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==Career==
==Career==
Sandage was one of the most influential astronomers of the 20th century.<ref>The educational website [http://www.superscholar.org/features/20-most-influential-scientists-alive-today SuperScholar] includes Sandage on its list of "The 20 Most Influential Scientists Alive Today."</ref> He graduated from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] in 1948. In 1953 he received a [[Ph.D.]] from the [[California Institute of Technology]]; the [[Germans|German]]-born Wilson Observatory-based astronomer [[Walter Baade]] was his advisor. During this time Sandage was a graduate student assistant to cosmologist [[Edwin Hubble]]. He continued Hubble's research program after Hubble died in 1953. In 1952 Baade had shaken the astronomical world by announcing<ref>In the 1952 Conference of the [[International Astronomical Union]], held in Rome</ref> his determination of two separate populations of [[Cepheid variable]] stars in the [[Andromeda Galaxy]], resulted in a doubling of the estimated [[age of the universe]] (from 1.8 to 3.6 billion years). Hubble had posited the earlier value; he had considered only the weaker Population II Cepheid variables as [[Cosmic_distance_ladder#Standard_candles|standard candles]]. Following Baade's pronouncements, Sandage showed that astronomers' previous assumption, that the brightest stars in galaxies were of approximately equal inherent intensity, was mistaken in the case of [[H II region]]s which he found not to be stars and inherently brighter than the brightest stars in distant galaxies. This resulted in another 1.5 factor increase in the calculated age of the universe, to approximately 5.5 billion years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Simon|date=November 1, 2005|title=Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe|isbn=978-0007162215
Sandage was one of the most influential astronomers of the 20th century.<ref>The educational website [http://www.superscholar.org/features/20-most-influential-scientists-alive-today SuperScholar] includes Sandage on its list of "The 20 Most Influential Scientists Alive Today."</ref> He graduated from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] in 1948. In 1953 he received a [[Ph.D.]] from the [[California Institute of Technology]]; the [[Germans|German]]-born Wilson Observatory-based astronomer [[Walter Baade]] was his advisor. During this time Sandage was a graduate student assistant to cosmologist [[Edwin Hubble]]. He continued Hubble's research program after Hubble died in 1953. In 1952 Baade had shaken the astronomical world by announcing<ref>In the 1952 Conference of the [[International Astronomical Union]], held in Rome</ref> his determination of two separate populations of [[Cepheid variable]] stars in the [[Andromeda Galaxy]], resulted in a doubling of the estimated [[age of the universe]] (from 1.8 to 3.6 billion years). Hubble had posited the earlier value; he had considered only the weaker Population II Cepheid variables as [[Cosmic_distance_ladder#Standard_candles|standard candles]]. Following Baade's pronouncements, Sandage showed that astronomers' previous assumption, that the brightest stars in galaxies were of approximately equal inherent intensity, was mistaken in the case of [[H II region]]s which he found not to be stars and inherently brighter than the brightest stars in distant galaxies. This resulted in another 1.5 factor increase in the calculated age of the universe, to approximately 5.5 billion years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Simon|date=November 1, 2005|title=Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe|isbn=978-0007162215
|accessdate=January 21, 2014}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s and well into the 1980s Sandage was regarded as the pre-eminent observational [[cosmologist]], making contributions to all aspects of the cosmological distance scale, ranging from calibrators within our own [[Milky Way]] Galaxy, to cosmologically distant galaxies.
|accessdate=January 21, 2014}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s and well into the 1980s Sandage was regarded as the pre-eminent<ref>{{cite book|last=Strobel|first=Lee|title=The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God|year=2004|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=0310259134|pages=69-70}}</ref> observational [[cosmologist]], making contributions to all aspects of the cosmological distance scale, ranging from calibrators within our own [[Milky Way]] Galaxy, to cosmologically distant galaxies.


Sandage began working at the [[Palomar Observatory]]. In 1958 he published<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sandage, A. R.|title=Current Problems in the Extragalactic Distance Scale|date=May 1958|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=127|issue=3|pages=513–526|doi=10.1086/146483|bibcode=1958ApJ...127..513S}}</ref> the first good estimate for the [[Hubble constant]], revising Hubble's value of 250 down to 75&nbsp;km/s/Mpc, which is close to today's accepted value. Later he became the chief advocate of an even lower value, around 50, corresponding to a [[Hubble age]] of around 20 billion years.
Sandage began working at the [[Palomar Observatory]]. In 1958 he published<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sandage, A. R.|title=Current Problems in the Extragalactic Distance Scale|date=May 1958|journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=127|issue=3|pages=513–526|doi=10.1086/146483|bibcode=1958ApJ...127..513S}}</ref> the first good estimate for the [[Hubble constant]], revising Hubble's value of 250 down to 75&nbsp;km/s/Mpc, which is close to today's accepted value. Later he became the chief advocate of an even lower value, around 50, corresponding to a [[Hubble age]] of around 20 billion years.

