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:''For related articles, including '''[[Donations for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|charities accepting donations]]''', see '''[[:Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]'''.'' |
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[[Image:2004 Indonesia Tsunami.gif|frame|right|Animation of the [[tsunami]] caused by the earthquake. (See also the [[:Image:2004 Indonesia Tsunami Complete.gif|full-length version]]) |
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<!-- avoid any misleading impression from this animation that waves were of large height while travelling across the deep ocean --> |
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<br/><br/>Note: tsunamis have very low height while travelling over deep ocean, and ocean-going vessels in their path will usually not even notice them; high waves only occur when shallow water is reached, typically near coastlines.]] |
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The '''2004 Indian Ocean earthquake''' was a [[moment magnitude|magnitude]] 9.0 undersea [[earthquake]] on [[December 26]], [[2004]] which generated [[tsunami]]s that caused one of the [[List of disasters|deadliest]] [[natural disaster]]s in [[modern history]]. |
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This rare type of earthquake known as a [[megathrust earthquake]] struck at 00:58:53 [[UTC]] (07:58:53 local time) in the [[Indian Ocean]] off the western coast of northern [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. It was the largest [[earthquake]] on [[Earth]] since the 9.2-magnitude [[Good Friday Earthquake]] of [[1964]], and tied for fourth largest since [[1900]]. |
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The tsunamis devastated the shores of [[Indonesia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], [[Thailand]] and other countries with waves of up to [[1 E1 m|15 m]] in height. Even the east coast of [[Africa]] (especially [[Somalia]]) was hit, despite being located [[1 E6 m|4,500 km]] (2,800 miles) or more west of the [[epicenter]]. |
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The plight of the many affected [[Other_countries_affected_by_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake#Countries_that_lost_citizens_who_were_traveling_abroad|people and countries]] prompted a widespread [[humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|humanitarian response]]. |
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==Quake characteristics== |
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[[Image:2004 indian ocean earthquake details.gif|thumb|250px|Locations of the initial earthquake and aftershocks.]] |
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The earthquake was initially reported as 6.8 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. On the [[moment magnitude scale]], which is more accurate for quakes of this size [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/meas.html], the earthquake's magnitude was first reported as 8.1 by the [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]], but after further analysis they increased this first to 8.5 and 8.9 and finally 9.0 [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usslav.htm]. |
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Since [[1900]], the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the [[1960]] [[Great Chilean Earthquake]] (magnitude 9.5) and two [[Alaska|Alaskan]] quakes: the [[1964]] [[Good Friday Earthquake]] in [[Prince William Sound]] (9.2) and a [[March 9]] [[1957]] quake [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/usa/1957_03_09.html] in the [[Andreanof Islands]] (9.1). The only other recorded earthquake of magnitude 9.0 was in [[1952]] off the southeast coast of [[Kamchatka]] [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/world/1952_11_04.html]. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis (in the Pacific Ocean), but the death toll from these was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower [[population density]] along the coasts. In these earthquakes deaths ranged from nine to a few thousand (see [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html Top 10 earthquakes]). |
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The [[hypocenter|hypocentre]] was at 3.316°N, 95.855°E, some [[1 E5 m|160 km]] (100 [[mile|mi]]) west of Sumatra, at a depth of [[1 E4 m|30 km]] (18.6 mi) below [[mean sea level]] (initially reported as 10 km). This is at the extreme western end of the "[[Pacific Ring of Fire|Ring of Fire]]", an earthquake belt that accounts for 81% of the world's largest earthquakes [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#1]. The quake itself (apart from the tsunamis) was felt as far away as [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and the [[Maldives]]. |
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The earthquake was unusually large in geographical extent. An estimated [[1 E6 m|1,200 km]] (750 mi) of [[geologic fault|faultline]] slipped [[1 E1 m|20 m]] (60 ft) along the [[subduction zone]] where the [[India Plate]] dives under the [[Burma Plate]]. The seabed of the Burma plate is estimated to have risen several metres vertically up over the India plate, creating shock waves in the Indian Ocean that traveled at up to 800 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]] (500 [[Miles per hour|mi/h]]), forming [[tsunami|tsunamis]] when they reached land. |
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The India Plate is part of the great [[Indo-Australian Plate]], which underlies the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Bay of Bengal]], and is drifting northeast at an average of 6 cm/yr (2 in/yr) (or [[1 E1 m|20 m]] (60 ft) per 330 years; i.e. this earthquake moved this fault 330 years worth). The India Plate meets the Burma Plate (which is considered a portion of the great [[Eurasian Plate]]) at the [[Sunda Trench]]. At this point the India Plate subducts the Burma Plate which includes the [[Nicobar Islands]], the [[Andaman Islands]] and northern [[Sumatra]]. The India Plate slips deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure turns the subducting edge of the India Plate into magma which eventually pushes the magma above it out through the volcanoes (see [[Volcanic arc]]). This process is interrupted by the locking of the plates for several centuries until the build up of stress causes their release resulting in a massive earthquake and tsunami. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo-Australian plate subducts the Eurasian plate has created the [[Sunda Arc]]. |
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[[Image:Neic slav fig72.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Tectonic plates at epicentre (Credit: [[USGS]])]] |
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=== Aftershocks and other earthquakes === |
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Numerous [[aftershock]]s of magnitude between 5.7 and 6.3 were reported off the [[Andaman Islands]] in the hours and days that followed. Aftershocks off the [[Nicobar Islands]] were also reported, including ones of magnitude 7.1 [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/ussmax.htm], and 6.6 [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/ussmbj.htm]. Other aftershocks between magnitude 5.0 and 6.5 occurred near the location of the original quake. ''See also:'' [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/quakes_all.html USGS current earthquake information]. |
