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==Description==
==Description==
[[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] and [[Gabriel]] and Raphael are recognized as archangels in Judaism, Islam and by most [[Christians]]. The [[Book of Tobit]]—recognized in the [[Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Books of the Bible|Bibles]], but considered [[apocrypha]]l by Protestants—mentions [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], who is also considered to be an archangel. The archangels Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are venerated in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] with a feast on September 29 (between 1921 and 1969, March 24 for Gabriel and October 24 for Raphael), and in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] on November 8 (if the Julian calendar is used, this corresponds to November 21 in the Gregorian). The named archangels in Islam are Gabriel, Michael, [[Israfil]] and [[Malak al-Maut]]. Jewish literature, such as the [[Book of Enoch]], mentions [[Metatron]] as an archangel, called the "highest of the angels", though the acceptance of this angel is not canonical in all branches of the faith.
[[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] and [[Gabriel]] and Raphael are recognized as archangels in Judaism, Islam and by some [[Christians]]. The [[Book of Tobit]]—recognized in the [[Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Books of the Bible|Bibles]], but considered [[apocrypha]]l by Protestants—mentions [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], who is also considered to be an archangel. The archangels Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are venerated in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] with a feast on September 29 (between 1921 and 1969, March 24 for Gabriel and October 24 for Raphael), and in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] on November 8 (if the Julian calendar is used, this corresponds to November 21 in the Gregorian). The named archangels in Islam are Gabriel, Michael, [[Israfil]] and [[Malak al-Maut]]. Jewish literature, such as the [[Book of Enoch]], mentions [[Metatron]] as an archangel, called the "highest of the angels", though the acceptance of this angel is not canonical in all branches of the faith.


Some branches of the faiths mentioned have identified a group of [[seven Archangels]], but the actual angels vary, depending on the source. Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are always mentioned; the other archangels vary, but most commonly include [[Uriel]], who is mentioned in ''[[2 Esdras]]''.
Some branches of the faiths mentioned have identified a group of [[seven Archangels]], but the actual angels vary, depending on the source. Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are always mentioned; the other archangels vary, but most commonly include [[Uriel]], who is mentioned in ''[[2 Esdras]]''.
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===Jehovah's Witnesses===
===Jehovah's Witnesses===
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe that there is only one archangel (Michael), based on the literal meaning of the Greek word ἀρχάγγελος: "chief angel". They also believe that the definite article at Jude 9 ("Michael ''the'' archangel") means there is only one archangel. Citing 1 Thessalonians 4:16 ([[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|NWT]]), which says: "because the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel's voice and with God's trumpet", they conclude that ''Michael'' is another name for [[Jesus]] in heaven.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does The Bible Really Teach?|pages=218–219|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref>
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe that there is only one archangel (Michael), based on the literal meaning of the Greek word ἀρχάγγελος: "chief angel", and the definite article at Jude 1:9 ("Michael ''the'' archangel"). However, Daniel 10:13 reads in their [[NWT]] ~ ''Michael, '''ONE OF''''' (echad Stong’s #H259) ''the foremost princes''. They also believe Michael is Jesus’ heavenly name,<ref>w1984/12/15 (p26) ~ "For many years Jehovah's Witnesses have taught that Michael is a heavenly name for the only-begotten Son of God, who was named Jesus while on earth."</ref> based on 1 Thessalonians 4:16: "the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel's voice and with God's trumpet". On the other hand, Awake 2002/2/8 (p17) admits: ''“there is '''no statement in the Bible''' that categorically identifies Michael the archangel as Jesus”''.

Their publication, ''What Does the Bible Really Teach?''
<ref>https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/bible-teach/who-is-michael-the-archangel-jesus/</ref>
asks (in the Appendix), '''''“Who Is Michael the Archangel?”'''''. Their answer has changed dramatically over the years.

