Cannabis Sativa

thcscience_admin
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 735586053 by 24.119.20.133 (talk) Sweeping, non neutral changes. Discuss on the talk page, first. Please log in to your account and stop edit warring.
24.119.20.133 (talk)
Opens intro with explanation of the theory, rather than rebuttals to the theory; provides intro to historical context; quote from architect of Nazi policies on his motivations and goals
Line 1: Line 1:
{{About|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust|the history of German gun laws|Gun legislation in Germany}}
{{About|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust|the history of German gun laws|Gun legislation in Germany}}


The '''Nazi gun control theory''' is [[counterfactual history]], which is a form of history that attempts to answer "[[wiktionary:what if|what if]]" questions known as counterfactuals.<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> According to this theory, the gun regulations enforced by the [[Third Reich]] rendered victims of [[the Holocaust]] weaker to such an extent that they could have more effectively resisted oppression if they had been armed or better armed.
According to Nazi Gun Control theory, the gun regulations enforced by the [[Third Reich]] rendered all of the citizens of the occupied territories in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, the opponents of the Nazi ideology within Germany, the Jewish peoples across occupied Europe, and the victims of [[the Holocaust]] weaker to such an extent that they could have more effectively resisted oppression if they had been armed or better armed. More broadly, the theory views Hitler's Gun Control policies across all of the territories occupied by Nazi forces as a strategic military tactic designed to suppress dissent/acts of civil disobedience and to either prevent or rapidly crush any and all uprisings that might be waged by the conquered peoples, even when those uprisings/acts of civil disobedience/dissent were clearly justified. <ref name=Knox2009p286/>

