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m BDD moved page Wegener's granulomatosis to Granulomatosis with polyangiitis: RM; see talk page
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{{Infobox disease |
{{Infobox disease |
Name = Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) |
Name = Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
Image = Wegener's granulomatosis -b- intermed mag.jpg |
Image = Wegener's granulomatosis -b- intermed mag.jpg |
Caption = [[Micrograph]] showing features characteristic of Wegener's granulomatosis - a [[vasculitis]] and [[granuloma]]s with multi-nucleated giant cells. [[H&E stain]]. |
Caption = [[Micrograph]] showing features characteristic of Wegener's granulomatosis - a [[vasculitis]] and [[granuloma]]s with multi-nucleated giant cells. [[H&E stain]]. |
Line 11: Line 11:
MeshID = D014890 |
MeshID = D014890 |
}}
}}
'''Wegener's granulomatosis''' (WG), now officially known as '''granulomatosis with polyangiitis''' (GPA), is a form of [[vasculitis]] (inflammation of blood vessels) that affects small- and medium-size vessels in many organs. Damage to the [[lung]]s and [[kidney]]s can be fatal. It requires long-term [[immunosuppression]].<ref name=Seo>{{cite journal |author=Seo P, Stone JH |title=The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15210387 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.02.030}}</ref> Five-year survival is up to 87%, with some of the mortality due to toxicity of treatment. It is named after [[Friedrich Wegener]], who described the disease in 1936.<ref name=Enersen>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2823}}</ref> Because of Wegener's Nazi past, professional bodies and journals have replaced his name with a descriptive name.<ref name=ARD11/>
'''Granulomatosis with polyangiitis''' (GPA), formerly known as '''Wegener's granulomatosis''' (WG), is a form of [[vasculitis]] (inflammation of blood vessels) that affects small- and medium-size vessels in many organs. Damage to the [[lung]]s and [[kidney]]s can be fatal. It requires long-term [[immunosuppression]].<ref name=Seo>{{cite journal |author=Seo P, Stone JH |title=The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15210387 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.02.030}}</ref> Five-year survival is up to 87%, with some of the mortality due to toxicity of treatment. It is named after [[Friedrich Wegener]], who described the disease in 1936.<ref name=Enersen>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2823}}</ref> Because of Wegener's Nazi past, professional bodies and journals have replaced his name with a descriptive name.<ref name=ARD11/>


Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) is part of a larger group of vasculitic syndromes, all of which feature an autoimmune attack by an abnormal type of circulating [[antibody]] termed [[antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]]s (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) against small and medium-size [[blood vessel]]s. Apart from Wegener's, this category includes [[Churg–Strauss syndrome]] and [[microscopic polyangiitis]].<ref name=Seo/> Although Wegener's granulomatosis affects small- and medium-size vessels,<ref name="urlWegeners Granulomatosis: Vasculitis: Merck Manual Professional">{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch033/ch033k.html |title=Wegener's Granulomatosis: Vasculitis: Merck Manual Professional |work= |accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> it is formally classified as one of the small vessel vasculitides in the Chapel Hill system.<ref name="isbn0-7817-4750-3">{{cite book |author=Silva, Fred; Jennette, J. Charles; Heptinstall, Robert H.; Olson, Jean T.; Schwartz, Melvin |title=Hepinstall's pathology of the kidney |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |pages=677 |isbn=0-7817-4750-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is part of a larger group of vasculitic syndromes, all of which feature an autoimmune attack by an abnormal type of circulating [[antibody]] termed [[antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]]s (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) against small and medium-size [[blood vessel]]s. Apart from Wegener's, this category includes [[Churg–Strauss syndrome]] and [[microscopic polyangiitis]].<ref name=Seo/> Although Wegener's granulomatosis affects small- and medium-size vessels,<ref name="urlWegeners Granulomatosis: Vasculitis: Merck Manual Professional">{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch033/ch033k.html |title=Wegener's Granulomatosis: Vasculitis: Merck Manual Professional |work= |accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> it is formally classified as one of the small vessel vasculitides in the Chapel Hill system.<ref name="isbn0-7817-4750-3">{{cite book |author=Silva, Fred; Jennette, J. Charles; Heptinstall, Robert H.; Olson, Jean T.; Schwartz, Melvin |title=Hepinstall's pathology of the kidney |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |pages=677 |isbn=0-7817-4750-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>