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The earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in a completely uninhabited region west of New Zealand's [[List of sub-antarctic islands|sub-Antarctic]] [[Auckland Islands]], and north of Australia's [[Macquarie Island]] [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/ussjal.htm]. This would normally be unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more typically occur only about once per year on average [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#8]. Seismologists have speculated about a possible connection between these two earthquakes, saying that the former one might have been a catalyst to the Indian Ocean earthquake, as the two quakes happened on opposite sides of the Indo-Australian tectonic plate [http://www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,11787870%255E28477,00.html]. |
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Coincidentally, the earthquake struck almost exactly one year (within an hour) after a magnitude 6.6 earthquake killed an estimated 30,000 people in the city of [[Bam]] in [[Iran]] [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/uscvad.htm]. |
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=== Power of the earthquake === |
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The total energy released by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake is equivalent to 32,000 [[megatons]] of [[TNT]] [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/meas.html#19] or [[Orders of magnitude (energy)|133 exajoules]] (1.33×10<sup>20</sup> [[joules]]). This exceeds the total amount of energy consumed in the [[United States]] in one year by 30%, or the energy released by the wind of a hurricane like [[Hurricane Isabel]] over a period of 70 days [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/10/031031062553.htm]. Using the [[mass-energy equivalence]] formula ''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>, this amount of energy is equivalent to a mass of about [[1 E3 kg|1500 kg]] (3300 [[Pound|lb]]). Equivalently, this amount of energy is enough to boil 10,000 [[litre]]s (2,600 [[gallon|US gallons]]) of water for every person on Earth. Note that each unit of the magnitude scale represents a 31.6-fold increase in energy; every two units signifies 1,000 times more energy. |
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The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation. The exact amount is yet undetermined, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake may have shortened the length of a day by as much as three [[microsecond]]s (3 µs) and caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to 2.5 cm (1 inch) [http://slate.msn.com/id/2111443/], [http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/12/29/quake.wobble.reut/index.html]. However, due to tidal effects of the [[Moon]], the length of a day increases by 15 µs every year, so any rotational speedup due to the earthquake will be quickly lost. Similarly, the natural [[Chandler wobble]] of the Earth can be up to 15 [[metre|m]] (50 ft). |
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Based on one seismic model, some of the smaller islands southwest of [[Sumatra]] may have moved southwest up to 20 m (66 ft). The northern tip of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate (the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate), may also have moved southwest up to 36 m (118 ft). However, other models suggest that most of the movement would have been vertical rather than lateral. Onsite measurements using [[GPS]] will be used to determine the extent and nature of actual geophysical movement. |
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==Tsunami characteristics== |
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[[Image:Terremoto_Sumatra_2004.gif|framed|[[:Image:2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_animation.gif|See larger version]]]] |
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The earthquake triggered massive [[tsunami]]s that struck the coasts of the [[Indian Ocean]], the deadliest tsunamis by far in all of recorded history. |
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:''[[Media:2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_Complete.gif|See a full-length animation of how the waves travelled]] — large file (about 1 MB) — to see exactly how and why some countries were more affected than others'' |
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Because the 1,200 km of faultline affected by the quake was in a nearly north-south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east-west direction. [[Bangladesh]], which lies at the northern end of the [[Bay of Bengal]], had very few casualties despite being a low-lying country regularly devastated by [[cyclone]]s. |
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Coasts that have a land mass between them and the tsunami's location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes [[diffraction|diffract]] around such land masses. Thus, the Indian state of [[Kerala]] was hit by tsunamis despite being on the western coast of [[India]]. Also, distance alone is no guarantee of safety: [[Somalia]] was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away. |
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Due to the distances involved, the tsunamis took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours (for Somalia) to reach the various coastlines (see travel time maps: [http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226trt.htm] <!-- very interesting maps on this page, what is their copyright status -->). The hardest hit areas of Indonesia were hit very quickly; on the other hand Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly two hours later. Thailand also took about two hours to be hit, despite its closer distance, because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow seas off its western coast. |
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===Failure to detect the tsunamis=== |
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Despite the time lapse measured in hours, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise. |
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This is partly because of the fact that a tsunami is not easy to detect while it is still travelling over deep ocean. In deep water, a tsunami has a very low height and is undetectable by the ordinary observer; aerial surveillance, satellite photos and ocean-going vessels will not notice it. It is only when the tsunami reaches shallow water (typically near a coastline) that its waves reach large heights. The very word "[[tsunami]]" means "harbour wave" in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: fishermen would return from fishing in deep water to find harbours devastated by a wave that they themselves had not even noticed. |
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Only a warning system that monitors data from a network of automated sensors can detect a tsunami in deep water. No such warning system existed in the Indian Ocean due to the rarity of tsunamis in that ocean; the last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was caused by the [[Krakatoa]] eruption of [[1883]]. |
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Tsunamis usually occur along the [[Pacific Ocean]] coasts of the "[[Pacific Ring of Fire|Ring of Fire]]", and a warning system has been in place there since [[1965]]. However, only the extreme western edge of the "Ring of Fire" lies within the Indian Ocean; nearly all of it is in the Pacific. Therefore tsunamis are rare in the Indian Ocean and a warning system there had not been a priority. |
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Even though scientists were well aware of the potential danger of a tsunami following any undersea earthquake, the lack of a tsunami montoring system in the Indian Ocean meant that they had no way to know for sure that it had actually occurred or how strong it would be. They could only detect a lack of any danger to Pacific Ocean coasts, which were fully shielded behind large land masses and experienced only minor fluctuations in sea level as part of a global ripple effect. Scentists were also hampered by the fact that the initial estimate for the magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1 (this was a factor in the failure of Thai meteorologists to issue a warning [http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=42170]); the final determination of the magnitude as 9.0 was not made until after the tsunamis had already struck. |
