Page 1

NAT. CROAT. VOL. 32 No 1 159-175 ZAGREB

June 30, 2023

original scientific paper / izvorni znanstveni rad

DOI 10.20302/NC.2023.32.11

VASCULAR FLORA OF TUŠKANAC

FOREST PARK (ZAGREB, CROATIA)

Sara Essert1, Anamarija Koštro2 & Dario Hruševar1*

1Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Biološki odsjek, Botanički zavod,

Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Hrvatska

2OŠ Mate Lovraka, Aleja Blaža Jurišića 13, 10 040 Zagreb, Hrvatska

Essert, S., Koštro, A. & Hruševar, D.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia).

Nat. Croat., Vol. 32, No. 1., 159-175, Zagreb, 2023.

Tuškanac Forest Park has been floristically studied over the past 15 years, but most extensively and

systematically during the year 2021. Tuškanac Forest Park is a natural treasure in the center of Zagreb

City. This oblong 150-year-old stand of oak, common beech, and hornbeam is a natural extension of

the vegetation of Mount Medvednica and descends almost to Zagreb's main street (Ilica). A total of 173

vascular plant taxa were recorded (62 families and 131 genera). The largest part of the flora consists of

Angiospermae (163 taxa; 94.2 %), followed by Monilophyta (6 taxa; 3.5%) and Gymnospermae (4 taxa;

2.3%). Rosaceae is the richest family with 14 taxa (8.1%), followed by Asteraceae sensu lato (13 taxa;

7.5%), Poaceae (11 taxa; 6.4%), Lamiaceae (9 taxa; 5.2%) and Fabaceae (8 taxa; 4.6%). The highest per-

centage of recorded plants are hemicryptophytes (41.0%) and phanerophytes (27.7%). The analysis of

chorotypes shows that the Eurasian floral elements dominate (50.9%), followed by European (18.5%)

and Mediterranean elements (8.1%). Urbanophobic (45.3%) significantly outnumber urbanophilic taxa

(8.7%). A “close to nature“ environmental condition is additionally confirmed by the low values cal-

culated for Indicators of anthropogenisation and by the low share of alien flora (27 taxa; 15.6%). The

following invasive alien taxa grow in the study site: Ailanthus altissima, Duchesnea indica, Erigeron an-

nuus, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudoacacia and Veronica persica. Accord-

ing to IUCN categories, only two taxa belong to threatened categories: Taxus baccata and Lilium marta-

gon are vulnerable (VU) and both taxa are strictly protected in Croatia.

Key words: biodiversity, floral elements, life forms, indices of urbanity and anthropogenic changes,

urban flora

Essert, S., Koštro, A. & Hruševar, D.: Vaskularna flora park šume Tuškanac (Zagreb, Croatia).

Nat. Croat., Vol. 32, No. 1., 159-175, Zagreb, 2023.

Florističko istraživanje Park šume Tuškanac provodi se posljednjih 15 godina, a najobuhvatnije i

najsustavnije istraživanje provedeno je tijekom 2021. godine. Park šuma Tuškanac prirodno je blago u

samom centru Zagreba. Ova 150 godina stara sastojina hrasta, bukve i običnog graba predstavlja pri-

rodni produžetak vegetacije Medvednice i spušta se gotovo do središnje zagrebačke ulice (Ilice). Uku-

pno je zabilježeno 173 svojti vaskularnih biljaka (62 porodice i 131 rod). Najveći dio flore čine

kritosjemenjače (Angiospermae) sa 163 svojte (94,2 %), a slijede ih papratnjače (Monilophyta) sa 6

svojti (3,5 %) i golosjemenjače (Gymnosperme) s 4 svojte (2,3 %). Porodica ruža (Rosaceae) vrstama je

najbogatija (14 svojti, 8,1 %), a potom slijede glavočike (Asteraceae sensu lato) s 13 svojti (7,5 %), trave

(Poaceae) s 11 svojti (6,4 %), usnače (Lamiaceae) s 9 svojti (5,2 %) te mahunarke (Fabaceae) s 8 svojti

(4,6 %). Prema životnom obliku najveći postotak zabilježenih biljaka pripada hemikriptofitima (41,0