1. '''Michael is not the Son of God'''.<ref>''“Hence it is said, "Let all the angels of God worship him;"
[that must include Michael, the chief angel, hence MICHAEL IS NOT THE SON OF GOD] & the
reason is, because He has "by inheritance obtained a more excellent Name than they."'' ~ zwt/Nov 1879, p.48</ref>

2. '''Michael is an angel that worships Jesus'''.<ref>''”He of whom is was said, "Let all the angels of God worship him," [that must include Michael,]….”'' ~ Zion’s Watch Tower zwt/July 1879, p.9</ref>

3. Michael is the Pope / the Antichrist.<ref>''“Michael & his angels"--the '''papacy''' & its supporters--fought against the dragon--pagan rulers, etc.,-- & the great dragon was cast out of heaven…. However, it
seemed puzzling at first to know why this name should be given to '''antichrist'''…."'' ~ zwt/Dec 1879,
p.55</ref>, <ref>same wording in zwt/Dec 1881, p.306</ref>, <ref>''"Michael. - "Who as God," the Pope. -B275; C62. And his angels. -The Bishops."'' ~ The Finished Mystery, 1917, p.188</ref>

4. Michael is the pre-human Jesus.<ref>''“While we are not directly told who is Jehovah's
chief-messenger, except that his name was called Michael, the thought suggests itself, Can it be that
he who was called Michael—Jehovah's chief-messenger—was none other than our Lord in his
PRE-HUMAN condition? .... We reason that this Great Prince-Michael-Jehovah’s chief-messenger, is
none other than the Lord of glory….”'' ~ zwt/June 1883, p.490</ref>, <ref>“our Lord, in his prehuman condition as Michael, the Logos” ~ zwt/June 1, 1899, p.2477</ref>

5. Michael is the post-human Jesus.<ref>''“At that time shall Michael [Christ] stand up [assume
control], & there shall be a time of trouble such as was not since there was a nation.”'' ~ zwt/Oct 1889,
p.1155</ref>, <ref>“And at that time shall Michael [Christ] stand up [to render judgment], & there shall be a time of trouble such as was not since there was a nation -- no, nor ever shall be (afterward)” zwt/July 1891, p.1308</ref>, <ref>“at that time -Michael [Christ] shall stand up . . . . & there shall be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation.” ~ zwt/July 15, 1892, p.1427</ref>, <ref>''“There shall be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation” --& at that time, to
intercept that trouble, & to save mankind from self-destruction in anarchy, Michael, the great Prince
(Christ) shall stand up, the leader & the commander of the people.”'' ~ zwt/Dec 1, 1898, p.2394</ref>

6. Michael is the post-human Jesus (who came for his Bride in '''1874'''). <ref>''“Nor will we here, again
present the conclusive Bible proof that our Lord came for his Bride in 1874….”'' ~ zwt/Nov 1880,
p.152</ref>

7. Michael is Jesus the Messiah.<ref>''“The Apostle quotes this to prove that, although Messiah as
Michael the archangel had been great even before David’s time....”'' ~ zwt/May 1, 1897, p.2149</ref>, <ref>''“At that time shall Michael [the Godlike One – Messiah] stand up.’ (Da.12:1.) He will assume
authority.”'' ~ The Finished Mystery, 1917, p.252</ref>

8. Michael is Jesus.<ref>''“The Resurrection & The Life”. He can / did
/ would rebuke Satan.} “all who die, good & bad alike, go to sheol, the grave, the state of death, the
sleep from which naught can awaken except the resurrection power of Michael, the arch-angel”'' ~
zwt/June 15, 1897, p.2173</ref>

The name “'''Jesus'''” is found '''987x''', & the name “'''Michael'''” is found '''2x''', in the NASB NT.

His heavenly name “Jesus” is specifically mentioned 350x after the 4 Gospels, & at the beginning,
the end, & throughout Revelation (Rev.1:1,2,5,9,9; 12:17; 14:12; 17:6; 19:10,10; 20:4; 22:16,20,21).<ref>https://www.blueletterbible.org/</ref>


===Latter Day Saints===
===Latter Day Saints===

Revision as of 16:05, 29 August 2016

This article is about the spiritual beings. For other uses, see Archangel (disambiguation).
The Annunciation by Paolo de Matteis

An archangel /ˌɑːrkˈeɪndʒəl/ is an angel of high rank. Beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of religious traditions; but the word "archangel" itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions.