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===Unfamiliarity with warning signs=== |
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In the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea often recedes temporarily from the coast. People in Pacific regions are more familiar with tsunamis and often recognize this phenomenon as a sign to head for higher ground; however in the Indian Ocean region, this rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect fish stranded in as much as 2.5 km of exposed beachland, with fatal results. |
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However, on Maikhao beach in Thailand, a 10 year old British girl, Tilly Smith, recognised the signs when the tide rushed out and boats on the horizon began bobbing violently. She told her mother she had just been studying tsunami in geography at school and that they should leave the beach. Her parents warned others on the beach and so this was one of the few where no-one was reported killed or seriously injured [http://www.nypost.com/news/worldnews/37579.htm]. |
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==Damage and casualties== |
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[[Image:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - affected countries.png|thumb|310px|Countries most directly affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.]] |
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The [[death toll]] from the earthquake, the tsunamis and the resultant floods was reported to be |
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<!-- NOTE: The casualty total is derived from the national totals described in the relevant country sections, which are added in the casualty table. Do NOT change the total number below without updating the relevant national information and the casualty table. --> |
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more than 150,000, |
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with tens of thousands of people reported missing, and over a million left homeless. Early news reports about eight hours after the earthquake spoke of a toll only in the "hundreds", but the numbers rose steadily over the following week. |
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Relief agencies report that one-third of the dead appear to be children. This is a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and the fact that children were the least able to resist being dragged by the surging waters. [[Fisheries#Fisheries_and_communities|Coastal fishing communities]] and their fisherfolk, some of the poorest people in the region, have been the most devastated with high loss of life as well as boats and fishing gear. |
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In addition to the large number of local residents, up to 5,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak travel season were among the dead, especially [[Scandinavia]]ns [http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/12/30/quake.scandinavia.reut/index.html]. The European nation hardest hit may have been [[Sweden]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4134345.stm]. |
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[[State of emergency|States of emergency]] were declared in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Maldives]]. The [[United Nations]] has declared that the current relief operation will be the costliest one ever. [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] has stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s fear the final [[death toll]] may double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive [[humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|humanitarian response]]. |
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This is the most deadly and destructive tsunami in recorded history, the previous record being the [[1703]] tsunami at [[Awa]], Japan that killed over 100,000 people ([http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageseas/neptune-side-tsunamis.html]) and one of the ten worst earthquakes ([http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqsmosde.html]). |
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''For purposes of establishing timelines of local events, the [[time zone]]s of affected areas are: [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_3_C|UTC+3]]: (Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia, Tanzania); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_4_D|UTC+4]]: (Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_5_E|UTC+5]]: (Maldives); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_5:30_E.2A|UTC+5:30]]: (India); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_6_F|UTC+6]]: (Bangladesh, Sri Lanka); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_6:30_F.2A|UTC+6:30]]: (Cocos Islands, Myanmar); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_7_G|UTC+7]]: (Indonesia (western), Thailand); [[Time_zone#UTC_.2B_8_H|UTC+8]]: (Malaysia, Singapore). Since the quake occurred at 00:58:53 [[UTC]], add the above offsets to find the local time of the quake. A list of times can be found at [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_tz.html a USGS site].'' |
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{{2004 Indian Ocean earthquake casualties}} |
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A description of the countries most affected by the earthquake and resulting tsunamis is below. To make the article easier to read, the description of nations with a smaller number of casualties, as well as the account of nations that have lost citizens who were travelling abroad, are listed as [[other countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. |
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===India=== |
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[[Image:Chennai damage 6.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Much of the area adjacent to the [[Marina Beach]] in [[Chennai]] was covered by water from the tsunami]] |
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{{main|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in India}} |
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The current official number of casualties in India is 8,942 [http://ndmindia.nic.in/], the overwhelming majority of them being in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. There are still about 7,000 people missing in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The estimated number of casualties in India is between 14,000 and 15,000, split roughly equally between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Indian mainland. See the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in India]] article for more. |
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===Indonesia=== |
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[[Indonesia]]'s Ministry of Health confirmed almost 80,000 dead, mainly in the northern province [[Aceh]] of the island [[Sumatra]], and have suspended counting for a few days. In addition, the [[Indonesian]] ambassador to [[Malaysia]] said that up to 400,000 may be dead in villages that "show no signs of life", though the accuracy of this claim is unknown ([http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2004/12/31/nation/9784484&sec=nation], [[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=111574]). See the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia]] article for more. |
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===Malaysia=== |
