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== Media coverage == |
== Media coverage == |
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According to sports historian David Wood, the Peruvian [[mass media]] |
According to sports historian David Wood, the incipient Peruvian [[mass media]] of the 1920s used football "to bind together notions of the popular, modernity and a sense of the nation as an imagined community."{{sfn|Wood|2007|p=129}} |
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The first visual recordings of football in Peru took place during the 1927 South American Championship hosted in Lima, and the first recorded scenes of the Peru national football team were subsequently shown in cinema screens.{{sfn|Wood|2007|p=129}} |
The first visual recordings of football in Peru took place during the 1927 South American Championship hosted in Lima, and the first recorded scenes of the Peru national football team were subsequently shown in cinema screens.{{sfn|Wood|2007|p=129}} |
Revision as of 05:18, 13 June 2013
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Nickname(s) | La Blanquirroja (The White and Red) Los Incas (The Incas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Association | Peruvian Football Federation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Confederation | CONMEBOL (South America) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Head coach | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Captain | Claudio Pizarro | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most caps | Roberto Palacios (128) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top scorer | Teófilo Cubillas (26)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Home stadium | Estadio Nacional | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FIFA code | PER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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FIFA ranking | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Current | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Highest | 25 (July 2011) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lowest | 91 (September 2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First international | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() (Lima, Peru; November 1, 1927) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biggest win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() (Bogotá, Colombia; August 11, 1938) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biggest defeat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() (Santa Cruz, Bolivia; June 26, 1997) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
World Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 4 (first in 1930) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Round 2, 1970 & 1978 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Copa América | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 34 (first in 1927) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Winners, 1939 and 1975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CONCACAF Gold Cup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearances | 1 (first in 2000) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Best result | Third (shared), 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
|
The Peru national football team represents Peru in international football competition and is managed by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF). The team competes against the other nine members of FIFA's CONMEBOL conference, which encompasses the countries of South America. The Peruvian team's performance has been inconsistent, although it is considered to have enjoyed two successful periods in the 1930s and 1970s.[2]
Founded in 1927, the Peru national football team plays its home matches primarily at the Estadio Nacional in Lima. Peru has won the Copa América twice, qualified for four FIFA World Cup tournaments, and participated in two Olympic tournaments. Peru's traditional footballing rival is Chile,[3] but the team also has a prominent rivalry with Ecuador. The classic colors of the team are white and red, the colors of the Peruvian flag, and the team is commonly known as la Blanquirroja (Spanish for "the white-and-red").[4]
Early in its history, Peru participated in World Cup tournaments and enjoyed victories in the 1938 Bolivarian Games and the 1939 Copa América, when it was led by Teodoro Fernández, Juan Valdivieso, and Alejandro Villanueva.[2] Peruvian football's successful period in the 1970s brought Peru back to world recognition, with players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas.[5][6] This team qualified for three FIFA World Cups and won the Copa América in 1975.
Peru's 1982 World Cup participation was its last to date: the national team has not since won a major tournament or participated in a World Cup tournament. The team was temporarily suspended from international participation by FIFA in late 2008 due to allegations of corruption involving government sport authorities and the FPF. Peru has currently appointed Uruguayan Sergio Markarián as its head coach and, after achieving third place at the 2011 Copa América, seeks to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