%), a za njima slijede fanerofiti (27,7 %). Analiza flornih elemenata ukazuje na dominaciju euroazijskog

flornog elementa (50,9 %), a slijede biljke europskog (18,5 %) i mediteranskog (8,1 %) flornog elemen-

ta. Udio urbanofobnih svojti (45,3 %) značajno premašuje udio urbanofilnih svojti (8,7 %). Doprirodno

stanje okoliša je dodatno potvrđeno izračunatim vrijednostima indikatora antropogenizacije i podu-

* Corresponding author: dario.hrusevar@biol.pmf.hr

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Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

prijeto niskim udjelom alohtone flore (27 svojti, 15,6 %). Invazivne vrste zabilježene na području

istraživanja su sljedeće: žljezdasti pajasen (Ailanthus altissima), indijska jagodnjača (Duchesnea indica),

jednogodišnja hudoljetnica (Erigeron annuus), petolisna lozika (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), američki

kermes (Phytolacca americana), obični bagrem (Robinia pseudoacacia) i perzijska čestoslavica (Veronica

persica). Prema IUCN-ovoj kategorizaciji samo dvije svojte pripadaju u neku od kategorija ugroženosti:

šumska tisa (Taxus baccata) i zlatni ljiljan (Lilium martagon) su ranjive svojte (VU) i obje su strogo

zaštićene vrste hrvatske flore.

Ključne riječi: biološka raznolikost, florni elementi, indeksi urbanizacije i antropogenizacije, ur-

bana flora, životni oblici

INTRODUCTION

The Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia, occupying

an area of 641.32 km2. According to Šiško & Polančec (2020), 75.1% of the city consists

of green areas. Although this percentage is high, it should be considered that the diffe-

rences in percentages by city districts are significant and vary from 92.5% on the out-

skirts of the city (Brezovica) to a deficient 3.6% in the city district of Trešnjevka-North.

The city's green areas include 22 forest parks (FP). Forest parks are different in both

sizes and distances from each other. They can be found on the western borders of

Zagreb (Susedgrad FP) to the eastern edges (Lisičine FP) over a length of approximately

20 km and the north-south direction over a width of almost 9 km. Because they are

mostly natural old forests integrated into the urban structure of the city, they have an

extremely important ecological role (anti-erosional, hydrological, microclimatic, envi-

ronmental, ecological corridors, etc.), but they also have invaluable social, recreational,

and educational functions (Matić & Anić, 2010).

Data on vascular flora for the urban areas of the City of Zagreb are more or less

dispersed in literature (Mitić et al., 2007; Hudina et al., 2012; Alegro et al., 2013; Vuko-

vić et al., 2013; Čičmir & Boršić, 2016; Budisavljević et al., 2017 & Justić et al., 2020)

and so far, only two forest parks have been botanically investigated in the city area, i.e.

the forest parks Dotrščina (Budisavljević et al., 2017) and Jelenovac (Justić et al., 2020).

We here present a floristic study of Tuškanac Forest Park, which forms the eastern edge

of the city center forest park complex. Although the researched area is a highly visited

location, this paper presents the first collected and published results.

STUDY AREA

Tuškanac Forest Park (hereafter Tuškanac) is an oblong area of 21.76 ha that stretches

from the Tuškanac public garage (350 m from Zagreb's main street Ilica), along Tuška-

nac Street and across Dubravka Road, all the way to the Cmrok Meadow in the north

(Fig. 1). According to Šegota & Filipčić (2003), who followed Köppen’s climate types,

Zagreb is included into an area with amoderately warm humid climate with warm

summers, where the average air temperature of the hottest month is lower than 22°C

(Cfb climate). The mean annual temperature in Zagreb is 11.7 °C and average annual

precipitation is 885 mm (Nožinić et al., 2022). The climate diagram for Zagreb is shown

in Fig. 2. The study area is located at an altitude of 150–200 m a. s. l. Landscape of the

Park is mostly natural, being covered by climazonal hornbeam and sessile oak forest

[Epimedio-Carpinetum betuli (Horvat 1938) Borhidi 1963], typical vegetation for the colli-

ne belt of Central Croatia during and after the Little Ice Age (Hruševar et al., 2020).