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Despite its proximity to the incident, Malaysia escaped the kind of damage that struck countries thousands of miles further away. The number of deaths currently stands at 66 with 52 in Penang, 10 in [[Kedah]], 3 in [[Perak]] and 1 in [[Selangor]]. For more information, see the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia]] article. |
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===Maldives=== |
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[[Image:wave.jpg|thumb|right|320px|[[Malé]], the capital island of [[Maldives]] was severely hit by the tsunamis.]] |
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In the [[Maldives]], 76 were killed and 32 reported missing, with both figures expected to rise as communication links are restored. For more information, see the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Maldives]] article. |
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===Myanmar (Burma)=== |
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Independent media reports 90 people killed in Myanmar due to the tsunami. For more information, see the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Myanmar (Burma)]] article. |
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===Somalia=== |
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Villages and coastal communities in [[Somalia]], as far as 4,500 km (2,800 mi) from the epicentre of the earthquake, were swept away and destroyed by the huge waves. At least 200 people are dead and more than 50,000 have been displaced. For more information, see the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Somalia]] article |
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===Sri Lanka=== |
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[[Sri Lanka]]n authorities report 46,229 confirmed deaths [http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;?type=topNews&storyID=7207349], mostly children and the elderly. The south and east coasts were worst hit. One and a half million people have been [[displaced person|displaced]] from their homes. For more information, see the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka]] article |
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===Thailand=== |
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<!-- NOTE: The account of dead and missing foreigners is on the "Countries not directly affected that have lost citizens" section of the "Other countries" article. Brief mention here of notable Thais is acceptable but details should go on separate biographical articles. --> |
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The [[Thailand|Thai]] government reports 4,510 [http://www.turkishpress.com/world/news.asp?id=041231065856.jl3bhe4q.xml] confirmed deaths, 8,953 injuries [http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=3938222] and 6,475 [http://www.turkishpress.com/world/news.asp?id=041231065856.jl3bhe4q.xml] missing. For more information, see the [[Impact of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand]] article. |
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===Other countries=== |
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''Main article: [[Other countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]'' |
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A number of other countries were also affected either directly or indirectly by the earthquake. Countries such as [[Tanzania]] lost citizens as the tsunami struck its shores and other countries suffered significant property damage. Meanwhile, nations like [[Oman]] and [[Australia]] reported only non-deadly ocean swells. Citizens from countries from around the world have been killed, or remain missing, in the aftermath of the natural disaster. Many foreigners were visiting the famed beaches of Thailand and Sri Lanka during the Christmas vacation. |
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===Casualties in historical context=== |
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[[Image:2004 indian ocean earthquake tectonic.jpg|thumb|250px|Regional map showing physiographic features, tectonic plate movements, and locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and impact craters (Credit: [[USGS]])]] |
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The [[earthquake]] was the fourth most powerful recorded since [[1899]], and the estimates of the final [[death toll]] now range from 460,000 to 650,000 due to the ensuing tsunami. The deadliest earthquakes since [[1899]] were the [[Tangshan|Tangshan, China]] [[Tangshan earthquake|earthquake of 1976]], in which at least 255,000 were killed, the [[Ashgabat]], Turkmenistan earthquake of [[1948]] (110,000), the [[Tsinghai]], China earthquake of [[1927]] (200,000), the [[Great Kanto earthquake]] which struck [[Tokyo]] in [[1923]] (143,000), and the [[Gansu]], China earthquake of [[1920]] (200,000). The deadliest known earthquake in history occurred in [[1556 Shanxi earthquake|1556 in Shaanxi, China]], with an estimated [[death toll]] of 830,000, though figures from this time period may not be reliable [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqsmajr.html]. |
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This [[2004]] tsunami appears to be the most deadly tsunami in recorded history. The most deadly tsunami in history prior to [[2004]] was the result of an earthquake near [[Awa]], [[Japan]] in [[1703]] that killed 100,000. The tsunami created by the [[1883]] explosion of [[Krakatoa]] is thought to have resulted in 36,000 deaths. The most deadly tsunami between [[1900]] and [[2004]] occurred in the [[Messina]], [[Italy]] where the earthquake and tsunami killed 70,000 in [[1908]]. The most deadly tsunami in the Atlantic resulted from the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] that, combined with the toll from the actual earthquake and resulting fires, killed over 100,000. |
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<br clear=all> |
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==Early warning systems== |
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[[Image:Tsunami size scale 26Dec2004.png|thumb|none|right|Relative size of a 10 m (33 ft) wave]] |
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''See also: [[Tsunami#Warning_systems|Tsunami - Warning systems]]'' |
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The [[death toll]] of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was particularly high due to the lack of an early warning system for tsunamis comparable to the one that has existed for the [[Pacific Ocean]] since [[1965]]. The latter [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/] was put into place in the aftermath of tsunamis resulting from the magnitude 9.2 [[Good Friday Earthquake]] of [[1964]]. |
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The first reaction of many to the disaster has been to question governmental priorities in not having constructed such a system, but as the region had not seen a large tsunami since the [[Krakatoa]] eruption of [[1883]], it was not previously felt justified. |
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The US Geological Survey has stated that if a monitoring and warning system had been in place, the loss of life could have been reduced, especially in areas that were struck by tsunamis a couple of hours after the initial tremor, such as [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]] and [[Thailand]]. |
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In the aftermath of the earthquake, there has been a flurry of proposals to extend the tsunami warning system to the Indian Ocean, and it seems likely that this will happen. [[India]] has already announced that it will do so [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-12-29-india-warning_x.htm], and [[Malaysia]] has proposed the same [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2004/12/28/nation/9760871&sec=nation]. [[Thailand]] is also expected to join; it is already a member of the Pacific tsunami warning system, but all of its ocean buoys, which relay information from wave sensors on the ocean floor, are on the east (Pacific) coast of the country. |