Revision as of 04:20, 21 January 2014

Allan Sandage
Born(1926-06-18)June 18, 1926
Iowa City, Iowa
DiedNovember 13, 2010(2010-11-13) (aged 84)
San Gabriel, California
NationalityUnited States
Alma materCalifornia Institute of Technology
University of Illinois
Known forcosmology
AwardsNational Medal of Science (1970)
Bruce Medal (1975)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fieldsastronomy
InstitutionsCarnegie Observatories
Doctoral advisorWalter Baade

Allan Rex Sandage (June 18, 1926 – November 13, 2010) was an American astronomer. He was Staff Member Emeritus with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California.[2] He is best known for determining the first reasonably accurate value for the Hubble constant and the age of the universe. He is also the discoverer of the first quasar.[3][4]

Asteroids discovered: 1
(96155) 1973 HA 27 April 1973

Career

Sandage was one of the most influential astronomers of the 20th century.[5] He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1948. In 1953 he received a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology; the German-born Wilson Observatory-based astronomer Walter Baade was his advisor. During this time Sandage was a graduate student assistant to cosmologist Edwin Hubble. He continued Hubble's research program after Hubble died in 1953. In 1952 Baade had shaken the astronomical world by announcing[6] his determination of two separate populations of Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda Galaxy, resulted in a doubling of the estimated age of the universe (from 1.8 to 3.6 billion years). Hubble had posited the earlier value; he had considered only the weaker Population II Cepheid variables as standard candles. Following Baade's pronouncements, Sandage showed that astronomers' previous assumption, that the brightest stars in galaxies were of approximately equal inherent intensity, was mistaken in the case of H II regions which he found not to be stars and inherently brighter than the brightest stars in distant galaxies. This resulted in another 1.5 factor increase in the calculated age of the universe, to approximately 5.5 billion years.[7] Throughout the 1950s and well into the 1980s Sandage was regarded as the pre-eminent[8] observational cosmologist, making contributions to all aspects of the cosmological distance scale, ranging from calibrators within our own Milky Way Galaxy, to cosmologically distant galaxies.

Sandage began working at the Palomar Observatory. In 1958 he published[9] the first good estimate for the Hubble constant, revising Hubble's value of 250 down to 75 km/s/Mpc, which is close to today's accepted value. Later he became the chief advocate of an even lower value, around 50, corresponding to a Hubble age of around 20 billion years.

Sandage performed photometric studies of globular clusters, and calculated their age to be at least 25 billion years. This led him to speculate that the universe did not merely expand, but actually expanded and contracted with a period of 80 billion years. The current cosmological estimates of the age of the universe, in contrast, are typically of the order of 14 billion years. As part of his studies on the formation of galaxies in the early universe, he co-wrote the paper[10] now called ELS after the authors Olin J. Eggen, Donald Lynden-Bell and Sandage, first describing the collapse of a proto-galactic gas cloud into our present Milky Way Galaxy. He later defended the paper in 1990.[11]

In his 1961 paper "The Ability of the 200-inch Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models,"[12] he suggested that the future of observational cosmology would be the search for two parameters: the Hubble constant H0 and the deceleration parameter q0. This paper influenced observational cosmology for at least three decades as it carefully laid out the types of observational tests that could be performed with a large telescope. He also published two atlases of galaxies, in 1961[13] and in 1981,[14] based on the Hubble classification scheme.

In 1962 Sandage studied the possibility of directly measuring the temporal variation of the redshift of extra-galactic sources.[15] This analysis became known as the "Sandage–Loeb test".[16]

Sandage is noted for his discovery in the M82 galaxy of jets erupting from the core. These must have been caused by massive explosions in the core, and they have apparently been occurring for at least 1.5 million years.[17]

Sandage was a prolific researcher; during his career he published over 500 papers. Until his death he continued to be an active researcher at the Carnegie Observatories, still publishing several papers a year.[18]

Personal life

In 1959, Sandage married Mary Connelley, also an astronomer, with whom he had two sons, David and John.[19] In his later life Sandage became a Christian[20] and wrote essays on the subject of religion and science.[21] On November 13, 2010, Sandage died of pancreatic cancer at his home in San Gabriel, California. He was 84 years old.[22][23][24][19]

