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Information in the body is well suited, but this line still doesn't belong in the lead. Clunky, out of place, not clear what it's referring to (who's state department?) and the wording one country uses to describe the Accords doesnt have any place in a section simply explaining why it's named what it is. Keep content regarding that in the body, not everything needs representation in the lead.
→‎top: This is completely relevant for the lead ie the broker of these agreements no longer refers to them as the Abraham Accords. Adding the "U.S." was not that hard.
Tag: Reverted
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The agreement with the UAE was officially titled the [[Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement|Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel]].<ref name="WashInstitute">{{cite web|last=Makovsky|first=David|date=September 16, 2020|title=How the Abraham Accords Look Forward, Not Back|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-the-abraham-accords-look-forward-not-back|publisher=Washington Institute|access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2020-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002060850/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-the-abraham-accords-look-forward-not-back|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StatementAug13">{{cite web|title=Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast?|publisher=Associated Press|date=August 13, 2020|url=https://apnews.com/article/7544b322a254ebea1693e387d83d9d8b|access-date=2020-09-25 |archive-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215182856/https://apnews.com/article/7544b322a254ebea1693e387d83d9d8b|url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement between Bahrain and Israel was officially titled the [[Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement|Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations]], and was announced by the United States on September 11.<ref name="WashInstitute" />
The agreement with the UAE was officially titled the [[Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement|Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel]].<ref name="WashInstitute">{{cite web|last=Makovsky|first=David|date=September 16, 2020|title=How the Abraham Accords Look Forward, Not Back|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-the-abraham-accords-look-forward-not-back|publisher=Washington Institute|access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2020-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002060850/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-the-abraham-accords-look-forward-not-back|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StatementAug13">{{cite web|title=Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast?|publisher=Associated Press|date=August 13, 2020|url=https://apnews.com/article/7544b322a254ebea1693e387d83d9d8b|access-date=2020-09-25 |archive-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215182856/https://apnews.com/article/7544b322a254ebea1693e387d83d9d8b|url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement between Bahrain and Israel was officially titled the [[Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement|Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations]], and was announced by the United States on September 11.<ref name="WashInstitute" />


The accords are named after the patriarch [[Abraham]], regarded as a prophet by both the religions of [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], and traditionally considered a shared patriarch of the [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Arabs|Arab]] peoples (by way of [[Isaac]] and [[Ishmael]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel inks twin Arab treaties with UAE, Bahrain|publisher=Asia Times|first=Alison|last=Tahmizian Meuse|date=September 16, 2020|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/09/israel-inks-twin-arab-treaties-with-uae-bahrain/|access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2020-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023210310/https://asiatimes.com/2020/09/israel-inks-twin-arab-treaties-with-uae-bahrain/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The accords are named after the patriarch [[Abraham]], regarded as a prophet by both the religions of [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], and traditionally considered a shared patriarch of the [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Arabs|Arab]] peoples (by way of [[Isaac]] and [[Ishmael]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel inks twin Arab treaties with UAE, Bahrain|publisher=Asia Times|first=Alison|last=Tahmizian Meuse|date=September 16, 2020|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/09/israel-inks-twin-arab-treaties-with-uae-bahrain/|access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2020-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023210310/https://asiatimes.com/2020/09/israel-inks-twin-arab-treaties-with-uae-bahrain/|url-status=live}}</ref> Current U.S. State Department policy is to use the term "normalization agreements".