Proponents of Nazi Gun Control Theory consider Nazi Gun Control policies as having been instrumental to the expansion and maintenance of the Nazi Party's military, political and social domination within the Nazi Reich and the occupied territories (France, Poland, etc.) , as well as in the concentration camps, not just in a hypothetical way that cannot be tested or proven, but in a factual way that is readily apparent in the history of the rise and fall of the Nazi regime and of other similar regimes.<ref name=Knox2009p286/> Nazi Gun Control can and should be compared with the conduct, strategy, intent and outcome of gun and arms control policies during earlier military occupations and/or tyrannical governments throughout history, several of which are described in greater detail below, including but not limited to Roman, Egyptian, Spanish, Japanese and British military invasions and occupations, all of which prohibited the vast majority of the people whom they conquered and ruled over against their will and by force from bearing arms, in most cases for very similar reasons.<ref name="Appian">Appian, Civil Wars, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#116 1:116]</ref> <ref name="GermanCoastUprising">Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made, New York: Vintage Books, 1976, p. 592</ref> <ref name="AthenianConstitution">Aristotle, [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html "The Constitution of Athens"]</ref> <ref name="MandellaTrial">[http://web.archive.org/web/20061217090228/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html "Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe"] African National Congress. 16 December 1961. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.</ref> <ref name="Halbrook">Halbrook, Stephen; [http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-Nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook "How the Nazis Used Gun Control"]</ref> <ref name="PowderAlarm">Richmond, Robert P (1971). Powder Alarm 1774. Princeton, NJ: Auerbach.</ref> <ref name="Herodotus">Herodotus, [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.5.v.html "The Histories"]</ref> <ref name="GallicWars"> Julius Caesar, Commentaries of the Gallic Wars, Book VI.88</ref> <ref name=Gandhi">Gandhi, Mohandas K. "Mahatma", An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth, tr. Mahadev Desai, Part V., Ch. XXVII </ref>The impacts of these arms control policies on both the tyrannical governments' regimes and on those who sought independence from tyrannical governments and the restoration of their rights to freedom and self-government are very well studied and well understood by both modern and ancient military and political scientists and leaders alike. Opponents see '''Nazi gun control theory''' as "[[counterfactual history]]", which is a form of history that attempts to answer "[[wiktionary:what if|what if]]" questions known as counterfactuals.<ref name=Kohn2004p187/>
This theory is prevalent and primarily used within [[Gun politics in the United States|U.S. gun politics]]. Questions about its validity, and about the motives behind its inception, have been raised by scholars. Proponents in the United States have used it as part of a "[[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|security against tyranny]]" argument, while opponents have referred to it as a form of ''[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109 /> Various mainstream sources describe the theory as historically "dubious",<ref name=Nuckols130131/> "questionable",<ref name=Harcourt2004/> "preposterous,"<ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news|last1=Steinweis|first1=Alan|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0|accessdate=2016-03-15|publisher=The New York Times|date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> "tendentious",<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> and "problematic".<ref name=Kohn2004p187/>
Some commentators say this theory is prevalent and primarily used within [[Gun politics in the United States|U.S. gun politics]]. Others see Nazi Gun Control Theory as existing within a broader history of arms control policies enacted by tyrannical, imperialistic, occupying, and/or slave-holding governments, which is the view of those who originally developed the theory.<ref>Knox, Neal (2009).[https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286#v=onepage&q&f=false "The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000"] Phoenix, Arizona: MacFarlane. p. 286. ISBN 9780976863304.</ref> Questions about its validity, and about the motives behind its inception, have been raised by scholars. Proponents in the United States have used it as part of a "[[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|security against tyranny]]" argument, while opponents have referred to it as a form of ''[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109 /> On the other hand, an invocation of Hitler or Nazism is not a ''Reductio ad Hitlerum'' when it illuminates the argument instead of causing distraction from it, as it appears the vast majority of Americans would argue is the case with Nazi Gun Control Theory, since 65% of Americans believe that the right to bear arms is an effective guarantee of their liberty and an effective deterrent against the establishment of a tyrannical government (such as Hitler's Nazi Reich) within the United States.<ref>{{aut|Gabriel H. Teninbaum}}, [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1445423 Reduction ad Hitlerum: Trumping the Judicial Nazi Card]. Michigan State Law Review, Vol. 2009, p. 541-578, 2009</ref><ref>Rasmussen Reports Poll: [http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/gun_control/65_see_gun_rights_as_protection_against_tyranny "65% See Gun Rights As Protection Against Tyranny"]</ref> Various mainstream sources describe the theory as historically "dubious",<ref name=Nuckols130131/> "questionable",<ref name=Harcourt2004/> "preposterous,"<ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news|last1=Steinweis|first1=Alan|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0|accessdate=2016-03-15|publisher=The New York Times|date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> "tendentious",<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> and "problematic".<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> Various other mainstream sources consider the theory not only entirely plausible, but factual, and extremely important to the fate of human civilization, perhaps even essential to the survival of freedom and democracy. <ref>Dr. Ablow, Keith,[http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2015/10/09/ben-carson-is-right-about-jews-holocaust-and-guns.html "Why Ben Carson is Right about Jews, the Holocaust and Guns] FoxNews.com 2015</ref>


==Background and formation==
==Background and formation==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:NaziWeaponLaw1800x2667.gif|thumbnail|Regulations Against Jews' Possession of Weapons]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:NaziWeaponLaw1800x2667.gif|thumbnail|Regulations Against Jews' Possession of Weapons]] -->
⚫
Few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms in [[Germany]] in the 1930s.<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> The [[Weimar Republic]] had strict gun control laws.<ref name="Hitler">{{cite web |url= http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ |title=The Hitler gun control lie |author=Alex Seitz-Wald |work=salon.com |date=January 11, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref> When the [[Third Reich]] gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened, such as allowing ownership for Nazi party members and the military.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|672}} The laws were tightened in other ways. Nazi laws disarmed "unreliable" persons, especially [[Jews]], but relaxed restrictions for "ordinary" German citizens.<ref name=Harcourt2004 />{{rp|670,676}} The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<ref name=Halbrook2000 />{{rp|533,536}}