Honors

Awards

Named after him

References

  1. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1098/rsbm.2011.0021, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2011.0021 instead.
  2. ^ "Carnegie Observatories-Pasadena". Retrieved 2009-12-04.
  3. ^ "Physics: Imagination and Reality". Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  4. ^ "New York Magazine". 25 November 1985. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  5. ^ The educational website SuperScholar includes Sandage on its list of "The 20 Most Influential Scientists Alive Today."
  6. ^ In the 1952 Conference of the International Astronomical Union, held in Rome
  7. ^ Singh, Simon (November 1, 2005). Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe. ISBN 978-0007162215. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ Strobel, Lee (2004). The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God. Zondervan. pp. 69–70. ISBN 0310259134.
  9. ^ Sandage, A. R. (May 1958). "Current Problems in the Extragalactic Distance Scale". Astrophysical Journal. 127 (3): 513–526. Bibcode:1958ApJ...127..513S. doi:10.1086/146483.
  10. ^ Eggen, O. J., Lynden-Bell, D., Sandage, A. R. (November 1962). "Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed". Astrophysical Journal. 136: 748–766. Bibcode:1962ApJ...136..748E. doi:10.1086/147433.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Sandage, A. (April 1990). "On the formation and age of the Galaxy". Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 84: 70–88. Bibcode:1990JRASC..84...70S. ISSN 0035-872X.
  12. ^ Sandage, A.R. (March 1961). "The Ability of the 200-inch Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models". Astrophysical Journal. 133 (2): 355–392. Bibcode:1961ApJ...133..355S. doi:10.1086/147041.
  13. ^ Sandage, A. R. (1961). The Hubble atlas of galaxies. Washington: Carnegie Institution. Bibcode:1961hag..book.....S. ISBN 0-87279-629-9.
  14. ^ Sandage, A.R., Tammann, G. A. (1981). A revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of bright galaxies. Washington: Carnegie Institution. Bibcode:1981rsac.book.....S. ISBN 0-87279-652-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Sandage, Allan (September 1962). "The Change of Redshift and Apparent Luminosity of Galaxies due to the Deceleration of Selected Expanding Universes". Astrophysical Journal. 136: 319-333. Bibcode:1962ApJ...136..319S. doi:10.1086/147385. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  16. ^ Corasaniti, P. S., Melchiorri, A. & Huterer, D. (2007). "Exploring the Dark Energy Redshift Desert with the Sandage-Loeb Test". Physical Review D. 75 (6): 062001. arXiv:astro-ph/0701433. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..75f2001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.75.062001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Lynds, C. R.; Sandage, A. R. (May 1963). "Evidence for an Explosion in the Center of the Galaxy M82". Astrophysical Journal. 137 (4): 1005–1021. Bibcode:1963ApJ...137.1005L. doi:10.1086/147579.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ As shown by a Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory/NASA Astrophysics Data System search that was performed in 2009
  19. ^ a b Overbye, Dennis (17 November 2010). "Allan Sandage, Astronomer, Dies at 84; Charted Cosmos's Age and Expansion". New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  20. ^ "Allan Sandage". The Telegraph. 21 November 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  21. ^ Science and the Spiritual Quest: New Essays by Leading Scientists. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 978-0415257671.
  22. ^ Allan Sandage: Astronomer widely acknowledged as among the most outstanding of the 20th century, The Independent Obituary, 22 November 2010
  23. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1038/468898a, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1038/468898a instead.
  24. ^ Beich, Eugenie (15 November 2010). "Allan Sandage, surveyor of the cosmos, dies at 84". Nature. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  • Carnegie Cosmologist Allan Sandage Dies, Sandage joined the staff of the Carnegie Observatories in 1952 and, after Hubble's death in 1953; Sandage became responsible for the cosmology program using telescopes at Mount Wilson and Palomar

Further reading

  • Alan P. Lightman and Roberta Brawer, Origins: the lives and worlds of modern cosmologists, Harvard University Press, 1990. Interviews with modern cosmologists, including Sandage.
  • Lynden-Bell, Donald; Schweizer, Francois (2012), "Allan R. Sandage, 18 June 1926 - 13 November 2010", Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society, arXiv:1111.5646, Bibcode:2011arXiv1111.5646L
  • Timothy Ferris, The Red Limit: The Search for the Edge of the Universe, Harper Perennial, 2002. Non-technical description of research, primarily up to about 1980, on cosmology; Sandage was a key figure, and features accordingly.
  • Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: the story of the scientific quest for the secret of the Universe, HarperCollins 1991, Back Bay (with new afterword), 1999. Historical account of modern cosmology told through the careers of the scientists involved, in which Sandage is the central character. Complementary to Origins.
  • Allan Sandage, The Mount Wilson Observatory. Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Sandage's account of the observatory where he worked, with the background to his own work with Hubble and others.

External links

Template:Persondata

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&diff=prev&oldid=591667737

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