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Some have even proposed creating a global tsunami warning system that would cover the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Caribbean]] as well. |
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==Post-tsunami humanitarian situation== |
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''Main article: [[Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]'' |
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A great deal of [[humanitarian aid]] is needed due to widespread damage to [[infrastructure]], food and water shortages, and economic damage. [[World Health Organization]] crisis chief [[David Nabarro]] stated that the baseline for past crises suggests that a a further 50,000 deaths from diseases and other causes would not be exceptional ([http://www.reuters.co.uk/newsArticle.jhtml?type=topNews&storyID=647222]). [[Epidemic]]s are of special concern, as they are highly likely due to the high [[population density]] and [[tropical climate]] of the affected areas. The [[United Nations]] has stated that the largest relief operation in history is underway. The overwhelming concern of humanitarian and government agencies is to provide fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as [[cholera]], [[diphtheria]], [[dysentery]] and [[typhoid]]. |
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Nations all over the world have so far provided over 2 billions of [[United States dollar|U.S. dollars]] in aid for damaged regions, with the [[Government of Japan|Japan government]] offering the most at $500 million, the [[United States federal government|United States government]] offering $350 million, the [[World Bank]] offering $250 million, [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] and public offering $140 million and [[Government of Sweden|Swedish government]] and public offering $125 million. Officials estimate that billions of dollars will be needed. |
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===Conflicting priorities=== |
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Significant effort is being spent in [[burial|burying]] bodies hurriedly, explicitly to prevent the spread of disease. However, the public health threat of unburied trauma victims is not as great as that of those who die of infectious disease; the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) characterises it as "negligible" in comparison. Furthermore, improperly buried corpses may contaminate underground water supplies. Many argue that the limited resources available should be focused on the survival and health needs of the living. On the other hand, religious and cultural practices, the aesthetic distaste of unburied bodies, and the negative impact on morale of leaving the dead unattended to, continue to motivate for prompt burial. |
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*[http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/12/29/quake.corpses/index.html CNN — WHO: Corpses pose little threat] |
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*[http://slate.msn.com/id/1003473/ ''Slate'' — Are Dead Bodies Dangerous?] |
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NOTE: the above section has been included in the aftermath of the event, as it may possibly be seen by those responsible for responding, and may affect outcomes. In the longer term, it is probably off-topic and should be removed by, say, mid-January. There have been disbelieving comments (in the discussion, but since deleted); THIS IS NOT A PERSONAL OPINION: please follow the reference to World Health Organisation research before deleting. |
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RESPONSE: It was heavily POV and argumentative. Toned down, but left in. |
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--> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Donations for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] |
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*[[Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] |
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*[[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in India]] |
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*[[Effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Norway]] |
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*[[Other countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] |
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*[[List of islands in the Indian Ocean]] |
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*[[1970 Bhola cyclone]] - one of the worst natural disasters of the 20th century |
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*[[List of earthquakes]] |
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==External links== |
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'''Wikinews''' |
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* {{wikinews|Strongest earthquake in 40 years hits Southeast Asia}} |
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* {{wikinews|Tsunami Help}} - Database by SEA-EAT bloggers giving details about persons missing/found, aid efforts and ways to donate |
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'''Ongoing news collections''' |
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*[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Tsunami/ ABC News – Tsunami Disaster] USA |
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*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/indepth/tsunami/ ABC News Online – Asian Tsunami Disaster] Australia |
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*[http://www.theage.com.au/issues/asiatsunami/ The Age – Waves of Destruction] Australia |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/2004/asia_quake_disaster/default.stm BBC News – In-Depth Report: Asia Quake Disaster] UK |
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*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/asia_earthquake/ CBC News – Indepth: Disaster in Asia] Canada |
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*[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/killerwaves Channel News Asia – Special Coverage: Killer Waves] Singapore |
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*[http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/tsunami.disaster/ CNN – Special: Tsunami Disaster] USA |
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*[http://news.ft.com/cms/e7abb2ca-5776-11d9-a8db-00000e2511c8.html Financial Times News – In Depth: Asian Earthquake Disaster] UK |
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*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/tsunami/ Guardian Unlimited – Special Report: Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster] UK |
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*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/611_0,001301540000.htm Hindustan Times - The Killer Waves] India |
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*[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6758619/ MSNBC News – Asia's Deadly Tsunami] USA |
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*[http://www.nytimes.com/pages/world/worldspecial4/ New York Times – Complete Coverage] USA |
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*[http://www.news.com.au/index/0,8915,28477,00.html News Interactive – Tsunami Disaster] Australia |
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*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4245761 NPR – Tsunami Devastates Asian Nations] USA |