==Background and negotiations==
==Background and negotiations==

Revision as of 21:19, 4 April 2021

A map of Israel (blue), the United Arab Emirates (red) and Bahrain (orange).
At top, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Trump at the signing ceremony of the Abraham Accords and bottom, a map of Israel (blue), the United Arab Emirates (red) and Bahrain (orange)

The Abraham Accords are a joint statement between Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States, reached on August 13, 2020.[1] Subsequently, the term was used to refer collectively to agreements between Israel and the United Arab Emirates (the Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement) and Bahrain, respectively (the Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement).[2]

The statement marked the first public normalization of relations between an Arab country and Israel since that of Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994. The original Abraham Accords were signed by the UAE's Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Bahrain's Foreign Minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani, and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on September 15, 2020, at the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, D.C.[3] The Accords were negotiated by Jared Kushner and Avi Berkowitz.[4] The agreement with the UAE was officially titled the Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel.[5][6] The agreement between Bahrain and Israel was officially titled the Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations, and was announced by the United States on September 11.[5]

The accords are named after the patriarch Abraham, regarded as a prophet by both the religions of Judaism and Islam, and traditionally considered a shared patriarch of the Jewish and Arab peoples (by way of Isaac and Ishmael).[7] Current U.S. State Department policy is to use the term "normalization agreements".

Background and negotiations

The Accords were negotiated by Jared Kushner and Avi Berkowitz.[4] On March 1, 2021, former US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo credited the 2019 Warsaw Conference with providing the breakthrough that paved the way.[8] A goal of the two-day conference was to focus on countering Iran, although the host nation tried to play down that theme and the closing Polish-US statement did not mention Iran.[9]

Among the representatives of the 70 nations in attendance were a number of Arab officials, creating the first situation since the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991 where an Israeli leader and senior Arab officials were all in attendance at the same international conference focused on the Middle East. The Madrid Conference at the time set the stage for the Oslo Accords. Among those with whom Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with was the Omani Foreign Minister Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah—whose country he had visited in October 2018. Two days after Netanyahu's visit at the time, bin Alawi suggested while at a conference in Bahrain that it was time for Israel to be treated like the other states in the Middle East, and the officials of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia did not disagree.[10]

Documents

Abraham Accords Declaration

The documents related to the Abraham Accords are as follows:

Name Official name Date Signatories Full text
Declaration The Abraham Accords Declaration 15 September 2020 United States, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain [11]
Israel–UAE Agreement Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel 15 September 2020 Israel, United Arab Emirates, United States (witness) [12]
Bahrain–Israel Agreement Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations 15 September 2020 Bahrain, Israel, United States (witness) [13]

Aftermath

At the signing, US President Donald Trump said five nations could soon follow, including Saudi Arabia, although analysts believed that Sudan and Oman were more likely candidates in the short term.[14] On September 23, 2020, US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft said that a new country will recognize Israel "in the next day or two."[15]

On February 2, 2021, State Department spokesperson Ned Price said that "the United States will continue to urge other countries to normalize relations with Israel." and that normalization is "not a substitute for Israeli-Palestinian peace... We hope that Israel and other countries in the region join together in a common effort to build bridges and... contribute to tangible progress towards the goal of advancing a negotiated peace between Israelis and Palestinians."[16]

On 26 March 2021, a group of 18 U.S. senators introduced a bill to aid the State Department in developing appropriate strategy “to strengthen and expand the Abraham Accords and other related normalization agreements with Israel.”[17]

According to the Federalist, on 1 April, 2021, State Department spokesman Edward Price, when asked by a reporter to use the name Abraham Accords, Price explained that the State Department’s policy is to use the term “normalization agreements.”[18]According to Axios reporting on March 10, 2021, "The Biden administration wants to continue a process that began under Trump while securing achievements of its own through new deals." and "...is also not enthusiastic about Trump's name for the agreements: the “Abraham Accords.” The White House and State Department prefer to discuss “the normalization process.""[19][20]