History
Football was introduced to Peru in the nineteenth century by British immigrants and Peruvians returning from England.[7] In 1859, Lima's British community founded the Lima Cricket Club, a sports club for practicing cricket, hockey, tennis, and football.[A][9][10] In the nearby port city of Callao, English sailors played the sport with the local workers.[B] Sports rivalries arose in Callao, between locals and foreigners, and in Lima, between elites and urban workers. Overtime, as the foreigners departed, this became a rivalry between Callao and Lima.[12][7][13] Due to these several factors, including the sport's rapid development among the urban poor of Lima's La Victoria district (thanks to the foundation of Alianza Lima in 1901), Peru formed the strongest footballing culture in the Andean region.[14]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png)
In 1912, the first Peruvian Football League tournament was organized, lasting until conflicts among the teams discontinued the league in 1921.[16] Consequently, in 1922 a central organization was created, the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF),[C] to take charge of the troubled Peruvian Football League tournament in 1926.[17] The FPF joined the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) in 1925, and (after resolving financial problems) formed a national football team in 1927.[18] Peru debuted in the 1927 South American Championship.[19]
During the 1930s, Peruvian football entered its first golden era.[2] Starting with Ciclista Lima in 1926, Peruvian clubs toured throughout Latin America. One of these tours, Alianza Lima's undefeated journey through Chile in 1935, saw the formation of "The Black Roller" (Spanish: El Rodillo Negro) composed by players such as Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Teodoro Fernández.[20][21] Sports historian Richard Witzig writes that these players "formed a soccer triumvirate unsurpassed in the world at that time".[2] Peru, which had a prior fair performance at the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930,[22] with El Rodillo Negro awed audiences at the 1936 Summer Olympics, won the inaugural Bolivarian Games in 1938, and finished the decade as South American champions.[D][23][24]
Subsequent years proved lackluster for the Peruvian team. According to historian David Goldblatt, "despite all the apparent preconditions for footballing growth and success, Peruvian football disappeared." He attributes this to the repression taken against "social, sporting and political organization among the urban and rural poor" during the 1940s and 50s.[25] During this period, Peru was generally "in the middle of the standings" at South American Championships, and barely missed the Sweden 1958 World Cup after being narrowly defeated by Brazil (which went on to win the competition).[26]
A staggering series of victories in the late 1960s, culminating in the qualification for the Mexico 1970 World Cup, brought Peru into a second golden era.[27][2] Led by players such as Héctor Chumpitaz, Hugo Sotil, and Teófilo Cubillas, Peru reached quarterfinals (knocked out by Brazil, the eventual champions), and earned the first FIFA Fair Play Trophy.[28][29] Peru next won its second Copa América in 1975 and qualified for the Argentina 1978 World Cup, ultimately reaching the competition's second round. Lastly, the squad qualified to the Spain 1982 World Cup, but exited in the first stage. Peru's elimination marked the end of a period when the team's "flowing football was admired across the globe."[30]
Renewed expectations for Peru, following the national team's failed qualification for the Mexico 1986 World Cup, centered on a young generation of Alianza Lima players known colloquially as "The Colts" (Spanish: Los Potrillos).[E] Yet, on December 8, 1987, an aircraft returning to Lima most of Alianza's team and coaching staff from Pucallpa (in the Peruvian Amazon) crashed into the Pacific Ocean, leaving among the dead several national team players (including rising sensation Luis Escobar and goalkeeper José González Ganoza) and national team coach Marcos Calderón.[32]
Peru's ensuing hiatus, ending last in both the 1990 and 1994 World Cup qualifiers, experienced a slight recovery at the end of the decade. After earning fourth place at the 1997 Copa América, the national side nearly qualified for the France 1998 World Cup, eliminated only due to a goal difference with Chile.[33] Afterwards, Peru won the 1999 Kirin Cup (sharing the title with Belgium) and gained third place at the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[34][35] However, Peru later failed to get beyond the quarterfinals in three consecutive Copa América editions and continued its unsuccessful streak of World Cup qualification for three subsequent editions. In 2009, Peru for the first time in its history ended last in CONMEBOL's World Cup qualifying round-robin tournament and was ranked by FIFA at 91 (its lowest ranking to date).
