''Lodi dynasty''' of [[Multan]] ruled over the city and its [[Emirate of Multan|surrounding region]] in the 10th century. Although incorrectly identified as [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodhis]] by [[Firishta]], they were descended from the [[Quraysh]].

==History==

The Lodi dynasty was founded by [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Sheikh]] [[Hamid Khan Lodi]], or Hamid Lawi, a descendant of [[Usama ibn Lawi ibn Ghalib]] who belonged to the Arab tribe of [[Quraysh]], which was the same tribe as that of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. Although [[Firishta]] claimed that they were from the [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodhi]] tribe of [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]], historian Yogendra Mishra pointed out that this is an obvious misinterpretation of Lawi on his part. According to Firishta, [[Sabuktigin]] had started raiding into Multan and [[Lamghan]] for slaves during the reign of [[Alp-Tegin]] in [[Ghazni]]. This led to the creation of an alliance between [[Jayapala]], the king of the [[Hindu Shahi]] of Kabul, Hamid Lawi, and the king of Bhatiya. He states that Jayapala ceded Lamghan and Multan to Hamid in return for the alliance.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India|author=Yogendra Mishra|publisher=Vaishali Bhavan|year=1972|page=100-101}}</ref>

After becoming the amir in Ghazni in 977 AD, Sabuktigin entered into an agreement of non-hostility with Hamid Lodi, who according to Firishta agreed to acknowledge him as his overlord. Mishra states that Hamid's submission is unlikely, though Sabuktigin likely succeeded in dissolving his alliance with the Hindu kings through diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India|author=Yogendra Mishra|publisher=Vaishali Bhavan|year=1972|page=102-103}}</ref> Hamid might have taken over the rule of the city of [[Multan]] itself after the death of Jalam ibn Shaban, the [[Fatimid caliphate|Fatimid]] [[da'i]] who had gained control of the city after defeating the Banu Munabbih and died sometime after 985 AD.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA297|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4|chapter=The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir|author1=N. A. Baloch|author2=A. Q. Rafiqi|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231034671|year=1998|page=297}}</ref>

Hamid's grandson and successor, [[Fateh Daud]], abandoned his allegiance to the [[Ghaznavids]] however after seeing Sabuktigin's son and successor [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|defeat]] Jayapala in 1001 AD and the king of Bhatiya in 1004 AD. He entered into a defence alliance with Anandapala, son and successor of Jayapala. Mahmud marched against Multan in 1006 AD due to its Ismaili element and Daud turning against him. Anandapala attempted to block his advance but was defeated. Mahmud besieged Multan for a week and forced Daud to renounce his Ismaili views, while also receiving a tribute of 20,000 [[dirhams]]. He soon departed for [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to repel the invasion of Ilak Khan, and left Sukhpala, alias "Nawasa Shah", as the governor of the newly conquered territory.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India|author=Yogendra Mishra|publisher=Vaishali Bhavan|year=1972|page=132-135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Religion and Politics in India During the Thirteenth Century|author=Khaliq Ahmed Nizami|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|page=307}}</ref> According to another version, Daud retired with his treasure to [[Sri Lanka|Serandip]] and Mahmud after conquering the city fined its inhabitants 20,000 dirhams as tribute.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Cultural History of Kapisa and Gandhara|author=Nilima Sen Gupta|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|year=1984|page=50}}</ref>

In 1010 AD, Daud again rebelled against Mahmud, who marched on the city during his eighth invasion of India. Daud was defeated and imprisoned at the fort of Ghurak, situated between Ghazni and Lamghan, for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Muslim Rule in India: From the Invasion of Muhammad-bin-Qasim to the Battle of Plassey, 712-1757 A.D.|author=M. A. Qasem|publisher=Z. A. Qasem|year=1958|page=42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526|editor=Fauja Singh|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University|year=1958|page=66, 75}}</ref>

Mahmud's son and successor [[Masʽud I of Ghazni|Masʽud]] freed Daud's son al-Asghar from prison after being convinced by [[Soomra dynasty|Rajpal ibn Sumar]], who belonged to the house of Daud and whose Ismaili faction had dissociated from the pro-[[Fatimid]] faction. The Syrian [[Druze]] leader [[Baha al-Din al-Muqtana]] wrote a letter to ibn Sumar in 1034 AD, encouraging him to rebel against the Ghaznavids and restore the Ismaili rule. al-Ashgar secretly started leading an Ismaili faction and rebelled in 1041 AD after Masʽud died. His men succeeded in capturing [[Multan Fort]] but were forced to abandon the city when the new Ghaznavid sultan [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]] dispatched his forces against them. The fort was surrendered by the inhabitants, who agreed to perform the ''[[khutba]]'' in the names of the [[Abbasid caliph]] [[Al-Qadir]] and Mawdud.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA298|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4|chapter=The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir|author1=N. A. Baloch|author2=A. Q. Rafiqi|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231034671|year=1998|page=298-299}}</ref>

==Religion==

The Lodi dynasty followed [[Ismailism]], a sect considered as heretic by the orthodox [[Sunni Muslims]]. He may have been from a more tolerant faction of Ismailis than Jalam.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA298|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4|chapter=The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir|author1=N. A. Baloch|author2=A. Q. Rafiqi|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231034671|year=1998|page=298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural|author=N. A. Baloch|publisher=El-Mashriqi Foundation|year=1995|page=60}}</ref> The Lodis owed their allegiance to the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and were targeted by Mahmud of Ghazni for their faith. According to ''[[Tarikh Yamini]]'' of al-Utbi, Fateh Daud had agreed to convert to the orthodox Sunni sect, but eventually abandoned it. Mahmud upon conquering Multan again massacred its Ismaili inhabitants. The [[congregational mosque]] built by Jalam on the site of [[Multan Sun Temple]] was left abandoned, while the old congregational mosque built by [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] was reopened for prayers.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA217|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume I: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries|author=André Wink|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004092495|year=1991|page=217}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medieval India]]

[[Category:Muslim dynasties]]

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan|Punjab]]

[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]