The word archangel is derived from the Greek ἀρχάγγελος (arch- + angel, literally chief angel).[1]

Description

Michael and Gabriel and Raphael are recognized as archangels in Judaism, Islam and by some Christians. The Book of Tobit—recognized in the Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, but considered apocryphal by Protestants—mentions Raphael, who is also considered to be an archangel. The archangels Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are venerated in the Roman Catholic Church with a feast on September 29 (between 1921 and 1969, March 24 for Gabriel and October 24 for Raphael), and in the Eastern Orthodox Church on November 8 (if the Julian calendar is used, this corresponds to November 21 in the Gregorian). The named archangels in Islam are Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Malak al-Maut. Jewish literature, such as the Book of Enoch, mentions Metatron as an archangel, called the "highest of the angels", though the acceptance of this angel is not canonical in all branches of the faith.

Some branches of the faiths mentioned have identified a group of seven Archangels, but the actual angels vary, depending on the source. Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are always mentioned; the other archangels vary, but most commonly include Uriel, who is mentioned in 2 Esdras.

In Zoroastrianism, sacred texts allude to the six great Amesha Spenta (literally "Bounteous/Holy Immortals")[2] of Ahura Mazda.

In Zoroastrianism

See also: Amesha Spenta

An increasing number of experts in anthropology, theology and philosophy, believe that Zoroastrianism contains the earliest distillation of prehistoric belief in angels.[3]

The Amesha Spentas of Zoroastrianism are likened to archangels. They individually inhabit immortal bodies that operate in the physical world to protect, guide, and inspire humanity and the spirit world. The Avesta explains the origin and nature of archangels or Amesha Spentas.[3]

To maintain equilibrium, Ahura Mazda engaged in the first act of creation, distinguishing his Holy Spirit Spenta Mainyu, the Archangel of righteousness. Ahura Mazda also distinguished from himself six more Amesha Spentas, who, along with Spenta Mainyu, aided in the creation of the physical universe. Then he oversaw the development of sixteen lands, each imbued with a unique cultural catalyst calculated to encourage the formation of distinct human populations. The Amesha Spentas were charged with protecting these holy lands and through their emanation, also believed to align each respective population in service to God.[4]

The Amesha Spentas (amesha meaning eternal & spenta meaning brilliance and beneficence) as attributes of God are:

  1. Spenta Mainyu (Phl. Spenamino): lit. 'Bountiful Spirit'
  2. Asha Vahishta (Phl. Ardwahisht): lit. 'Highest Truth'
  3. Vohu Mano (Phl. Vohuman): lit. 'Righteous Mind'
  4. Khshathra Vairya (Phl. Shahrewar): lit. 'Desirable Dominion'
  5. Spenta Armaiti (Phl. Spandarmad): lit. 'Holy Devotion'
  6. Haurvatat (Phl. Hordad): lit. 'Perfection or Health'
  7. Ameretat (Phl. Amurdad): lit. 'Immortality'

In Judaism

Jacob wrestling with the Angel by Gustave Doré 1885

The Hebrew Bible uses the ter. מלאכי אלוהים (malakhi Elohim; Angels of God),[5] The Hebrew word for angel is "malach," which means messenger, for the angels are God's messengers to perform various missions. מלאכ י י (malakhi Adonai; Angels of the Lord),[6] בני אלוהים (b'nai elohim; sons of God) and הקדושים (ha-q'doshim; the holy ones) to refer to beings traditionally interpreted as angelic messengers. Other terms are used in later texts, such as העליונים (ha-elyonim, the upper ones, or the ultimate ones). Indeed, angels are uncommon except in later works such as the Book of Daniel, though they are mentioned briefly in the stories of Jacob (who, according to several interpretations, wrestled with an angel) and Lot (who was warned by angels of the impending destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah). Daniel is the first biblical figure to refer to individual angels by name.[7] It is therefore widely speculated that Jewish interest in angels developed during the Babylonian captivity.[8] According to Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish of Tiberias (230–270 CE), specific names for the angels were brought back by the Jews from Babylon.