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*[http://www.rediff.com/news/tsunami.htm Rediff – Tsunami: Waves of Destruction] India |
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*[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/emergency/SA_TID.htm Reuters AlertNet – S. Asia Quake and Tsunamis] UK |
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*[http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1230 Scotsman – Indian Ocean Earthquake] UK |
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*[http://www.smh.com.au/specials/tsunami/ Sydney Morning Herald – Waves of Devastation] Australia |
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*[http://www.venezolano.web.ve/archives/356-Terremoto-y-Tsunami-en-el-sureste-de-Asia.html Terremoto y Tsunami en el sureste de Asia] (Venezuela - Spanish) |
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*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/section/0,,18690,00.html Times (London) – Tsunami] UK |
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*[http://www.andycarvin.com/tsunami.html Tsunami-Info.org] News and blog aggregator managed by [http://www.andycarvin.com/ Andy Carvin] |
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*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/world/issues/tsunami/ Washington Post – Tsunami in South Asia] USA |
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*[http://www.wusatv9.com/news/tsunami.aspx/ W*USA 9 – Tsunami Disaster] television station in Washington DC, USA |
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*[http://story.news.yahoo.com/fc?cid=34&tmpl=fc&in=Science&cat=Asia_Tsunami_Disaster Yahoo! News – Asia Tsunami Disaster] USA |
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*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldnewsguide/asia/ Guardian's World News Guide] for finding local news sources |
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*[http://www.haveeru.com.mv/?page=english Haveeru Daily] Maldives |
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*[http://www.tamilnet.com/ TamilNet] Sri Lanka |
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'''Headline links''' |
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*[http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/vLCE/B46020E42CECE0A3C1256F76003D51A4?OpenDocument&StartKey=South+Asia:+Earthquake+and+Tsunami+-+Dec+2004&ExpandView ReliefWeb - South Asia Earthquake and Tsunami] news stories |
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*[http://www.icsf.net/jsp/english/flashnews/flashNews.jsp International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF)] frequent news updates of impact on coastal fishing communities, plus current links to resources, images etc |
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*[http://www.rupya.com Rupya] out of [[Chennai]], India |
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*[http://www.einnews.com/srilanka/ EinNews - Sri Lanka] news links |
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*[http://www.theacademic.org/ The Academic] Sri Lanka news |
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* Asinah News from [http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/srilankanews.html Sri Lanka] - [http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/thailandnews.html Thailand] - [http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/indonesianews.html Indonesia] and [http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/indianews.html India] |
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'''Individual news articles (latest on top)''' |
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*[http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20041230/od_uk_nm/oukoe_quake_animals_1 Tsunami adds to belief in animals' "sixth sense"] ''Yahoo News'', [[2004-12-30]] |
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*[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=42170 Why Thais avoided tsunami warning: Meteorologists decided against it 'out of courtesy to tourist industry'] ''WND'' [[2004-12-30]] |
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*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,142750,00.html Raw Data: How to Help] ''FOX News'' |
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*[http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/thailandtsunami.html List of resorts on Phi Phi, Phuket, Koh Lanta, Khao Lak and Khao Sok badly damaged] ''Asinah Travel Guides'' |
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*[http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailheadlines.asp?fileid=20041229.@01&irec=0 Bodies litter Aceh as famine looms] ''The Jakarta Post'' |
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*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-12/29/content_2390146.htm Death toll in tsunami rises to 22,000 in Sri Lanka] ''Xinhua News Agency'' [[2004-12-29]] |
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*[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=365697 Asia Struggles with Disaster Aftermath] ''ABC News'' |
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*[http://www.nbc10.com/news/4026938/detail.html Tsunami Caught on Video Camera] ''NBC'' (''Or see video links below'') |
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*[http://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=142 Latest Updates] ''Minivan'' (Maldivian news source) |
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*[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/124175/1/.html British tourist among 15 dead as tsunamis lash Maldives] ''Channel News Asia'', [[2004-12-27]] at 00:50 (GMT +8) |
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*[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Tsunami-kills-10-in-Burma/2004/12/27/1103996445858.html?oneclick=true Ten Killed in Burma] ''SMH'' [[2004-12-27]] |
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*[http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/12/26/asia.quake/index.html Asia quake death toll nears 10,000] ''CNN'', [[2004-12-26]] at 13:42 EST |
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*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/971320.cms Over 1800 killed in South India] ''Times of India'' |
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*[http://www.ndtv.com/environment/Earthquake.asp?id=15959&callid=0 Tsunami hits south, southeast Asia; 9,000 feared dead] ''New Delhi Television'' |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4125481.stm Sea surges kill thousands in Asia] ''BBC News'' [[2004-12-26]] |
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*[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,11785540%255E401,00.html Huge earthquake wreaks havoc] ''The Weekend Australian,'' [[2004-12-26]] |
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*[http://indonesia.united.co.uk/ List of organizations providing assistance and help to the victims of Indonesia Tsunamis] |
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*[http://thanks4supporting.us/tsunami Tsunami Leaving Asia All Shook Up] |
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===Videos and photos=== |
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{{commons|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake}} |
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'''Videos''' |
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*[http://believeinmagic91.blogspot.com/ ALL videos and torrents.] |
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*[http://video.contemporaryinsanity.org/ 5 different videos (wmv/avi format)] |
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*[http://www.thestatrix.com/archives/2004/12/tsunami_video.html 5 First-Hand Camcorder Videos] [[Bittorrent|Torrents]] of the tsunami as it hit Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Malaysia. Requires Blogtorrent (free, 2.3M) or similar [[Bittorrent#Software|BitTorrent client]]. (thestatrix.com) |