==Signs and symptoms==
==Signs and symptoms==
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[[Image: C anca.jpg | thumb | right | Immunofluorescence pattern produced by binding of ANCA to ethanol-fixed neutrophils, from a patient with Wegener's Granulomatosis]]
[[Image: C anca.jpg | thumb | right | Immunofluorescence pattern produced by binding of ANCA to ethanol-fixed neutrophils, from a patient with Wegener's Granulomatosis]]
[[Image:Sclerokeratitis.jpg|thumb|right|Photo showing the sclerokeratitis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis]]
[[Image:Sclerokeratitis.jpg|thumb|right|Photo showing the sclerokeratitis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis]]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) is usually suspected only when a patient has had unexplained symptoms for a long period of time. Determination of [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)]] can aid in the diagnosis, but positivity is not conclusive and negative ANCAs are not sufficient to reject the diagnosis. Cytoplasmic-staining ANCAs that react with the enzyme [[proteinase 3]] (cANCA) in [[neutrophil granulocyte|neutrophils]] (a type of [[white blood cell]]) are associated with Wegener's.<ref name=Seo/>
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is usually suspected only when a patient has had unexplained symptoms for a long period of time. Determination of [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)]] can aid in the diagnosis, but positivity is not conclusive and negative ANCAs are not sufficient to reject the diagnosis. Cytoplasmic-staining ANCAs that react with the enzyme [[proteinase 3]] (cANCA) in [[neutrophil granulocyte|neutrophils]] (a type of [[white blood cell]]) are associated with Wegener's.<ref name=Seo/>


If the patient has [[chronic renal failure|renal failure]] or [[cutaneous vasculitis]], a [[biopsy]] is obtained from the kidneys. On rare occasions, [[thoracoscopy|thoracoscopic]] lung biopsy is required. On [[histopathology|histopathological]] examination, a biopsy will show ''leukocytoclastic vasculitis'' with [[necrosis|necrotic]] changes and [[granuloma]]tous [[inflammation]] (clumps of typically arranged white blood cells) on [[light microscopy|microscopy]]. These granulomas are the main reason for the appellation of "Wegener's granulomatosis", although it is not an essential feature. Nevertheless, necrotizing granulomas are a hallmark of this disease. However, many biopsies can be nonspecific and 50% provide too little information for the diagnosis of Wegener's.<ref name=Seo/>
If the patient has [[chronic renal failure|renal failure]] or [[cutaneous vasculitis]], a [[biopsy]] is obtained from the kidneys. On rare occasions, [[thoracoscopy|thoracoscopic]] lung biopsy is required. On [[histopathology|histopathological]] examination, a biopsy will show ''leukocytoclastic vasculitis'' with [[necrosis|necrotic]] changes and [[granuloma]]tous [[inflammation]] (clumps of typically arranged white blood cells) on [[light microscopy|microscopy]]. These granulomas are the main reason for the appellation of "Wegener's granulomatosis", although it is not an essential feature. Nevertheless, necrotizing granulomas are a hallmark of this disease. However, many biopsies can be nonspecific and 50% provide too little information for the diagnosis of Wegener's.<ref name=Seo/>

Revision as of 19:32, 4 December 2013

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
SpecialtyImmunology, rheumatology Edit this on Wikidata

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), is a form of vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) that affects small- and medium-size vessels in many organs. Damage to the lungs and kidneys can be fatal. It requires long-term immunosuppression.[1] Five-year survival is up to 87%, with some of the mortality due to toxicity of treatment. It is named after Friedrich Wegener, who described the disease in 1936.[2] Because of Wegener's Nazi past, professional bodies and journals have replaced his name with a descriptive name.[3]

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is part of a larger group of vasculitic syndromes, all of which feature an autoimmune attack by an abnormal type of circulating antibody termed ANCAs (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) against small and medium-size blood vessels. Apart from Wegener's, this category includes Churg–Strauss syndrome and microscopic polyangiitis.[1] Although Wegener's granulomatosis affects small- and medium-size vessels,[4] it is formally classified as one of the small vessel vasculitides in the Chapel Hill system.[5]

Signs and symptoms

Initial signs are extremely variable, and diagnosis can be severely delayed due to the nonspecific nature of the symptoms. In general, Rhinitis is the first sign in most patients.[1]

Diagnosis

Immunofluorescence pattern produced by binding of ANCA to ethanol-fixed neutrophils, from a patient with Wegener's Granulomatosis
Photo showing the sclerokeratitis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is usually suspected only when a patient has had unexplained symptoms for a long period of time. Determination of Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) can aid in the diagnosis, but positivity is not conclusive and negative ANCAs are not sufficient to reject the diagnosis. Cytoplasmic-staining ANCAs that react with the enzyme proteinase 3 (cANCA) in neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) are associated with Wegener's.[1]

If the patient has renal failure or cutaneous vasculitis, a biopsy is obtained from the kidneys. On rare occasions, thoracoscopic lung biopsy is required. On histopathological examination, a biopsy will show leukocytoclastic vasculitis with necrotic changes and granulomatous inflammation (clumps of typically arranged white blood cells) on microscopy. These granulomas are the main reason for the appellation of "Wegener's granulomatosis", although it is not an essential feature. Nevertheless, necrotizing granulomas are a hallmark of this disease. However, many biopsies can be nonspecific and 50% provide too little information for the diagnosis of Wegener's.[1]

Differential diagnosis (alternative possible diagnoses) can be extensive. ANCAs can be positive after the use of certain drugs, and other forms of vasculitis can present with very similar symptoms. The saddle-nose deformity may also be seen in relapsing polychondritis, in cocaine abuse, and in congenital syphilis.