The Architect of Nazi Gun Control Policy, Reich Fuhrer Adolph Hitler, had this to say about his motives, intentions and strategy as it pertained to Gun Control within the Nazi Reich and the occupied territories across Europe: <blockquote>"The most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms. History shows that all conquerors who have allowed their subject races to carry arms have prepared their own downfall by so doing. Indeed, I would go so far as to say that the supply of arms to the underdogs is a sine qua non for the overthrow of any sovereignty. So let's not have any native militia or native police. German troops alone will bear the sole responsibility for the maintenance of law and order throughout the occupied Russian territories, and a system of military strong-points must be evolved to cover the entire occupied country." <ref name="AHitler">Adolf Hitler, dinner talk on April 11, 1942, quoted in Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations, Second Edition (1973), Pg. 425-426. Translated by Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens. </ref></blockquote>

⚫
Few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms in [[Germany]] in the 1930s<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> (although virtually all male military age German supporters of Nazism were drafted into the Nazi army, issued a gun and given orders to strip all non-supporters of Nazism of their liberty, including their right to bear arms and their right to self defense, which would not have been possible without overwhelming force of arms)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Statistics and Numbers|url = http://www.feldgrau.com/stats.html|website = www.feldgrau.com|accessdate = 2015-05-16}}</ref>. The [[Weimar Republic]] had strict gun control laws.<ref name="Hitler">{{cite web |url= http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ |title=The Hitler gun control lie |author=Alex Seitz-Wald |work=salon.com |date=January 11, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref> When the [[Third Reich]] gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened, such as allowing ownership for Nazi party members and the military.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|672}} The laws were tightened in other ways. Nazi laws disarmed "unreliable" persons, especially [[Jews]], but relaxed restrictions for "ordinary" German citizens.<ref name=Harcourt2004 />{{rp|670,676}} The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<ref name=Halbrook2000 />{{rp|533,536}}
According to [[gun rights]] activist [[Neal Knox]], the Nazi gun control theory was first suggested by Jay Simkin and [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]] (JPFO) founder [[Aaron S. Zelman]] in a book they published in 1992. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings for what became the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref name=Knox2009p286>{{cite book |last=Knox |first=Neal |year=2009 |title=The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 |publisher=MacFarlane |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=286 |isbn=9780976863304 }}</ref><ref name=Winkler2011p339>{{cite book |last=Winkler |first=Adam |year=2011 |title=Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA339 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |page=339 |isbn=9780393077414 }}</ref>
According to [[gun rights]] activist [[Neal Knox]], the Nazi gun control theory was first suggested by Jay Simkin and [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]] (JPFO) founder [[Aaron S. Zelman]] in a book they published in 1992. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings for what became the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref name=Knox2009p286>{{cite book |last=Knox |first=Neal |year=2009 |title=The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 |publisher=MacFarlane |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=286 |isbn=9780976863304 }}</ref><ref name=Winkler2011p339>{{cite book |last=Winkler |first=Adam |year=2011 |title=Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA339 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |page=339 |isbn=9780393077414 }}</ref>


Revision as of 22:32, 21 August 2016

This article is about the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust. For the history of German gun laws, see Gun legislation in Germany.

According to Nazi Gun Control theory, the gun regulations enforced by the Third Reich rendered all of the citizens of the occupied territories in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, the opponents of the Nazi ideology within Germany, the Jewish peoples across occupied Europe, and the victims of the Holocaust weaker to such an extent that they could have more effectively resisted oppression if they had been armed or better armed. More broadly, the theory views Hitler's Gun Control policies across all of the territories occupied by Nazi forces as a strategic military tactic designed to suppress dissent/acts of civil disobedience and to either prevent or rapidly crush any and all uprisings that might be waged by the conquered peoples, even when those uprisings/acts of civil disobedience/dissent were clearly justified. [1]

Proponents of Nazi Gun Control Theory consider Nazi Gun Control policies as having been instrumental to the expansion and maintenance of the Nazi Party's military, political and social domination within the Nazi Reich and the occupied territories (France, Poland, etc.) , as well as in the concentration camps, not just in a hypothetical way that cannot be tested or proven, but in a factual way that is readily apparent in the history of the rise and fall of the Nazi regime and of other similar regimes.[1] Nazi Gun Control can and should be compared with the conduct, strategy, intent and outcome of gun and arms control policies during earlier military occupations and/or tyrannical governments throughout history, several of which are described in greater detail below, including but not limited to Roman, Egyptian, Spanish, Japanese and British military invasions and occupations, all of which prohibited the vast majority of the people whom they conquered and ruled over against their will and by force from bearing arms, in most cases for very similar reasons.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]The impacts of these arms control policies on both the tyrannical governments' regimes and on those who sought independence from tyrannical governments and the restoration of their rights to freedom and self-government are very well studied and well understood by both modern and ancient military and political scientists and leaders alike. Opponents see Nazi gun control theory as "counterfactual history", which is a form of history that attempts to answer "what if" questions known as counterfactuals.[11]