There are no explicit references to archangels in the canonical texts of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). In post-Biblical Judaism, certain angels came to take on a particular significance and developed unique personalities and roles. Though these archangels were believed to have rank amongst the heavenly host, no systematic hierarchy ever developed. Metatron is considered one of the highest of the angels in Merkavah and Kabbalist mysticism and often serves as a scribe. He is briefly mentioned in the Talmud,[9] and figures prominently in Merkavah mystical texts. Michael, who serves as a warrior and advocate for Israel (Daniel 10:13), is looked upon particularly fondly. Gabriel is mentioned in the Book of Daniel (Daniel 8:15–17) and briefly in the Talmud,[10] as well as many Merkavah mystical texts. The earliest references to archangels are in the literature of the intertestamental periods (e.g., 4 Esdras 4:36).

In the Kabbalah there are ten archangels, each assigned to one sephira: Metatron, Raziel (other times Jophiel), Tzaphkiel, Tzadkiel, Khamael, Raphael, Haniel, Michael, Gabriel, and Sandalphon. Chapter 20 of the Book of Enoch mentions seven holy angels who watch, that often are considered the seven archangels: Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, Uriel, Saraqael, Raguel, and Remiel.[11] The Life of Adam and Eve lists the archangels as well: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael and Joel. Medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides made a Jewish angelic hierarchy.

In Christianity

Guido Reni's Archangel Michael Trampling Lucifer, 1636.

The New Testament speaks frequently of angels (for example, angels giving messages to Mary, Joseph, and the shepherds; angels ministering to Christ after his temptation in the wilderness, an angel visiting Christ in his agony, angels at the tomb of the risen Christ, the angels who liberate the Apostles Peter and Paul from prison); however, it uses the word "archangel" only twice. The earlier mention is in 1 Thessalonians: "For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first" (King James Version);[12] "For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first" (English Standard Version).[13] The later mention is in the Epistle of Jude: "Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee" (King James Version)[14]

Roman Catholic

Gabriel, Michael and Raphael, depicted in stained glass in St Ailbe's Church, a Catholic church in Ireland

In Roman Catholicism, three are honored by name:

  • Gabriel
  • Michael
  • Raphael

The last-named of these identifies himself in Tobit 12:15(NAB) thus: "I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand and serve before the Glory of the Lord."

The Fourth Book of Esdras, which mentions the angel Uriel, was popular in the West and was frequently quoted by Church Fathers, especially Ambrose, but was never considered part of the Catholic biblical canon.[15]

The Catholic Church gives no official recognition to the names given in some apocryphal sources, such as Raguel, Saraqael and Remiel (Book of Enoch) or Izidkiel, Hanael, and Kepharel (other such sources).[16]

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox

Herodion of Patras and Archangel Selaphiel
Angelic Council, Orthodox icon of the seven archangels, left to right: Jegudiel, Gabriel, Selaphiel, Michael, Uriel, Raphael, Barachiel. Beneath the mandorla of Christ-Immanuel (God is with us) are representations of Cherubim (blue) and Seraphim (red).

Eastern Orthodox Tradition mentions "thousands of archangels;[17] however, only seven archangels are venerated by name.[18] Uriel is included, and the other three are most often named Selaphiel, Jegudiel, and Barachiel (an eighth, Jeremiel, is sometimes included as archangel).[19] The Orthodox Church celebrates the Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers on November 8 of Stencyl the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, November 8 falls on November 21 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). Other feast days of the Archangels include the Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel on March 26 (April 8), and the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Colossae on September 6 (September 19). In addition, every Monday throughout the year is dedicated to the Angels, with special mention being made in the church hymns of Michael and Gabriel. In Orthodox iconography, each angel has a symbolic representation:[19]