At present, Peru remains unable to qualify for a World Cup and has struggled with various player indiscipline scandals. Much of the blame for Peru's performance is placed on FPF President Manuel Burga.[36][37][38] In 2008, the Peruvian government charged Burga with corruption and made his re-election illegal. In response, FIFA suspended Peruvian Football League officials and referees, the national football team, and prevented Peru from hosting the 2009 South American Youth Championship.[39] After Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) president Arturo Woodman agreed to discuss matters and reach an agreement with the FPF, FIFA President Sepp Blatter lifted the bans and restrictions.[40] With FIFA's approval, the FPF later reappointed Burga.[41]
On July 2, 2010, Uruguayan Sergio Markarián took charge of the national team tasked with leading Peru in the 2011 Copa América and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[42] His work with the squad received positive comments from Pelé,[43] and Peru won the Kirin Cup in 2011.[44] Markarián's first challenge was another indiscipline scandal; Markarián temporarily banned Reimond Manco and John Galliquio.[45] Peru achieved third place at the 2011 Copa América, even though several of the team's key players were unavailable because of injuries.[46]
Uniform
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Alberto_Terry_Peru.png/170px-Alberto_Terry_Peru.png)
Peru's national colors are red and white.[47] The team's first uniform was made for the 1927 South American Championship; it consisted of white shorts and a shirt with red vertical stripes. For the 1930 FIFA World Cup, an all-white kit with a red collar was chosen. A third uniform was made for the 1935 South American Championship; a horizontal red stripe was added. Peru's current uniform was designed for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics; a red stripe crosses the chest diagonally from the left shoulder to the hip's right in the front and vice-versa in the back.[4]
Sports historian Jaime Pulgar Vidal Otálora explains that, to distinguish between teams wearing white kits, it was common to add a red diagonal stripe to one of the side's jerseys. He claims that this is how Peru got its red stripe.[48] In 2010, the ESPN television network placed Peru's 1978 jersey first in a list of the "Best World Cup jerseys of all time," praising its "simple yet strikingly effective piece of design."[49] That same year, Christopher Turpin (NPR's executive producer of All Things Considered) also praised the 1970 design, claiming that "[t]o this day, I still think it’s the beautiful game’s most beautiful shirt."[50]
Peru's uniform has been manufactured by eight separate companies. In 1978, Adidas became the first official manufacturer. During the 1980s, Peru had contracts with Penalty (1981–1982), Adidas (1983–1985), Calvo Sportwear (1987), and Power (1989–1991). In the 1990s, Peru contracted with Diadora (1991–1992), local manufacturer Polmer (1993–1995), and Umbro (1996–1997). It also had a long-term contract with local company Walon Sport (1998–2010).[4] Since 2010, Umbro has produced the kits for Peru.[51]
Stadium
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EstadioNacion-Peru.jpg/220px-EstadioNacion-Peru.jpg)
The Estadio Nacional is a 45,000-spectator stadium located in Lima that acts as the traditional home of the Peruvian team and the national stadium of Peru.[19] The first national stadium, a wooden structure with a 6,000-spectator capacity, was donated by Lima's British community to celebrate Peru's centenary of independence from Spain; it was inaugurated on July 24, 1923.[53] Under the regime of General Manuel Odría, the stadium was reconstructed, expanded, and officially re-inaugurated on October 27, 1952, with the current spectator capacity.[54] The present stadium is the result of a renovation process conducted under the government of Alan García; it was re-inaugurated on July 24, 2011.[55]
A unique feature of the stadium is the Miguel Dasso Tower, named in honor of the main advocate of the stadium's first renovation. Located on the building's northern side, the tower had luxury boxes which overtime fell into disuse until the tower's renovation in 2004.[56] The arena was also the only national stadium in CONMEBOL to have artificial turf, installed to improve its aesthetic appeal for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, and was one of Peru's four "FIFA Star II" (the highest certification granted to artificial pitches) stadiums.[57]
Renovations completed in 2011 brought major changes to the Estadio Nacional, including an overhaul of the artificial turf in favor of natural bermudagrass.[58] The building's exterior is now covered by thousands of plaques made from a zinc aluminium alloy, and another tower was constructed on the southern side of the stadium to host a restaurant.[59] Additional improvements include a modern exterior and interior multi-colored illumination system, two giant LED screens, individual spectator seats, and 375 private suites.[52]
The national team occasionally selects other stadiums as its home venue. Outside the "desert-like coastal region" where Lima is situated, the thin atmosphere at the high-altitude Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega in Cusco and the balmy Amazonic climate of the Estadio Max Augustín in Iquitos provide strategic advantages against certain rivals.[60][61] Other common alternate venues for the national team include Alianza's Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and Universitario's Estadio Monumental "U", both located in the Peruvian capital.[62][63]
Supporters
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Estadio_Nacional_nuevo_07_10_2011.jpg/220px-Estadio_Nacional_nuevo_07_10_2011.jpg)
During the nineteenth century, football in Peru "was markedly English, played by members of the expatriate community and the Anglophile elite on grass pitches in clubs that were physically separated from the daily reality of Lima."[65] Matters changed in the early twentieth century as football became "a form of popular culture with autonomous characteristics of organization and practice." The Peruvian state, under the government of Augusto B. Leguía, proceeded to institutionalize the sport into national culture by promoting and organizing its development in the country.[66] Nowadays, football remains the most popular sport in Peru, captivating the populace's "fervor, enthusiasm, and passion."[67]
Peruvian fans commonly encourage the national squad with the popular sports chant ¡Arriba Perú!.[68] Fans have also traditionally expressed their support for club teams, football players, and the national side through música criolla, an early popular music genre from Peru. Popular sports songs were initially spread "by word of mouth." By the 1930s, with the advent of mass media, música criolla enjoyed "national and international recognition" to the point that it became "a symbol of national culture" for Peru.[69] To this day, the national team's popular anthem is Peru Campeón, a polka criolla glorifying Peru's qualification to the Mexico 1970 World Cup.[70][69]
Supporters of Peru are infamously known for the 1964 Estadio Nacional Disaster, which resulted in the death of approximately 318 spectators and the injury of another 500. The tragedy, considered by sports historians as one of the most terrible in football history, occurred on May 24, 1964, during a match between Peru and Argentina. Peruvian fans also received negative press during the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany, when they were accused of attacking Austrian players in the field (One Peruvian spectator allegedly even brandished a revolver). However, none of the allegations were ever certified and the IFFHS considers the culprits as unlikely to have been Peruvians.