Criteria

In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology accepted classification criteria for Wegener's. These criteria were not intended for diagnosis, but for inclusion in randomised controlled trials. Two or more positive criteria have a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 92.0% of describing Wegener's.[6]

  • Nasal or oral inflammation:
    • painful or painless oral ulcers or
    • purulent or bloody nasal discharge
  • Lungs: abnormal chest X-ray with:
    • nodules,
    • infiltrates or
    • cavities
  • Kidneys: urinary sediment with:
  • Biopsy: granulomatous inflammation
    • within the arterial wall or
    • in the perivascular area

According to the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) on the nomenclature of systemic vasculitis (1992), establishing the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis demands:[7]

Several investigators have compared the ACR and Chapel Hill criteria.[8]

Pathophysiology

Inflammation with granuloma formation against a nonspecific inflammatory background is the classical tissue abnormality in all organs affected by Wegener's granulomatosis.[1]

It is now widely presumed that the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are responsible for the inflammation in Wegener's.[1] The typical ANCAs in Wegener's are those that react with proteinase 3, an enzyme prevalent in neutrophil granulocytes.[9] This type of ANCA is also known as cANCA, with the c indicating cytoplasmic (in contrast to pANCA, which is perinuclear).

In vitro studies have found that ANCAs can activate neutrophils, increase their adherence to endothelium, and induce their degranulation that can damage endothelial cells. In theory, this phenomenon could cause extensive damage to the vessel wall, in particular of arterioles.[1] However, the presence of ANCA bound to circulating neutrophils has never been found, the activation status of neutrophils from patients with high ANCA titer does not differ from normal individuals, and the presence of ANCA is not always associated with development of vasculitis.

The exact cause for the production of ANCAs is unknown, although some drugs have been implicated in secondary forms of Wegener's. As with many autoimmune disorders, the cause is probably genetic predisposition combined with molecular mimicry caused by a virus or bacterium. Unlike other autoimmune diseases, however, a family history of the disease is rare.

Treatment

Before steroid treatment became available, mortality within one year was over 90%, with average survival being 5 months. Steroids prolonged average survival to 8 months. The introduction of cyclophosphamide (CYC) in the 1970s was a major breakthrough. Five-year survival is now 87%.[10]

In general, initial treatment is with corticosteroids and oral CYC, 1 mg/kg/day and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively. On occasion, CYC is given in monthly intravenous (IV) doses. Monitoring of the white blood count is essential during CYC therapy. Once remission is attained (normally 3 to 6 months), treatment is frequently changed to azathioprine or methotrexate, which are less toxic drugs. Total duration of therapy should be at least one year, or longer in high-risk patients. Corticosteroids are tapered to a low-maintenance dose, 5–10 mg/day. Plasmapheresis may be beneficial in severe disease or pulmonary hemorrhage. Experience with other treatment agents is very limited.[1]

A systematic review of 84 trials examined the evidence for various treatments in Wegener's granulomatosis. Many trials include data on pooled groups of patients with Wegener's and microscopic polyangiitis. In this review, cases are divided between localized disease, non-organ threatening, generalized organ-threatening disease and severe renal vasculitis and immediately life-threatening disease.[10]

  • In localized disease, treatment with the antibiotic co-trimoxazole is recommended, with steroids in case of treatment failure.[11]
  • In generalized non-organ threatening disease, remission can be induced with methotrexate and steroids, where the steroid dose is reduced after a remission has been achieved and methotrexate used as maintenance.
  • In case of organ-threatening disease, pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide with steroids is recommended. Once remission has been achieved, azathioprine and steroids can be used to maintain remission.
  • In severe renal vasculitis, the same regimen is used but with the addition of plasma exchange.
  • In pulmonary hemorrhage, high doses of cyclophosphamide with pulsed methylprednisolone may be used, or alternatively CYC, steroids, and plasma exchange.

In severe disease not responsive to previously mentioned treatment, the review is positive about mycophenolate mofetil, 15-deoxyspergualin, anti-thymocyte globulin, rituximab, and infliximab; data was less favourable for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and etanercept.[10]

In some patients with severe subglottic stenosis, tracheotomy is required to maintain an airway.

Follow-up: general well-being and laboratory organ markers are checked on a regular basis to ascertain whether the patient has remained in remission.