  • Michael in the Hebrew language means "Who is like God?" or "Who is equal to God?" St. Michael has been depicted from earliest Christian times as a commander, who holds in his right hand a spear with which he attacks Lucifer/Satan, and in his left hand a green palm branch. At the top of the spear there is a linen ribbon with a red cross. The Archangel Michael is especially considered to be the Guardian of the Orthodox Faith and a fighter against heresies.
  • Gabriel means "God is my strength" or "Might of God." He is the herald of the mysteries of God, especially the Incarnation of God and all other mysteries related to it. He is depicted as follows: In his right hand, he holds a lantern with a lighted taper inside, and in his left hand, a mirror of green jasper. The mirror signifies the wisdom of God as a hidden mystery.
  • Raphael means "It is God who heals" or "God Heals" (Tobit 3:17, 12:15). Raphael is depicted leading Tobit (who is carrying a fish caught in the Tigris) with his right hand, and holding a physician's alabaster jar in his left hand.
  • Uriel means "God is my light," or "Light of God" (II Esdras 4:1, 5:20). He is depicted holding a sword against the Persians in his right hand, and a flame in his left.
  • Sealtiel means "Intercessor of God." He is depicted with his face and eyes lowered, holding his hands on his bosom in prayer.
  • Jegudiel means "Glorifier of God." He is depicted bearing a golden wreath in his right hand and a triple-thonged whip in his left hand.
  • Barachiel means "Blessed by God." He is depicted holding a white rose in his hand against his breast.
  • Jerahmeel means "God's exaltation." He is venerated as an inspirer and awakener of exalted thoughts that raise a person toward God (II Esdras 4:36). As an eighth, he is sometimes included as archangel.

In the canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, 1 Enoch describes Saraqael as one of the angels that watch over "the spirits that sin in the spirit." (20:7, 8).

Protestant

The Annunciation, by Henry Ossawa Tanner

The Protestant Bible provides names for three angels: "Michael the archangel", the angel Gabriel, who is called "the man Gabriel" in Daniel 9:21 and third "Abaddon" / "Apollyon" in Revelation 9:11. Some Protestants who reject the apocrypha view Michael as the sole archangel, since he is the only one explicitly described as such in the Bible in Jude 1:9.[20][21]

Seventh-day Adventists hold that "Michael" and "archangel" are in reference to Jesus. They credit Presbyterian Matthew Henry as supporting this view.[22]

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that there is only one archangel (Michael), based on the literal meaning of the Greek word ἀρχάγγελος: "chief angel", and the definite article at Jude 1:9 ("Michael the archangel"). However, Daniel 10:13 reads in their NWT ~ Michael, ONE OF (echad Stong’s #H259) the foremost princes. They also believe Michael is Jesus’ heavenly name,[23] based on 1 Thessalonians 4:16: "the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel's voice and with God's trumpet". On the other hand, Awake 2002/2/8 (p17) admits: “there is no statement in the Bible that categorically identifies Michael the archangel as Jesus”.

Their publication, What Does the Bible Really Teach? [24] asks (in the Appendix), “Who Is Michael the Archangel?”. Their answer has changed dramatically over the years.

1. Michael is not the Son of God.[25]

2. Michael is an angel that worships Jesus.[26]

3. Michael is the Pope / the Antichrist.[27], [28], [29]

4. Michael is the pre-human Jesus.[30], [31]

5. Michael is the post-human Jesus.[32], [33], [34], [35]

6. Michael is the post-human Jesus (who came for his Bride in 1874). [36]

7. Michael is Jesus the Messiah.[37], [38]

8. Michael is Jesus.[39]

The name “Jesus” is found 987x, & the name “Michael” is found 2x, in the NASB NT.