The largest part of the studied area includes a 150-year-old mixed stand of sessile oak,

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

161

beech, and hornbeam with admixed trees of acacia, linden, chestnut, wild cherry, ash,

and maple alongside some planted American pine and common spruce trees. In one

part of the park, there are a childrens’ playground and several small meadows (Anić

& Oršanić, 2010; Gašparović & Mrđa, 2010).

FIGURES

Fig. 1. Position of Forest Park Tuškanac, City of Zagreb

Fig. 2. Climate diagram (mean annual temperature and average precipitation) for Zagreb in the period

1861-2018. (https://cdn.hikb.at)

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Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The flora of Tuškanac was occasionally investigated during the last 15 years, but the

most extensive approach was carried out during the year 2021. Private gardens were

not investigated because we were interested in the flora composition of the area set

aside for public use. Native and alien taxa are shown in Appendix 1. Additionally, the

cultivated plants of the Tuškanac public area were noticed, but have been excluded

from the floristic analysis (App. 2).

The following pertinent literature was considered in the present research: Nikolić

(2020), Nikolić & Kovačić (2008), Rothmaler (1995), Franjić & Škvorc (2010, 2014),

and Godet (2000). Nomenclature follow Flora Croatica Database (Nikolić, 2021).

The taxonomic analysis follows Nikolić (2013), life forms Raunkiaer (1934), choro-

logical classification Horvatić (1963) and Horvatić et al. (1967-1968), origin and chro-

noelement (type and time of immigration) Medvecká et al. (2012). Alien species were

evaluated by considering Boršić et al. (2008) and were additionally compared with the

List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (Anonymous, 2019).

The degree of anthropogenic transformation and the main trends in the process of

invasion follows Jackowiak (1990, 2006):

• total anthropogenisation (IAnt), the proportion of alien plants in total flora

• permanent anthropogenisation (IAnp), the proportion between naturalized alien

and total flora with excluded diaphytes

• total archaeophytisation (IArt), the proportion of archaeophytes in total flora

• permanent archaeophytisation (IArp), proportion between archaeophytes and to-

tal flora with excluded diaphytes

• total kenophytisation (IKnt), the proportion of neophytes among total flora

• permanent kenophytisation (IKnp), the proportion between neophytes and total

flora with excluded diaphytes

• modernisation (IM), the proportion of neophytes in naturalized alien flora

• fluctuation (IF), the proportion of diaphytes in total flora

The influence of man on site conditions follows Landolt et al. (2010), as was the case

with values used for life forms and choroelements.

The exception among life forms means that nanophanerophytes and phanerophytes

are united in a single category for easier comparison with other areas of Central Cro-

atia. Among choroelements alien taxa have been included in the category cultivated

and adventitious plants, as proposed by Horvatić (1963) and Horvatić et al. (1967-

1968). This can cause misunderstandings considering that cultivated alien plants were

included in floral analysis, however only native (spontaneous) and naturalized (arche-

ophytes and neophytes/kenophytes) or casual alien taxa (diaphytes) were of interest

to us (App. 1). Nevertheless, the list of cultivated plants is also attached to this article

because some of the planted ornamental taxa may pose a threat to natural flora and

vegetation in the future (App. 2). Among chronoelements an exception is made for

alien plants with European origins, treated here as native (eg. Cyclamen purpurascens

Mill. and Melissa officinalis L.). The standards in terminology of type and time of immi-

gration of plants are based on Mitić et al. (2008) and modified for Indices of anthropo-

genisation according to Kornaś (1981) and Mirek (1981).

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

163

Data on IUCN categories were based on Nikolić & Topić (2005) and legal protecti-

on in Croatia on Anonymous (2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In all, 173 taxa were found and were classified in 131 genera and 62 families (App.

1). The plants in cultivation are shown in Appendix 2. Since ornamental taxa sometimes

become casual or even naturalized, with the possibility of invasive spread, we decided

to present them in the same way as taxa from Appendix 1, even though they were

excluded from floristic analysis.

The largest part of the flora consists of Angiospermae (163 taxa; 94.2%). Among

angiosperms, the most numerous were eudicotyledons (132 taxa; 76.3%), while Lilianae

(30 taxa; 17.3%) and Magnolianae (1 taxon; 0.6%) were represented with significantly

lower proportions. Phylum Monilophyta with 6 taxa (3.5%) surpasses Gymnospermae

(4 taxa; 2.3%). A more extensive presentation of species, genera and family numbers

and percentages within higher taxonomic categories is shown in Tab. 1.