Sudan

See also: Israel–Sudan normalization agreement

On September 26, 2020, Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok said that Sudan did not want to link its removal from a US terrorism list to normalizing relations with Israel, as asked for by the US.[21] On October 23, 2020, Sudan formally agreed to normalize ties with Israel and join the broader diplomatic realignment in the Middle East[22][23] in a deal brokered from the Oval Office by the United States and President Trump.[24] Israel and Sudan leaders originally agreed to move towards normalization after a February 2020 meeting in Uganda and accelerated a deal following normalization announcements between Israel and UAE.[25] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated, "This is a new era. An era of true peace. A peace that is expanding with other Arab countries—three of them in recent weeks".[22] The United States agreed to remove Sudan from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, lifting coinciding economic sanctions and agreed to advance discussions on debt forgiveness.[23] Denying any wrongdoing, Sudan agreed to pay 335 million U.S. dollars in compensation to American victims of terror.[23] In a tweet from his official Twitter account, Sudanese Prime Minister Abdulla Hamdok thanked Mr. Trump for signing the executive order removing his country from the list of state sponsors of terrorism but didn't mention the deal with Israel.[22] In January 2021, Sudan signed the declaration, with the US completing a promise of removing the country from the list of countries supporting terrorism and reaffirming a previous commitment to provide a bridge loan to clear the country's arrears to the World Bank and access $1 billion in annual funding.[26]

Morocco

See also: Israel–Morocco normalization agreement

In December 2020, Israel and Morocco agreed to normalize their relations in the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement, with the United States recognizing Morocco's claim over Western Sahara.[27]

Oman

Oman postponed a decision to normalize ties with Israel until after the U.S. presidential election, which happened on November 3, 2020.[28] On February 11, 2021, Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi said “As regards Israel we are content so far with the level of our current relations and dialogue, which involves the appropriate channels of communication," adding that Oman was "committed to peace between Israel and the Palestinians based on a two-state solution."[29]

Economic impact

While Israel and the UAE had long-maintained de facto recognition in areas of business including the diamond trade,[30] and high tech industries including artificial intelligence[31] and defence,[32] the accord opened the door to a much wider range of economic cooperation, including formal investments. Abu Dhabi Investment Office opened its first overseas branch in Israel.[33] A number of kosher restaurants were opened in the UAE to cater to Jewish visitors.[34]

Collaborative efforts

In mid-December 2020, a delegation from the UAE and Bahrain visited Israel with the aim of cultural exchange as part of the normalization process. The delegations held a meeting with Israel President Reuven Rivlin.[35] In January 2021, a collaborative event was organized by Tel Aviv International Salon, Sharaka and OurCrowd with the objective to attain 'business of peace' between the Gulf Countries and the state of Israel.[36][37] From March 23–25, 2021, a virtual hackathon event was organized by Israel-is, which garnered participants from the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco as well as Israel.[38] Then on 27 March 2021, an event was organized to commemorate International Holocaust Memorial Day, which again saw participation from the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco, as well as Saudi Arabia.[39][40]