Some commentators say this theory is prevalent and primarily used within U.S. gun politics. Others see Nazi Gun Control Theory as existing within a broader history of arms control policies enacted by tyrannical, imperialistic, occupying, and/or slave-holding governments, which is the view of those who originally developed the theory.[12] Questions about its validity, and about the motives behind its inception, have been raised by scholars. Proponents in the United States have used it as part of a "security against tyranny" argument, while opponents have referred to it as a form of Reductio ad Hitlerum.[13] On the other hand, an invocation of Hitler or Nazism is not a Reductio ad Hitlerum when it illuminates the argument instead of causing distraction from it, as it appears the vast majority of Americans would argue is the case with Nazi Gun Control Theory, since 65% of Americans believe that the right to bear arms is an effective guarantee of their liberty and an effective deterrent against the establishment of a tyrannical government (such as Hitler's Nazi Reich) within the United States.[14][15] Various mainstream sources describe the theory as historically "dubious",[16] "questionable",[17] "preposterous,"[18] "tendentious",[19] and "problematic".[11] Various other mainstream sources consider the theory not only entirely plausible, but factual, and extremely important to the fate of human civilization, perhaps even essential to the survival of freedom and democracy. [20]

Background and formation

The Architect of Nazi Gun Control Policy, Reich Fuhrer Adolph Hitler, had this to say about his motives, intentions and strategy as it pertained to Gun Control within the Nazi Reich and the occupied territories across Europe:

"The most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms. History shows that all conquerors who have allowed their subject races to carry arms have prepared their own downfall by so doing. Indeed, I would go so far as to say that the supply of arms to the underdogs is a sine qua non for the overthrow of any sovereignty. So let's not have any native militia or native police. German troops alone will bear the sole responsibility for the maintenance of law and order throughout the occupied Russian territories, and a system of military strong-points must be evolved to cover the entire occupied country." [21]

Few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms in Germany in the 1930s[11] (although virtually all male military age German supporters of Nazism were drafted into the Nazi army, issued a gun and given orders to strip all non-supporters of Nazism of their liberty, including their right to bear arms and their right to self defense, which would not have been possible without overwhelming force of arms)[22]. The Weimar Republic had strict gun control laws.[23] When the Third Reich gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened, such as allowing ownership for Nazi party members and the military.[17]: 672  The laws were tightened in other ways. Nazi laws disarmed "unreliable" persons, especially Jews, but relaxed restrictions for "ordinary" German citizens.[17]: 670, 676  The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.[24]: 533, 536  According to gun rights activist Neal Knox, the Nazi gun control theory was first suggested by Jay Simkin and Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (JPFO) founder Aaron S. Zelman in a book they published in 1992. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings for what became the Gun Control Act of 1968.[1][25]

In a 2000 article, author and attorney Stephen Halbrook said that he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."[24]: 485  In the article, he cites an Adolf Hitler quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."[24]: 483 [26]: 403  In his 2013 book, Halbrook adds that such victims might have successfully resisted Nazi repression if they had been armed — or better armed.[27]

Gun rights advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and National Rifle Association (NRA) leader Wayne LaPierre have proposed that Nazi Party policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective resistance.[17]: 653–5 [24]: 484 [28]: 87–8, 167–8  Associate professor of criminal justice Dyan McGuire wrote in his 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."[29]

Use and support

Halbrook, LaPierre, and Zelman have asked the counterfactual history question: What if the Nazis had not disarmed the German Jews and other groups?[11][19][27][30] The Nazi gun control theory has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in U.S. gun politics.[30][31]

Legal scholar and historian Robert Cottrol cites other authoritarian regimes such as the Khmer Rouge, and proposes they could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership. In a newspaper piece, he wrote:[31]

Could the overstretched Nazi war machine have murdered 11 million armed and resisting Europeans while also taking on the Soviet and Anglo-American armies? Could 50,000-70,000 Khmer Rouge have butchered 2-3 million armed Cambodians? These questions bear repeating. The answers are by no means clear, but it is unconscionable they are not being asked.

