| Voiceless retroflex plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʈ | |||
| IPA Number | 105 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʈ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0288 | ||
| X-SAMPA | t` | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Audio sample | |||
The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.
Transcription[edit]
The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Translation | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangla[1] | টাকা | [ʈaka] | 'taka' | Apical postalveolar;[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | |||
| Brahui | سىٹ | [asiʈ] | 'one' | ||||
| English | Indian dialects | time | [ʈaɪm] | 'time' | Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology | ||
| Gujarati[2] | ઠંડી | [ʈʰaɳɖiː] | 'cold' | Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology | |||
| Hindustani[3][4] | Hindi | टोपी | [ʈoːpiː] | 'hat' | Apical postalveolar | Contrasts with aspirated form <ठ>.[4] | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | ٹوپی | Contrasts with aspirated form <ٹھ>.[4] | |||||
| Hmong | raus | [ʈàu] | 'immerse in liquid' | Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩). | |||
| Iwaidja | yirrwartbart | [jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ] | 'taipan' | ||||
| Javanese | bathang | [baʈaŋ] | 'cadaver' | ||||
| Kannada | ತಟ್ಟು | [t̪ʌʈːu] | 'to tap' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms | |||
| Lo-Toga | Lo dialect[5] | dege | [ʈəɣə] | 'we (incl.)' | Laminal retroflex. | ||
| Malayalam | കാട്ട് | [kaːʈːɨ̆] | 'wild' | Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/. | |||
| Marathi[2] | बटाटा | [bəʈaːʈaː] | 'potato' | Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | |||
| Mutsun | TiTkuSte | [ʈiʈkuʃtɛ] | 'torn' | ||||
| Nepali | टोली | [ʈoli] | 'team' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology | |||
| Norwegian | kort | [kɔʈː] | 'card' | See Norwegian phonology | |||
| Nunggubuyu[6] | rdagowa | [ʈakowa] | 'prawn' | ||||
| Odia | ଟଗର/ṭagara | [ʈɔgɔrɔ] | 'crepe jasmine' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. | |||
| Pashto | ټول | [ʈol] | 'all' | ||||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਟੋਪੀ | [ʈoːpi] | 'hat' | |||
| Shahmukhi | ٹوپی | ||||||
| Sicilian | latru | [ˈlaʈɽu] | 'thief' | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | Some Hebridean dialects[7] | árd | [aːʈ] | 'high' | Corresponds to the sequence /rˠt/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Swedish[8] | karta | [ˈkʰɑːʈa] | 'map' | See Swedish phonology | |||
| Tamil[2][9] | எட்டு | [eʈːɯ] | 'eight' | Subapical.[2] See Tamil phonology | |||
| Telugu | కొట్టు | [koʈːu] | 'beat' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms | |||
| Torwali[10] | ٹىىےل | [ʈijɛl̥] | 'words' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |||
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects[11] | bạn trả | [ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧] | 'you pay' | May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Welayta | [ʈaza] | 'dew' | |||||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Mazumdar (2000:57)
- ^ a b c d e f Khatiwada (2009:374)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:141)
- ^ a b c Tiwari (2004:?)
- ^ François (2016:) 35, 41); entry dege in François’ Lo-Toga online dictionary.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
- ^ Eliasson (1986:278–279)
- ^ Keane (2004:111)
- ^ Lunsford (2001:11–16)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
References[edit]
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60.
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X