March 2021 also saw the Israel and UAE national rugby teams play their first ever match, in honour of the Abraham Accords.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Read the full statement by the US, Israel and UAE on normalizing Israel-UAE relations". CNN. 2020-08-13. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  2. ^ "The Abraham Accords". U.S. Department of States. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  3. ^ "Israel, UAE and Bahrain sign Abraham Accord; Trump says "dawn of new Middle East"". Press Trust of India. The Hindu. 2020-09-16. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  4. ^ a b "Behind the scenes: How the Israel-UAE deal came together". Axios. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  5. ^ a b Makovsky, David (2020-09-16). "How the Abraham Accords Look Forward, Not Back". Washington Institute. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  6. ^ "Israel signs pacts with 2 Arab states: A 'new' Mideast?". Associated Press. 2020-08-13. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  7. ^ Tahmizian Meuse, Alison (2020-09-16). "Israel inks twin Arab treaties with UAE, Bahrain". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  8. ^ Kahana, Ariel (2021-03-02). "Pompeo: US officials tried to undermine Abraham Accords to help Palestinians". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 2021-03-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Czulda, Robert (2019-02-12). "The Warsaw Summit: Not So 'Anti-Iranian' but Still a Success". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  10. ^ Raphael, Ahren (2019-02-14). "In Warsaw, Pence hails sight of Netanyahu 'breaking bread' with Arab leaders". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  11. ^ "Full text of the Abraham Accords signed by Israel, the UAE and Bahrain". The White House. 2020-09-16. Archived from the original on 2020-10-13. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  12. ^ "FULL TEXT: The Israel-UAE-Bahrain Abraham Accords Peace Agreement". Haaaretz. 2020-09-16. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  13. ^ "Abraham Accords: Full text". Jerusalem Post. 2020-09-16. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  14. ^ "Israel, U.A.E. and Bahrain Sign Accords, With an Eager Trump Playing Host". New York Times. 2020-09-15. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  15. ^ "UN ambassador: Another country will recognize Israel in 'day or two'". New York Post. 2020-09-23. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  16. ^ "Israel's Normalization Pacts Not a Substitute for Peace With Palestinians, State Dept. Says". Haaretz. 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  17. ^ "Bipartisan senators introduce bill to strengthen, expand Abraham Accords". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  18. ^ "Biden's State Department Really Wishes You Wouldn't Bring Up Signature Trump Success Of Abraham Accords". The Federalist News. 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  19. ^ "Israel pushes White House ceremony to seal Sudan normalization deal". Axios. 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  20. ^ "Department Press Briefing – April 1, 2021". US State Department News. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2021-04-02. MR PRICE: Of course I can say the term "Abraham Accords," Matt. ....But we call them normalization agreements.
  21. ^ "Sudan rejects linking removal from U.S. terrorism list with Israel ties". Reuters. 2020-09-26. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  22. ^ a b c Schwartz, Felicia (2020-10-23). "Israel, Sudan Agree to Normalize Ties in U.S.-Brokered Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  23. ^ a b c Suliman, Adela (2020-10-23). "Sudan formally recognizes Israel in U.S.-brokered deal". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  24. ^ "President Donald J. Trump Brokers a Historic Peace Agreement Between Israel and Sudan". Trump White House archives. Retrieved 2020-10-25 – via National Archives.
  25. ^ Schwartz, Felicia (2020-08-18). "Sudan in Talks to Formalize Ties With Israel". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  26. ^ Reuters Staff (2021-01-06). "Sudan quietly signs Abraham Accords weeks after Israel deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-01-06. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  27. ^ "Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal". 2020-12-10. Archived from the original on 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-10 – via www.bbc.com.
  28. ^ "Sudan, Oman postpone normalising ties with Israel until after US elections". Middle East Monitor. 2020-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  29. ^ "Oman content with current Israel relationship, foreign minister says". Reuters. 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  30. ^ Shnidman, Ronen (2018-11-27). "Diamond Trade Binds Israel and the UAE Together". CTECH - www.calcalistech.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  31. ^ "Israeli robotics delegation to Dubai marks warming Gulf ties". AP NEWS. 2019-11-06. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  32. ^ staff, T. O. I. "UAE-based intelligence firm said recruiting IDF veterans from elite cyber unit". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  33. ^ Godinho, Varun (2020-09-17). "Abu Dhabi Investment Office to open first international branch in Tel Aviv". Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  34. ^ "UAE-Israel treaty: Data insights will be key for sizing up deals". gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  35. ^ "The Sharaka Project brings Israeli-Arab peace to ordinary people -opinion". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  36. ^ "Medved: How Israel and Gulf economies can do the 'business of peace'". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  37. ^ "LIVE EVENT: UAE & Israel: The Business of Peace". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  38. ^ "Israeli & Emirati entrepreneurs join Abraham Accords virtual Hackathon". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  39. ^ "Abraham Accords inspire first Arab-led commemoration of Holocaust". www.israelhayom.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ Rudee, Eliana (2021-01-27). "In a first, Arab-initiated event commemorates the Holocaust in wake of Abraham Accords". JNS.org. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  41. ^ "i24NEWS". www.i24news.tv. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Accords&diff=next&oldid=1015990408

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