FIFA World Cup record
Peru has played at four FIFA World Cup finals, the first in 1930 and the last in 1982.[71] Luis de Souza Ferreira scored Peru's first World Cup goal in the 1930 match against Romania.[72] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top World Cup scorer with 10 goals in two competitions.
In 1930, Peru were eliminated in the group stage after losing to Romania (1–3) and Uruguay (0–1). During the match against Romania, Peru's Plácido Galindo became the first player to be sent off during a World Cup.[73]
The squad next qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup, overcoming a 1–2 loss to Bolivia in a match fixed by referee Sergio Chechelev in favor of Argentina, and tying in Argentina with the locals 2–2.[F][74][75] In the World Cup, Peru defeated Bulgaria 3–2 after trailing 0–2 at half-time,[76] beat Morocco (3–0), lost to West Germany (1–3), and were eliminated by Brazil (2–4) in the quarterfinals.[77][78]
Peru next qualified for the 1978 cup held in Argentina, finishing as group leader after defeating Scotland (3–1) and Iran (4–1),[79][80] and drawing with the Netherlands (0–0).[81][82] In the second round, rumors circulated that Peru had been paid by the Argentine military government to play poorly and concede the goals Argentina needed to reach the final. None of the allegations could be proven, and Argentina won the tournament.[83]
Before the Spain 1982 World Cup came, Peru embarked on a successful practice tour in Europe and Africa (defeating Hungary (1–2) and France (0–1), and tying Algeria (1–1); upon returing home, Peru defeated Romania by 2–0),[84] but were eliminated early after draws with Cameroon (0–0) and Italy (1–1), and a loss to Poland (5–1).[85]
FIFA World Cup | Qualification | ||||||||||||||||
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Year | Host | Round | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | Squad | Pos. | Pld | W | D | L | F | A | |
1930 | ![]() |
Group stage | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Squad | Qualified as invitees | |||||||
1934 | ![]() |
Withdrew | Withdrew | ||||||||||||||
1938 | ![]() |
Did not enter | Did not enter | ||||||||||||||
1950 to 1954 | Withdrew | Withdrew | |||||||||||||||
1958 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | 2nd | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
1962 | ![]() |
2nd | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||
1966 | ![]() |
2nd | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 6 | |||||||||
1970 | ![]() |
Quarter-finals | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 | Squad | 1st | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 4 | |
1974 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | Play-off | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||
1978 | ![]() |
Quarter-finals | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 12 | Squad | 2nd | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 3 | |
1982 | ![]() |
Group stage | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Squad | 1st | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | |
1986 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | Play-offs | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 9 | ||||||||
1990 | ![]() |
3rd | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 8 | |||||||||
1994 | ![]() |
4th | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 12 | |||||||||
1998 | ![]() |
5th | 16 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 19 | 20 | |||||||||
2002 | ![]() ![]() |
8th | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 25 | |||||||||
2006 | ![]() |
9th | 18 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 28 | |||||||||
2010 | ![]() |
10th | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 34 | |||||||||
2014 | ![]() |
7th | 16 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 26 | |||||||||
2018 | ![]() |
Group stage | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Squad | Play-off | 20 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 29 | 26 | |
2022 | ![]() |
Did not qualify | Play-off | 19 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 19 | 22 | ||||||||
2026 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
To be determined | In progress | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||
2030 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
To be determined | |||||||||||||||
2034 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||
Total | Quarter-finals | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 33 | — | 5/22 | 174 | 50 | 43 | 81 | 184 | 241 |