His heavenly name “Jesus” is specifically mentioned 350x after the 4 Gospels, & at the beginning, the end, & throughout Revelation (Rev.1:1,2,5,9,9; 12:17; 14:12; 17:6; 19:10,10; 20:4; 22:16,20,21).[40]

Latter Day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) interprets the term archangel as meaning "Chief Angel",[41] Michael is the only individual so-designated in the Latter Day Saints canon.[42] It is believed that he is the head of all of the angels.[41] LDS Church doctrine also states that the archangel Michael was the first man, Adam.[43]

Though no other being is identified as an "archangel," Joseph Smith taught that the angel Gabriel was known in mortality as Noah[44] and the angel Raphael is a being of significant standing, even though he has never been identified with any mortal prophet.[45]

In Islam

See also: Islamic view of angels

In Islam, the named archangels[46] in the Qur'an include:

  • Gabriel (Jibreel in Arabic). Gabriel is said to be the archangel responsible for transmitting God's revelations to all prophets, including revealing the Quran to Muhammad and inducing him to recite it. Various hadiths (traditions) mention his role in delivering messages from "God the Almighty" to the prophets.
  • Michael (Meekail in Arabic). Michael is often depicted as the archangel of mercy who is responsible for bringing rain and thunder to Earth or to take death.[47]
  • Raphael (Israfeel in Arabic). According to tradition, Israfeel is the angel responsible for signaling the coming of Judgment Day by blowing a horn/trumpet. It translates in Hebrew as Raphael.[48]
  • Azrael (Azriel in Arabic). Angel of death.

Other traditions

Occultists sometimes associate archangels in Kabbalistic fashion with various seasons or elements, or even colors. In some Kabbalah-based systems of ceremonial magic, all four of the main archangels (Gabriel, Michael, Raphael and Uriel) are invoked as guarding the four quarters, or directions, and their corresponding colors are associated with magical properties.[49] Lucifer or Sataniel in Judeo-Christian traditions, or Iblis in Islam, is considered an archangel by Satanists and many non-Satanists, but non-Satanists consider him evil and fallen from God's grace.

Cultural references

Annunciatory Angel, by Fra Angelico, 1437-1446

In art, archangels are sometimes depicted with larger wings. Some of the more commonly represented archangels are Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel.[50]

In the lesser ritual of the pentagram, the invocation includes the words "Before me Raphael; Behind me Gabriel; On my right hand Michael; On my left hand Auriel [Uriel]..."[51]

In popular culture

Archangels are portrayed in numerous films and TV-series.