Tab. 1. Higher taxonomic representation of vascular flora in the Tuškanac Forest Park area

TAXONIMIC

ANALYSIS

MONILOPHYTA

SPERMATOPHYTA

GYMNOSPERMAE

ANGIOSPERMAE

Pinidae

Magnolianae

Lilianae

Eudicotyle-

dones

Taxa

6 (3.5 %)

4 (2.3 %)

1 (0.6 %)

30 (17.3 %)

132 (76.3 %)

Genus

5 (3.8 %)

3 (2.3 %)

1 (0.8 %)

22 (16.8 %)

100 (76.3 %)

Family

4 (6.5 %)

2 (3.2 %)

1 (1.6 %)

9 (14.5 %)

46 (74.2 %)

The richest family is Rosaceae (14 taxa; 8.1%), followed by Asteraceae (Asteroideae

and Cichorioideae; 13 taxa; 7.5%), Poaceae (11 taxa; 6.4%), Lamiaceae (9 taxa; 5.2%) and

Fabaceae (8 taxa; 4.6%) (Fig. 3). The other families comprise less than 4% of the total

flora. Compared to Jelenovac Forest Park which is in the immediate vicinity and has

similar characteristics (Justić et al., 2020), it can be noted that the four most numerous

families of the two parks correspond, but in Jelenovac there are more species in the

Asteraceae family than in Rosaceae. The high representation of species from the rose

family is partly the result of the horticultural value of some of the noticed native and

alien taxa.

Concerning the life forms (Fig. 4) hemicryptophytes prevail (71 taxa; 41.0%), followed

by phanerophytes (including nanophanerophytes) (48 taxa; 27.7%), geophytes (29 taxa;

16.8%), therophytes (19 taxa; 11.0%) and chamaephytes (6 taxa; 3.5%). The high percen-

tage of hemicryptophytes and the low representation of chamaephytes are expected

considering that the researched area is in a temperate climate zone (see e.g., Raunkiaer,

1934, Horvat, 1949, Leuschner & Ellenberg, 2017). The high percentage of phanerop-

hytes is typical for areas dominated by forest communities, while a certain number of

casual non-native plants is another reason for the high percentage of woody species in

the studied area. Geophytes refer mostly to early blooming spring plants, as the dense

shade of a closed forest canopy hinders growth in the herb layer during summer (Le-

uschner & Ellenberg, 2017).

164

Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

Chorological analysis revealed that the Eurasian element dominates with 50.9% of

the total determined flora (88 taxa; see Fig. 5). It is followed by the European element

(32 taxa; 18.5%), Mediterranean element (14 taxa; 8.1%), cultivated and adventitious

plants (11 taxa; 6.4%), Southern-East-European element (7 taxa; 4.0%) and widespread

or cosmopolitan plants (7 taxa; 4.0%). Other groups (Illyrian-Balkan, South-European,

Atlantic, East-European-Pontic, Central-European and Circumholarctic elements) make

up less than 10% of total recorded flora. The high percentage of the Eurasian element

is as expected due to the geographical location of Zagreb, but is partly a result of a

modern approach, based on the indicator values presented in Landolt et al. (2010). For

instance, a large number of taxa that Horvatić et al. (1967–1968) considered cosmopo-

litan are treated here as Eurasian or Mediterranean, just as the Central European ele-

ment is here mostly replaced with the European. Another ambiguity that needs to be

clarified concerns the cultivated taxa, planted for ornamental purposes due to their

horticultural value. Despite the fact that they were excluded from flora analysis, a re-

Fig. 3. Representation of the most common families (with percentage higher than 2%

Lilianae.

Fig. 3. Representation of the most common families (with percentage higher than 2%) in the Tuškanac

Forest Park area. Blue columns indicate Eudicetyledones and green columns indicate Lilianae.

Fig. 4. Life-form spectrum of the flora of Tuškanac Forest Park.