Template:Peru FIFA World Cup Squads
Copa América record
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PER-URU_1927.jpg/220px-PER-URU_1927.jpg)
Peru hosted the Copa América in 1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957, 2004; and won it in 1939 and 1975. Demetrio Neyra scored the national team's first goal in the 1927 edition held in Lima.[86] The team boasts three tournament top scorers: Teodoro Fernández (7 goals, 1939), Eduardo Malásquez (3 goals, 1983), and Paolo Guerrero (5 goals, 2011).[87] Peru also has three hat-trick scorers: Teodoro Fernández (1939 and 1941), Miguel Loayza (1959), and Paolo Guerrero (2011).[88]
In 1939, Peru achieved its first Copa América title, defeating Ecuador 5–2, Chile 3–1, and Paraguay 3–0 to reach the final. With players Teodoro Fernández and Jorge Alcalde, Peru defeated Uruguay in the final by 2–1.[89]
In 1975, Peru won the first Copa América held without a fixed venue. The team defeated Chile and Bolivia in the group stages, and Brazil at the Mineirão (1–3) in the semifinals. After being randomly chosen in a CONMEBOL-sponsored lottery, ordered after Brazil defeated Peru in Lima by 0–2 (equalizing the amount of points between the two squads),[90] Peru defeated Colombia in two of three games played for the final. The squad lost the first leg of the final played in Colombia (0–1), but won the second match in Lima (2–0) and a final match at Caracas (1–0).[90]
Peru's highest non-winning place in the tournament is third place, which it achieved five times; two at home (1927 and 1935), one in Brazil (1949), one in Chile (1955), and the latest in Argentina (2011). In 2011, Peru also obtained five LG Corp. Player of the Game awards, twice for Paolo Guerrero and Juan Manuel Vargas, and once for William Chiroque, the most awarded to a national team in the tournament.
Template:Peru Copa America record Template:Peru Copa América Champion Squads
Olympic record
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru_Football_1936_Olympics.png/220px-Peru_Football_1936_Olympics.png)
Peru was the only South American football team to compete in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.[2] Players for Peru included Teodoro Fernández, Alejandro Villanueva, Juan Valdivieso, and Adelfo Magallanes.[91] The IFFHS considers this Peruvian side to have been "a technically excellent and strong attacking side" that had "everything to be a finalist."[92]
The team began the tournament well, defeating Finland by 7–3. The Peruvians next eliminated the Austrian Wunderteam, favorites to win the tournament, defeating them 4–2 in extra time. However, after the game, the Austrian team alleged that the Peruvian players had manhandled them and that Peruvian spectators, one brandishing a revolver, had invaded the pitch during overtime.[93] However, Peru - the away team - had few supporters, and the nationalities or identities of the spectators who entered the field during the regular time were never discovered.[94] Despite the lack of concrete evidence, the International Olympic Committee, presided by Jules Rimet,[95] nullified the result and ordered a re-match behind closed doors. The Peruvian and Colombian delegations forfeited the games in protest.[93] The story was told differently by European and South American media; the exact details of the incident remain unknown.[91] Nowadays, the IFFHS is the only international football organization to condemn the actions taken against Peru in the tournament.[95]
During the 1960s, Peru qualified for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. At the tournament, Peru defeated India (1-3) with goals "in the closing stages" of their match.[96]
Players
Current squad
The following players were named for the Friendly Match against Panama in Panama City, and the FIFA World Cup Qualifying Games against Ecuador in Lima and Colombia in Barranquilla. Caps and goals updated as June 7, 2013.
Other recent team members
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Honored players
According to CONMEBOL, Peruvian teams play with much technique and elegance, generally making them one of the finest exponents of South American football.[97]
Managers
Peru's first manager, Uruguayan Pedro Olivieri, was appointed for the 1927 South American Championship held in Peru.
Two managers have led Peru to CONMEBOL tournament victories, Englishman Jack Greenwell and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1975). In 1939, Greenwell led Peru through an undefeated South American Championship run. In 1975, Calderón took Peru to victory in the newly renamed Copa América tournament.