On 19 April 2011, the FDA announced its approval of rituximab in combination with glucocorticoids to treat this condition.[12]

Epidemiology

The incidence is 10 cases per million per year.[10] 90% of the patients are white. While it mainly occurs in the middle-aged, it has been reported in much younger and older patients.

Prognosis

Twenty-five percent to 40% of patients suffer from flare-ups, but a majority respond well to treatment. Anatomical problems (sinusitis, tracheal stenosis) may require surgery in a small proportion. Relapses can be long and troublesome.

Long-term complications are very common (86%): mainly chronic renal failure, hearing loss, and deafness.[1]

History

Scottish otolaryngologist Peter McBride (1854–1946) first described the condition in 1897 in a BMJ article entitled "Photographs of a case of rapid destruction of the nose and face".[13] Heinz Karl Ernst Klinger (born 1907) would add information on the anatomical pathology, but the full picture was presented by Friedrich Wegener (1907–1990), a German pathologist, in two reports in 1936 and 1939.[2]

An earlier name for the disease was pathergic granulomatosis.[14] The disease is still sometimes confused with lethal midline granuloma and lymphomatoid granulomatosis, both malignant lymphomas.[15]

In 2006, Alexander Woywodt (Preston, United Kingdom) and Eric Matteson (Mayo Clinic, USA) investigated Wegener's past, and discovered that he was, at least at some point of his career, a follower of the Nazi regime. In addition, their data indicate that Wegener was wanted by Polish authorities and that his files were forwarded to the United Nations War Crimes Commission. Furthermore, Wegener worked in close proximity to the genocide machinery in Lodz. Their data raise serious concerns about Wegener's professional conduct. They suggest that the eponym be abandoned and propose "ANCA-associated granulomatous vasculitis."[16] The authors have since campaigned for other medical eponyms to be abandoned, too.[17] In 2011, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) resolved to change the name to granulomatosis with polyangiitis.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Seo P, Stone JH (2004). "The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides". Am. J. Med. 117 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.02.030. PMID 15210387. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b synd/2823 at Who Named It?
  3. ^ a b Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L; et al. (2011). "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): An alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70: 74. doi:10.1136/ard.2011.150714. PMID 21372195. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Wegener's Granulomatosis: Vasculitis: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2009-01-08.
  5. ^ Silva, Fred; Jennette, J. Charles; Heptinstall, Robert H.; Olson, Jean T.; Schwartz, Melvin (2007). Hepinstall's pathology of the kidney. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 677. ISBN 0-7817-4750-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Bloch DA; et al. (1990). "The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis". Arthritis Rheum. 33 (8): 1101–7. doi:10.1002/art.1780330807. PMID 2202308. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K; et al. (1994). "Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference". Arthritis Rheum. 37 (2): 187–92. doi:10.1002/art.1780370206. PMID 8129773. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Bruce IN, Bell AL (1997). "A comparison of two nomenclature systems for primary systemic vasculitis". Br. J. Rheumatol. 36 (4): 453–8. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/36.4.453. PMID 9159539. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S; et al. (1985). "Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis". Lancet. 1 (8426): 425–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91147-X. PMID 2857806. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d Bosch X, Guilabert A, Espinosa G, Mirapeix E (2007). "Treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review". JAMA. 298 (6): 655–69. doi:10.1001/jama.298.6.655. PMID 17684188.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG (1996). "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group". N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1056/NEJM199607043350103. PMID 8637536.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "FDA approves Rituxan to treat two rare disorders" (Press release). Food and Drug Administration. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  13. ^ Friedmann I (1982). "McBride and the midfacial granuloma syndrome. (The second 'McBride Lecture', Edinburgh, 1980)". The Journal of laryngology and otology. 96 (1): 1–23. PMID 7057076.
  14. ^ Fienberg R (1955). "Pathergic granulomatosis". Am. J. Med. 19 (6): 829–31. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(55)90150-9. PMID 13275478.
  15. ^ Mendenhall WM, Olivier KR, Lynch JW Jr, Mendenhall NP (2006). "Lethal midline granuloma-nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma". Am J Clin Oncol. 29 (2): 202–6. doi:10.1097/01.coc.0000198738.61238.eb. PMID 16601443.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Woywodt A, Matteson EL (2006). "Wegener's granulomatosis--probing the untold past of the man behind the eponym". Rheumatology (Oxford). 45 (10): 1303–6. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kel258. PMID 16887845.
  17. ^ Woywodt A, Matteson E (2007). "Should eponyms be abandoned? Yes". BMJ. 335 (7617): 424. doi:10.1136/bmj.39308.342639.AD. PMC 1962844. PMID 17762033.

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis&diff=584567471&oldid=584567311

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