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*[http://www.thestatrix.com/archives/2004/12/another_tsunami.html Torrent of 2 minute video] of the tsunami overtaking a luxury resort. (thestatrix.com) |
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*[http://crackhouse.blogspot.com Downloads include nearly all known footage] 220MB worth using BlogTorrent for ease of use. |
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*[http://www.waveofdestruction.org/videos Videos from the aftermath of the Asia Tsunami.] |
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*[http://snipurl.com/bnd0 Video from Patong beach hotel] (snipurl.com) |
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*[http://snipurl.com/bnd2 Video from Sri lanka beach hotel] (snipurl.com) |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/news_web/video/40667000/nb/40667325_nb_16x9.ram BBC video about the tsunami] (requires [[mplayer|RealVideo codec]]) |
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*[http://www.sinchew-i.com/special/indonearthquake/video/tsunami128.wmv Tsunami in Penang Malaysia, video taken on 26 December.] |
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* Numerous amateur video clips available on [[eDonkey]]/[[eMule]] [[P2P]] networks. ''(use at own risk: [http://prdownloads.sf.net/emule/eMule0.44d-Installer.exe eMule program download] and [http://www.emule-project.net/home/perl/help.cgi?l=1 installation support])'' |
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*[http://www.waveofdestruction.org/ Photos and Videos from the aftermath of the Asia Tsunami.] |
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*[http://azie.yule.nl/HELP_WCS_CW_HIGH.wmv Your help is needed] 40 MB |
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*[http://believeinmagic91.blogspot.com/ All videos torrents] |
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'''Photos''' |
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*[http://www.waveofdestruction.org/satellite.php Satellite photos with DHTML image comparison]. |
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*[http://www.waveofdestruction.org/photos Photos from the aftermath of the Asia Tsunami.] |
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*[http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rother-sun.com%2FErfahrungsberichte.htm&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools Photos out at sea from Phuket as it happened] |
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*[http://blog.ceneus.com/aftermath_12_26_tsunami_sri_lanka.html Aftermath of the 2004-12-26 Tsunami in Sri Lanka] |
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*[http://vakaruge.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=My_eGallery&file=index&do=showgall&gid=2 A collection of photos from Male', Maldives] |
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*[http://snipurl.com/bo10 Yahoo! Slideshows - Asian Tsunami Disaster] |
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*[http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/qb/srilanka_kalutara_flood_dec26_2004_dg.jpg Kalutara, Sri Lanka] Quickbird satellite image, ''DigitalGlobe Inc.'', [[2004-12-26]] |
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*[http://www.digitalglobe.com/press/images_media.shtml Banda Aceh, Indonesia] Quickbird satellite image, ''DigitalGlobe Inc.'', [[2004-12-28]] |
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*[http://www.digitalvoodoo.de/blog/archives/asien/phi-phi-island-verwuestet.php Photos after the destruction of Koh Phi Phi Island] |
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*[http://news.search.yahoo.com/search/news/?ei=UTF-8&c=news_photos&p=earthquake&datesort=1 AP photos from the affected areas] |
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*[http://www.senses0.org.mv/tsunami_aftermath/ Photos from Malé, Maldives] |
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*[http://www.darkmoon.mv/wave/ More photos from Malé] |
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*[http://www.thailand-photos.net/gallery/showgallery.php/cat/523 Thailand-Photos.net: Tsunami photos from Patong beach few hours after the disaster] |
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*[http://www.pbase.com/issels/phuket_tsunami&page=all Photo sequence of tsunami flooding in Phuket (Thailand) resort.] |
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*[http://www.pbase.com/issels/root Photos from Phuket at the time of the disaster] |
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*[http://www.jeffhock.com/pics/04_12b/index.html More photos and story from Phuket, Thailand from the beginning of the tsunami] |
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*[http://www.jeffhock.com/pics/04_12c/index.html The aftermath story and photos of several cities on Thailand] |
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*[http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/tsunami/tsunami.html Satellite images of a few tsunami-affected coasts and islands (National University of Singapore)] |
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===Forums and discussion=== |
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<center>''Sites to help family and friends locate missing loved ones are listed on [[Other_countries_affected_by_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake#Links_to_search_for_missing_people|this section]] of the [[Other countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] page''</center> |
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<!-- Please put all sites to identify missing or lost in the correct page on the "Other countries..." page --> |
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*[http://www.digitaldivide.net/community/disaster-relief Digital Divide Network: Disaster Relief/Emeregency Response Forum] |
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*http://www.tsunami-videos.com/board |
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*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/29/161219 Aceh: A Victim of Tsunami & Occupation; Will the Indonesian Army Use the Tsunami As A Cover to Continue Its Slaughter of the People of Aceh?] |
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*[http://www.bcz.com/cgi-bin/members/clubs.cgi?clubid=9990181674293 BCZ.com Clubs] News and Media / December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and [http://special.bcz.com/cgi-bin/memorial/Dec26_2004/lotus.cgi BCZ - Float A Lotus Memorial] |
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*[http://www.ceneus.com/tsunami/ Condolence Book] Offer your condolences to the victims of the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake |
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'''Blogs''' |
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*[http://www.waveofdestruction.org/ Photos and Videos from the aftermath of the Asia Tsunami, updated hourly.] |
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*[http://believeinmagic91.blogspot.com/ Blog with all the videos] |
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*[http://www.rupya.com Rupya - Tsunami Relief measures and Updated News Blog] out of [[Chennai]], India |
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*[http://tsunamipenang.blogspot.com/ Tsunami Disaster in Malaysia and Thailand Blog] Latest news,stories, and donation information for the tsunami victims in Malaysia. |
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*[http://tsunamihelp.blogspot.com/ SEA-EAT South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami Blog] News and information about resources, aid, donations and volunteer efforts. Also redirected from http://asiaquake.org/ |