See also

References

  1. ^ "archangel". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  2. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica, "amesha spenta"". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  3. ^ a b Mary Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism Volume One: The Early Period, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1975
  4. ^ Zend Avesta FARGARD XXII (Page 199) Mary Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism Volume One: The Early Period, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1975. (1989 edition ISBN 9004088474)
  5. ^ Davidson, Baruch S. "What Are Angels?". Chabad.org. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  6. ^ DEATH, ANGEL OF "the "destroying angel" ("mal'ak ha-mashḥit")" Jewish Encyclopedia
  7. ^ Ludwig Blau; Kaufmann Kohler (1908). "ANGELOLOGY". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  8. ^ Judaism: The Postexilic Period International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
  9. ^ Sanhedrin 38b and Avodah Zarah 3b.
  10. ^ cf. Sanhedrin 95b
  11. ^ Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, p. 54, ISBN 9780199743919
  12. ^ 1Thessalonians 4:16
  13. ^ 1Thessalonians 4:16
  14. ^ Jude 1:9
  15. ^ "Souvay, Charles. "Esdras." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 5 Aug. 2013". Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  16. ^ "Driscoll, James F. "St. Raphael." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 5 Aug. 2013". Newadvent.org. 1911-06-01. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  17. ^ anaphora, Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
  18. ^ The World of The Angels Holy Transfiguration Russian Orthodox Church, Baltimore MD
  19. ^ a b Nicholai Velimirovic, November 8 Prologue From Ochrid
  20. ^ Graham, Billy (1995) Angels Thomas Nelson Inc, ISBN 9780849938719, p. PT31
  21. ^ Graham (1995) p. PT32
  22. ^ "SDAnet, "Questions on Doctrine: Christ, and Michael and Archangel"". Sdanet.org. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  23. ^ w1984/12/15 (p26) ~ "For many years Jehovah's Witnesses have taught that Michael is a heavenly name for the only-begotten Son of God, who was named Jesus while on earth."
  24. ^ https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/bible-teach/who-is-michael-the-archangel-jesus/
  25. ^ “Hence it is said, "Let all the angels of God worship him;" [that must include Michael, the chief angel, hence MICHAEL IS NOT THE SON OF GOD] & the reason is, because He has "by inheritance obtained a more excellent Name than they." ~ zwt/Nov 1879, p.48
  26. ^ ”He of whom is was said, "Let all the angels of God worship him," [that must include Michael,]….” ~ Zion’s Watch Tower zwt/July 1879, p.9
  27. ^ “Michael & his angels"--the papacy & its supporters--fought against the dragon--pagan rulers, etc.,-- & the great dragon was cast out of heaven…. However, it seemed puzzling at first to know why this name should be given to antichrist…." ~ zwt/Dec 1879, p.55
  28. ^ same wording in zwt/Dec 1881, p.306
  29. ^ "Michael. - "Who as God," the Pope. -B275; C62. And his angels. -The Bishops." ~ The Finished Mystery, 1917, p.188
  30. ^ “While we are not directly told who is Jehovah's chief-messenger, except that his name was called Michael, the thought suggests itself, Can it be that he who was called Michael—Jehovah's chief-messenger—was none other than our Lord in his PRE-HUMAN condition? .... We reason that this Great Prince-Michael-Jehovah’s chief-messenger, is none other than the Lord of glory….” ~ zwt/June 1883, p.490
  31. ^ “our Lord, in his prehuman condition as Michael, the Logos” ~ zwt/June 1, 1899, p.2477
  32. ^ “At that time shall Michael [Christ] stand up [assume control], & there shall be a time of trouble such as was not since there was a nation.” ~ zwt/Oct 1889, p.1155
  33. ^ “And at that time shall Michael [Christ] stand up [to render judgment], & there shall be a time of trouble such as was not since there was a nation -- no, nor ever shall be (afterward)” zwt/July 1891, p.1308
  34. ^ “at that time -Michael [Christ] shall stand up . . . . & there shall be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation.” ~ zwt/July 15, 1892, p.1427
  35. ^ “There shall be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation” --& at that time, to intercept that trouble, & to save mankind from self-destruction in anarchy, Michael, the great Prince (Christ) shall stand up, the leader & the commander of the people.” ~ zwt/Dec 1, 1898, p.2394
  36. ^ “Nor will we here, again present the conclusive Bible proof that our Lord came for his Bride in 1874….” ~ zwt/Nov 1880, p.152
  37. ^ “The Apostle quotes this to prove that, although Messiah as Michael the archangel had been great even before David’s time....” ~ zwt/May 1, 1897, p.2149
  38. ^ “At that time shall Michael [the Godlike One – Messiah] stand up.’ (Da.12:1.) He will assume authority.” ~ The Finished Mystery, 1917, p.252
  39. ^ “The Resurrection & The Life”. He can / did / would rebuke Satan.} “all who die, good & bad alike, go to sheol, the grave, the state of death, the sleep from which naught can awaken except the resurrection power of Michael, the arch-angel” ~ zwt/June 15, 1897, p.2173
  40. ^ https://www.blueletterbible.org/
  41. ^ a b "The Guide to the Scriptures: Archangel". lds.org/scriptures. LDS Church. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  42. ^ Jude 1:9 KJV (LDS)
  43. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 128:20–21; Petersen, Mark E. (November 1980), "Adam, the Archangel", Ensign.
  44. ^ Skinner, Andrew C (1992), "Noah", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1016–1017, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140.
  45. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 128:21
  46. ^ Lewis, James R.; Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy (2008). Angels A to Z. Visible Ink Press. p. xviii. ISBN 9781578592579.
  47. ^ Quran 2:98
  48. ^ Quran 69:13
  49. ^ The Pagan's Path, Metaphysics 101: The Archangels
  50. ^ Angels in Art on HumanitiesWeb
  51. ^ "On the Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram" from The Internet Book of Shadows at Sacred-texts.com

Bibliography

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&diff=prev&oldid=736750232

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