Four managers have led Peru in the FIFA World Cup competition: Spaniard Francisco Bru (1930),[98] Brazilians Valdir Pereira (1970) and Elba de Pádua Lima (1982),[99][100] and Peruvian Marcos Calderón (1978).[101] Pereira's 1970 squad reached the quarter-finals; the team's furthest progression in the World Cup.
In the Kirin Cup invitational tournament, Peru has obtained three titles under separate management. The first was obtained in 1999 under Colombian Francisco Maturana, the second in 2005 under Peruvian Freddy Ternero, and the third in 2011 under Uruguayan Sergio Markarián.
Rivalries
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Raul_Toro_y_Lolo_Fernandez.jpg/220px-Raul_Toro_y_Lolo_Fernandez.jpg)
Peru maintains football rivalries with Chile and Ecuador, derived from sociopolitical conflicts that have shaped the history of their foreign relations. Peru's national side has a favorable record against Ecuador, but a negative record against Chile. The only time Peru has faced against both its rivals in an official competition was during the Argentina 1978 World Cup qualifiers, where Peru directly eliminated both Ecuador and Chile after defeating them in Lima and respectively tying them at Quito and Santiago.
Territorial, maritime, and cultural disputes have led to a large football rivalry between Chile and Peru since the ending of the War of the Pacific. Both nations dispute the origin of the football move known as the bicycle kick.[102][103] Matches between Chile and Peru, considered by CNN (Cable News Network) to be among the top ten rivalries in the world,[103] are nicknamed the Clásico del Pacífico (Derby of the Pacific). A trophy named the Copa del Pacífico (Cup of the Pacific) is awarded whenever Chile and Peru play against each other.[3][84]
Peru's rivalry with Ecuador, derived from historical border conflicts, is not as large as that with Chile, but is of competitive importance to both nations.[104] "A proposito de la Copa Ameria de 1995, la propia Confederacion Sudamericana de Futbol estimo la posibilidad de cambiar de grupo a Peru o Ecuador a fin de que no chocaran entre si como lo habia determinado el sorteo, por las posibles hostilidades que las acciones belicas producidas a inicios de este ano podrian provocar."[105]
Media coverage
According to sports historian David Wood, the incipient Peruvian mass media of the 1920s used football "to bind together notions of the popular, modernity and a sense of the nation as an imagined community."[106]
The first visual recordings of football in Peru took place during the 1927 South American Championship hosted in Lima, and the first recorded scenes of the Peru national football team were subsequently shown in cinema screens.[106]
Micki Rospigliosi. Criticism of FPF & national side.
Fixtures and records
Peru has played 525 official matches, including friendlies, since 1927. Peru has a good performance record against Asian, African, Caribbean, and Central American teams.[107][108] The highest scoring victory achieved by the Peruvian squad is a 9–1 score against Ecuador in the inaugural Bolivarian Games. The team's biggest defeat occurred in the 1997 Copa América, when Brazil defeated Peru by 7–0.[84] Peru was the first team to receive a FIFA Fair Play Trophy, awarded in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Peru being the only team that received no yellow or red cards in their games.[109]
Roberto Palacios has the most appearances with the national team, having played 122 times between 1992 and 2007. Héctor Chumpitaz, with 105 appearances is second and Jorge Soto, with 101 appearances is third. For goalkeepers, Oscar Ibañez holds the most appearances with 50 caps, followed by Miguel Miranda (47 caps) and Ramón Quiroga (40 caps).[110] Teófilo Cubillas is the team's top goalscorer with 26 goals in 81 appearances. Teodoro Fernández is second, but holds a higher goal per appearance average with 24 goals in 32 appearances. In third place is Nolberto Solano, who has 20 goals in 89 appearances.[110] Claudio Pizarro scored Peru's fastest goal during a match against Mexico on August 20, 2003; Pizarro also scored the second fastest goal and Luis Ramírez the third.[111]
Alejandro Villanueva, Teodoro Fernández, and Juan Valdivieso were part of the Combinado del Pacífico,[G] a united Peruvian-Chilean squad that toured England, Germany, France, and Spain. The Combinado ended with 13 games won, 13 tied, and 13 lost; Fernández was top scorer with 48 goals.[112] Hugo Sotil, Héctor Chumpitaz, and Teófilo Cubillas were selected from the Peruvian football team to join the starting line-up of the South America XI that played against the Europe XI in 1973 at the Nou Camp of FC Barcelona. Sotil scored South America's second goal, and Chumpitaz's goal evened the score (4–4); South America beat Europe 7–6 in the penalty rounds.[113]
See also
- Peru women's national football team
- Peru national under-17 football team
- Peru national under-20 football team
- Peru national beach soccer team
- Peru national futsal team
- Peruvian Primera División
- Sport in Peru
Notes
- ^ The Lima Cricket and Football Club is possibly also the oldest football club in the Americas.[8]
- ^ During these games, the Peruvians possibly invented the move known as the chalaca (meaning "from Callao"), or bicycle kick.[11]
- ^ The acronym FPF comes from the organization's Spanish name, Federación Peruana de Futbol.
