A number of additional characters are used with the International Phonetic Alphabet by linguists documenting the languages of China and neighboring countries, especially linguists based in China.
Letters[edit]
- Primary vowels
These letters are used by those who want symbols for five equally-spaced vowels in formant space.
- ᴀ = central [ä]
- ᴇ = mid [e̞]
- ꭥ = mid [o̞]
- Fricative vowels
These letters, sometimes mistakenly called "apical",[1][2] derive from Karlgren, from a turned ⟨ι⟩.
- ɿ = [ɹ̩]
- ʅ = [ɻ̩]
- ʮ = [ɹ̩ʷ]
- ʯ = [ɻ̩ʷ]
These letters are featural derivatives of ⟨ɕ⟩ and ⟨ʑ⟩.
- ȡ = [d̠ʲ]
- ȴ = [l̠ʲ]
- ȵ = [n̠ʲ]
- ȶ = [t̠ʲ]
References[edit]
- ^ Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (June 2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
- ^ Lee-Kim, Sang-Im (December 2014). "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 44 (3): 261–282. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000267. S2CID 16432272.