A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to Kristallnacht and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"[32][33]

In October 2015, Republican U. S. Presidential candidate Ben Carson said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.[34]

Reaction and opposition

In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor Mark Nuckols says Nazi gun control theories are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."[16] In his 2011 book, fellow law professor Adam Winkler says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."[30] He says the militia groups that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."[35] Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the Brady Bill "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."[36]

Because mainstream scholars argue that German gun laws were already strict prior to Hitler,[11][17][19][37] gun-control advocates may view the theory as a form of Reductio ad Hitlerum.[13] In a 2004 issue of the Fordham Law Review, legal scholar Bernard Harcourt said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.[17]: 669–670  Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."[17]: 679–680  According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"[17]: 676  but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the Weimar Republic that preceded it.[17]: 671, 677  He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist Robert Spitzer said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.[19] In reference to Halbrook's theory that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of nation-building and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."[37]: 728 

White nationalist William L. Pierce wrote in his 1994 pamphlet: "When you have read [and compare the 1928 and 1938 German gun laws], you will understand that it was Hitler's enemies, not Hitler, who should be compared with the gun-control advocates in America today."[17]: 667–8 ]].[38]

Regarding the Nazi gun control theory, anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:[11]

Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.

In the encyclopedic 2012 book, Guns in American Society, Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, Dave Kopel, and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."[19]

In January 2013, Anti-Defamation League (ADL) director Abraham Foxman said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler’s Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."[39] Later that year, Jewish groups and Jersey City, New Jersey, mayor Steven Fulop criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.[40] The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."[40]

In October 2015, and in response to comments made by Ben Carson, history professor Alan E. Steinweis wrote in a New York Times opinion piece:

The Jews of Germany constituted less than 1 percent of the country's population. It is preposterous to argue that the possession of firearms would have enabled them to mount resistance against a systematic program of persecution implemented by a modern bureaucracy, enforced by a well-armed police state, and either supported or tolerated by the majority of the German population. Mr. Carson’s suggestion that ordinary Germans, had they had guns, would have risked their lives in armed resistance against the regime simply does not comport with the regrettable historical reality of a regime that was quite popular at home. Inside Germany, only the army possessed the physical force necessary for defying or overthrowing the Nazis, but the generals had thrown in their lot with Hitler early on.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Knox, Neal (2009). The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000. Phoenix, Arizona: MacFarlane. p. 286. ISBN 9780976863304.
  2. ^ Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116
  3. ^ Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made, New York: Vintage Books, 1976, p. 592
  4. ^ Aristotle, "The Constitution of Athens"
  5. ^ "Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe" African National Congress. 16 December 1961. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
  6. ^ Halbrook, Stephen; "How the Nazis Used Gun Control"
  7. ^ Richmond, Robert P (1971). Powder Alarm 1774. Princeton, NJ: Auerbach.
  8. ^ Herodotus, "The Histories"
  9. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentaries of the Gallic Wars, Book VI.88
  10. ^ Gandhi, Mohandas K. "Mahatma", An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth, tr. Mahadev Desai, Part V., Ch. XXVII
  11. ^ a b c d e f Kohn, Abigail (2004). Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures. Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-19-515051-1.
  12. ^ Knox, Neal (2009)."The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000" Phoenix, Arizona: MacFarlane. p. 286. ISBN 9780976863304.
  13. ^ a b McMorris-Santoro, Evan (January 9, 2013). "Opponents Play The Hitler Card On Gun Control, Supporters Say It's Not Gonna Work This Time". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  14. ^ Gabriel H. Teninbaum, Reduction ad Hitlerum: Trumping the Judicial Nazi Card. Michigan State Law Review, Vol. 2009, p. 541-578, 2009
  15. ^ Rasmussen Reports Poll: "65% See Gun Rights As Protection Against Tyranny"
  16. ^ a b Nuckols, Mark (January 31, 2013). "Why the 'Citizen Militia' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harcourt, Bernard E. (2004). "On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)". Fordham Law Review. 73 (2): 653–680.
  18. ^ a b Steinweis, Alan (October 14, 2015). "Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  19. ^ a b c d e Bryant, Michael S. (May 4, 2012). "Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control". In Carter, Gregg Lee (ed.). Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 411–415. ISBN 9780313386701. OCLC 833189121. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
  20. ^ Dr. Ablow, Keith,"Why Ben Carson is Right about Jews, the Holocaust and Guns FoxNews.com 2015
  21. ^ Adolf Hitler, dinner talk on April 11, 1942, quoted in Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations, Second Edition (1973), Pg. 425-426. Translated by Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens.
  22. ^ "Statistics and Numbers". www.feldgrau.com. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
  23. ^ Alex Seitz-Wald (January 11, 2013). "The Hitler gun control lie". salon.com. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  24. ^ a b c d Halbrook, Stephen P. (2000). "Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews" (PDF). Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law. 17 (3): 483–535.
  25. ^ Winkler, Adam (2011). Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 339. ISBN 9780393077414.
  26. ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. (2008). Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations ("new" ed.). Enigma Books. p. 321. ISBN 1936274930.
  27. ^ a b Halbrook, Stephen P. (2013). Gun Control in the Third Reich. Independent Institute. ISBN 978-1-59813-162-8.
  28. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (1994). Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. OCLC 246629786.
  29. ^ McGuire, M. Dyan (2011). "Gun Control Laws". In Chambliss, William (ed.). Courts, Law, and Justice. SAGE. p. 119. ISBN 1412978572.
  30. ^ a b c Winkler, Adam (2011). Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 83. ISBN 9780393077414.
  31. ^ a b Cottrol, Robert (November 7, 1999). "The Last Line of Defense". Los Angeles Times (opinion).
  32. ^ Coscarelli, Joe. "Jewish Firearms Group Compares Bloomberg Gun Control to Genocide, Nazis", The Village Voice (March 9, 2011).
  33. ^ "Rabbi Defends Comparison of Gun Owners to Holocaust Victims", WFLD, Channel 32, Fox News, Chicago (May 3, 2011).
  34. ^ Williams, Vanessa (October 8, 2015). "Carson suggests that gun rights might have changed history for Jews in WWII". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  35. ^ Winkler, Adam (2011). Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 84. ISBN 9780393077414.
  36. ^ Winkler, Adam (2011). Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 85. ISBN 9780393077414.
  37. ^ a b Spitzer, Robert J. (2004). "Don't Know Much About History, Politics, or Theory: A Comment". Fordham Law Review. 73 (2): 721–730.
  38. ^ Pierce, William L. (1994). Title-Gun Control in Germany, 1928-1945. Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books. ISBN 0937944076.
  39. ^ "ADL Says Nazi Analogies Have No Place In Gun Control Debate" (Press release). New York: Anti-Defamation League. January 24, 2013.
  40. ^ a b Giambusso, David (December 17, 2013). "Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments". Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2015-04-19.

Further reading

Works that endorse Nazi gun control theories

  • Beck, Glenn; Balfe, Kevin; Beck, Hannah (2013). Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns. Simon and Schuster. pp. 108–128. ISBN 1476739870.
  • Halbrook, Stephen (2 December 2013). "How the Nazis Used Gun Control". National Review. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  • Kopel, David (1995). "Lethal Laws" (PDF). New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law. 15 (1): 355–398.
  • Polsby, Daniel D.; Kates, Don B. (1997). "Of Holocausts and Gun Control". Washington University Law Quarterly. 75 (3): 1237–1275.
  • Simkin, Jay; Zelman, Aaron (1992). Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. p. 139. OCLC 29535251."

Works that criticize Nazi gun control theories

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&diff=prev&oldid=735609110

Leave a Reply