- ^ Peru became the fourth nation to win the South American championship (later renamed Copa América), after Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil.
- ^ Sociologists Aldo Panfichi and Victor Vich argue that Los Potrillos "became the hope of the entire country," and fans expected them to help Peru qualify for the 1990 Italy World Cup.[31]
- ^ Peru prevented Argentina's World Cup qualification for the first and only time in its history.
- ^ The Combinado del Pacifico was known by the European media as the "Peru-Chile XI" and "All-Pacific".[112]
References
- ^ "Goalscoring for Peru National Team". José Luis Pierrend. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Witzig 2006, p. 349.
- ^ a b "High Alert for Chile-Peru Qualifier". thestar.com.my. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
- ^ a b c Template:Es icon"La Blanquiroja". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "Peru". FIFA.com. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
- ^ "The slide of Peruvian football". BBC. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ a b "La difusión del fútbol en Lima" (in Spanish). sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "¿Sabías que Perú tiene el club de fútbol más antiguo de América?" (in Spanish). Peru.com. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
- ^ Higgins 2005, p. 130.
- ^ "El Club: Datos y Anécdotas" (in Spanish). Clublimacricket.com. Retrieved 2013-19-01.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Goldblatt 2008, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Stein 2011, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 135.
- ^ Radnedge 2001, p. 195.
- ^ Murray 1994, p. 127.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Historia". fpf.org.pe. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ Template:Es icon"La Seleccion Peruana de 1924". Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ a b Henshaw 1979, p. 571.
- ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4671–4673.
- ^ Miró 1958, p. 66.
- ^ Basadre 1964, pp. 4672–4673.
- ^ Thorndike 1978, p. 158.
- ^ Waldemar Iglesias. "Cuando Perú Humilló a Hitler". Clarín.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
- ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 642.
- ^ Henshaw 1979, p. 572.
- ^ "The silence of the Bombonera". FIFA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
- ^ "Fair Play Trophy for Peru". Asian Recorder. 16. New Delhi: K.K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1970.
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- ^ DK Publishing 2010, p. 75.
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- ^ Template:Es icon"Markarian, nuevo técnico de Perú". Espndeportes.espn.go.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
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- ^ "Perú campeón de la Copa Kirin". Peru.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "Perú: Markarián indultó a Farfán, Manco y Galliquio". Goal.com. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
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- ^ Witzig 2006, p. 338.
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- ^ "Colonia británica donó primer estadio nacional". Britanica.edu.pe. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
- ^ Leigh Raffo 2005, p. 266.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Estadio Nacional se inauguró con la selección y fuegos artificiales". El Comercio.pe. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es iconJuan Luis Orrego Penagos. "Estadios de fútbol en Lima (1)". Blogs.PUCP.edu.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Evaluará FIFA Cuestionadas Canchas Artificiales en Perú". El Universal.mx. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"No más sintético: el Estadio Nacional ya luce césped natural". El Comercio.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es iconVíctor R. Nomberto. "Historia del Estadio Nacional". Blogs.PUCP.pe. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
- ^ Witzig 2006, pp. 323–325.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Sporting Cristal inicia el torneo en el horno de Iquitos". Peru.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"La selección también jugará en Matute". Peru21.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Selección Nacional podría jugar ante Ecuador en el Estadio Monumental". Depor.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
- ^ http://www.emol.com/noticias/deportes/2013/04/02/591373/chile-es-cuarta-en-asistencia-de-publico-en-clasificatorias-al-mundial-2014.html
- ^ Wood 2007, p. 128.
- ^ Wood 2007, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Bravo 2012, p. 42.
- ^ Foley Gambetta 1983, p. 12.