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*[http://nipun.charityfocus.org/pp ProPoor Blog] Information on grassroot ways to help. |
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*[http://indonesiahelp.blogspot.com/ Indonesia HELP] Aid and donations information for earthquake and tsunami victims in Aceh & North Sumatra (Indonesia) |
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*[http://survivors.aidindia.org/ AID India Updates] Live updates from the ground zero at Tamil Nadu and the Andaman Islands from AID India |
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*[http://tsunamihelpindia.blogspot.com/ Tsunami Help India] spun off from [http://sumankumar.com/ Sumankumar's yak pad] out of Chennai, India |
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*[http://www.thiswayplease.com/extra.html This Way Please's Extra Extra] out of [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka |
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*[http://phukettsunami.blogspot.com/ PHUKET TSUNAMI first hand experiences] Weblog from Rick Von Feldt who was in Pukhet during the tsunami. Includes first hand experiences, stories and photos |
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*[http://www.urban75.org/news/maldives.html urban75] a first hand account from the Maldives |
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*[http://blog.ceneus.com ceneus.blog] - Blogging a Tragedy, Sri Lanka |
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*[http://www.primary0.mv/ primary0] Views of a Maldivian. |
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*[http://www.nomadlife.org nomadlife.org] - [[AIESEC]] oriented coverage on the earthquake. DS AS |
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===Background information=== |
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*[http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317914/us53775/us221719/us1134460/ LookSmart - Tsunamis and Tidal Waves] directory category |
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*[http://dmoz.org/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Geologic_Hazards/Tsunami/ Open Directory Project - Tsunami] directory category |
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*[http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Earth_Sciences/Oceanography/Physical_Oceanography/Waves/Tsunamis/ Yahoo! - Tsunamis] directory category |
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*[http://www.bgr.de/b322/text/e_sunda.htm 1998 geoscientific investigations] of the active convergence zone between the east [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] and [[Indo-Australian Plate|Indo-Australian]] Plates (GINCO I), carried out along the [[Sunda Arc]] |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/ PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes] |
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* British Foreign Office [http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029390590&a=KCountryAdvice&aid=1013618386199 advice] for the Maldives. |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4130127.stm BBC News: World helps - but will it forget?] |
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*[http://www.bigelow.org/virtual/handson/tsunami.html Tsunami Experiment] |
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*[http://www.penmachine.com/2004/12/answers-to-tsunami-questions.html Answers to tsunami questions] and [http://www.penmachine.com/2004/12/tsunami-info.html Tsunami info] (penmachine.com) |
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'''Earthquakes and tsunamis''' - ''Main pages are [[Earthquake]] and [[Tsunami]]'' |
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*[http://tsunami.geo.ed.ac.uk/local-bin/quakes/mapscript/demo_run.pl Global Earthquake Report – chart updated with each new earthquake or aftershock] |
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*[http://www.nio.org/jsp/tsunami.jsp National Institute of Oceanography, India - 26 December 2004 Tsunami] |
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*[http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/wmsg NOAA – Pacific Tsunami report] [[December 27]] |
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*[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usslav.htm USGS - Magnitude 9.0 – OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA] ''[[USGS]],'' [[December 26]], [[2004]] at 00:58:50 [[UTC]]. |
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*[http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_ts.html USGS – Earthquake Hazards Program: Tectonic Summary] ''[[USGS]],'' [[December 26]], [[2004]] at 00:58:50 [[UTC]]. |
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*[http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900] |
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*[http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/c1187.pdf USGS – Surviving a Tsunami – Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan] |
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*[http://iri.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/ Scientific Background on the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami] |
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*[http://ioc.unesco.org/itsu/ ITSU] |
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[[Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|*]] |
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[[Category:December 2004 news|Indian Ocean earthquake]] |
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[[be:Землятрус ля Суматры 2004]] |
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[[bg:Земетресение (26 декември 2004)]] |
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[[de:Erdbeben im Indischen Ozean 2004]] |
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[[es:Terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004]] |
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[[eo:Hinda Oceana Tertremo je 2004]] |
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[[fa:زلزله‌ی ۲۰۰۴ میلادی در اقیانوس هند]] |
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[[fr:Tremblement de terre du 26 décembre 2004]] |
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[[he:רעידת האדמה במזרח אסיה (2004)]] |
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[[id:Gempa bumi Samudra Hindia 2004]] |
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[[it:Maremoto dell'Oceano Indiano]] |
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[[kn:೨೦೦೪ ಹಿ೦ದೂ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರದ ಭೂಕ೦ಪ]] |
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[[ms:Gempa bumi 26 Disember 2004]] |
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[[nl:Aardbeving Indische Oceaan 2004]] |
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[[ja:インド洋大地震 (2004年)]] |
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[[no:Jordskjelvet i Indiahavet 2004]] |
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[[pl:Trzęsienie ziemi na Oceanie Indyjskim, 2004]] |
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[[pt:Terramoto do Índico de 2004]] |
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[[ro:Cutremurul din Oceanul Indian din 2004]] |
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[[sl:Potres (Indijski ocean 2004)]] |
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[[fi:2004 Intian valtameren maanjäristys]] |
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[[sv:Jordbävningen i Indiska oceanen 2004]] |
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[[th:แผ่นดินไหวมหาสมุทรอินเดีย พ.ศ. 2547]] |
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[[uk:Землетрус в Індонезії 2004]] |
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[[zh:2004年印度洋大地震]] |
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<!--[[el:Σεισμός 26ης Δεκεμβρίου (Ινδικός ωκεανός)]]--> |
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