- ^ a b Wood 2007, p. 130.
- ^ http://www.arkivperu.com/peru-campeon-1969/
- ^ "Peru (PER)". FIFA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
- ^ Escrito por José Augusto Giuffra. "Luis de Souza Ferreira: Primero, el ingeniero - De Chalaca | Fútbol para el que la conoce". De Chalaca. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
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- ^ Template:Es icon"El día que Perú enmudeció a la Bombonera". Fifa.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Mundial de Fútbol 1970 México – Primera Ronda". Infofutbolonline.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
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- ^ Template:Es iconDeportes, BBC (June 18, 2007). "Cubillas: "Un trampolín para jugadores"". News.bbc.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ "Peru – Scotland". FIFA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Perú-Escocia (1978)". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
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- ^ Template:Es icon"FUTBOL-DATOS-Lista de goleadores históricos de la Copa América". Reuters Mexico. July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
- ^ "Paolo Guerrero está junto a "Lolo" Fernández y al "Mago" Loayza en la historia de la Copa América | Copa América 2011". Libero.pe. July 23, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ^ Template:Es icon"Perú y su primera Copa América". Peru.com. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ a b Template:Es icon"Copa América 1975: Peru campeon!". Arkivperu.com. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
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"Peru v Asian teams 1967–2005". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
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"Peru v Central American teams". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010. - ^ [1]
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Bibliography
- Basadre, Jorge (1964). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Lima: Talleres Graficos P.L. Villanueva S.A.
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- Bravo, Gonzalo (2012). "Association Football, Pacific Coast of South America". In Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (eds.). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-598-84301-9.
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- DK Publishing (2011). Essential Soccer Skills. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-5902-8.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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- DK Publishing (2010). Soccer: The Ultimate Guide. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-75667-321-6.
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- Fiore, Fernando (2012). ¡Vamos al Mundial!. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06222-664-9.
{{cite book}}
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- Foley Gambetta, Enrique (1983). Léxico del Peru (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Lima: Talleres Jahnos.
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- Goldblatt, David (2008). The Ball is Round. New York: Riverhead Trade. ISBN 1-59448-296-9.
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- Henshaw, Richard (1979). The World Encyclopedia of Soccer. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books. ISBN 0-915220-34-2.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help)
- Higgins, James (2005). Lima: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books Limited. ISBN 1-902669-98-3.
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- Leigh Raffo, Denise (2005). "El miedo a la multitud. Dos provincianos en el Estadio Nacional, 1950-1970". In Rosas Lauro, Claudia (ed.). El Miedo en el Perú: Siglos XVI al XX. Lima: PUCP Fondo Editorial. ISBN 9972-42-690-4.
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- Miró, César (1958). Los Intimos de La Victoria (in Spanish). Lima: Editorial El Deporte.
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- Murray, William (1994). Football: A History of the World Game. Aldershot: Scolar Press. ISBN 1-859280-91-9.
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- Panfichi, Aldo; Vich, Victor (2005). "Political and Social Fantasies in Peruvian Football: The Tragedy of Alianza Lima in 1987". In Darby, Paul (ed.). Soccer and Disaster: International Perspectves. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-714-65352-7.
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- Radnedge, Keir (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Soccer. New York: Universe Publishing.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
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- Roel, Virgilio (1986). Historia Social y Económica del Perú en el Siglo XIX (in Spanish). Lima: Librería El Alba.
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- Stein, Steve (2011). "The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth-Century Lima". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Fútbol. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-37515-6.
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- Thorndike, Guillermo (1978). El Revés de Morir (in Spanish). Lima: Mosca Azul Editores.
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- Witzig, Richard (2006). The Global Art of Soccer. Harahan: CusiBoy Publishing. ISBN 0-9776688-0-0.
{{cite book}}
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- Wood, David (2007). "¡Arriba Perú! The Role of Football in the Formation of a Peruvian National Culture". In Miller, Rory; Crolley, Liz (eds.). Football in the Americas. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. ISBN 978-1-900039-80-2.
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External links
- Peru FA
- FIFA team profile
- All about Peru in FIFA World Cup (Spanish)
- All about Peru in Olimpic Games (Spanish)
- All about Peru in the CONCACAF Gold Cup 2000 (Spanish)
- All about the FIFA U-17 World Cup Peru 2005 (Spanish)