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

165

latively high percentage of cultivated and adventitious plants refers here to alien flora,

casual aliens or invasive neophytes. This is consequence of human disturbance, i.e. use

of the area as a recreational zone and the horticultural activities that were carried out

in the past or are still being carried out in some parts of the surveyed public area. By

comparing these results with those for Jelenovac (Justić et al., 2020) it can be noted that

the Eurasian element prevails in both areas. However, in Jelenovac almost a quarter of

taxa belong to widespread plants, which is much higher than in Tuškanac. Unlike

Tuškanac, Jelenovac has more grassy areas, so it is assumed that this could be one of

the reasons, in addition to the different approach to the treatment of chorology discu-

ssed earlier. Additionally, the lower percentage of cultivated and adventitious plants

in Tuškanac is caused by the fact that taxa planted for ornamental purposes, like Sequo-

iadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz, Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin, Platanus x

acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton, Prunus laurocerasus L.,

etc. (see Appendix 2), whose viable seeds or their generative or generative or vegeta-

tive propagation was not observed at the study site in the last 15 years, were excluded

from floristic analysis.

Majority of taxa belong to native flora (146 taxa; 84.4%). Among the alien flora arc-

haeophytes (14 taxa; 8.1%) surpasses neophytes (7 taxa; 4.0%), and diaphytes count the

smallest number of species (6 taxa; 3.5%) (Fig. 6). Only few plants successfully "escape"

from yards and gardens and most often belong to trees (Aesculus hippocastanum L.,

Ficus carica L., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.), while shrubs and herbs

were represented with only one taxon (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. and Brunnera

macrophylla (Adams) I.M.Johnst., respectively). The research showed that all seven ne-

ophytes are also invasive: Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Duchesnea indica (An-

drews) Teschem., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.,

Phytolacca americana L., Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Veronica persica Poir. Invasive taxa

were observed mostly along forest edges, where natural vegetation has been thinned

or removed for some reason, proving again that healthy and vital climazonal plant

communities are the best protection against invasive species. This is in accordance with

the fact that number of invasive plants increased with habitat diversity (Nikolić et al.,

2013), so their relatively low number on study site is partly a result of the stabile uni-

Fig. 4. Life-form spectrum of the flora of Tuš kanac Forest Park.

Fig. 5. Chorological spectrum of the flora of Tuš kanac Forest Park.

Fig. 5. Chorological spectrum of the flora of Tuškanac Forest Park

166

Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

form climazonal vegetation of Tuškanac. The species Ailanthus altissima is on the Eu-

ropean list of alien invasive species (Anonymous, 2019) and it invades various areas in

southern Europe (e.g., Iamonico, 2022) so we believe that it represents the greatest

threat to the flora of the researched area. It is a very resistant, fast-spreading, and fast-

growing woody species (Hruševar & Posavec-Vukelić, 2008) that, in addition to ha-

ving an allelopathic effect, also forms dense assemblages and therefore often success-

fully completely suppresses the indigenous flora (Nikolić et al., 2014). In future, atten-

tion should also be given to some taxa from App. 2. and their ability to become natu-

ralized or even invasive in the flora of Croatia. For instance, Buddleja davidii Franch.,

Catalpa bignonioides Walter, Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., Philadelphus coronarius

L., Pinus strobus L., P. x acerifolia, P. laurocerasus, Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake and

Thuja orientalis L. are considered invasive aliens in the City of Ljubljana (Strugu-

lc-Krajček et al., 2016). Additional caution is needed in monitoring the populations of

diaphytes because they all, except B. macrophylla and F. carica, are also invasive in the

neighboring Slovenia, in area with similar climatic and vegetation features (Strugu-

lc-Krajček et al., 2016).

Analysis of indicators of anthropogenisation (IA) (Tab. 2) and its comparison with

other study sites (Alegro et al., 2013, Hruševar et al., 2018) indicate much lower IA values

for Tuškanac than are calculated for other areas of continental Croatia. An exception is

observed in the Indicator of modernisation (IM) with a higher value than calculated for

the seminatural area of Hrvatsko zagorje (Hruševar et al., 2018) and Indicator of fluctu-

ation changes (IF), with a value higher than found in other study sites of Central Croatia

(Alegro et al., 2013, Hruševar et al., 2018). The former is due the relatively high share of

neophytes among the naturalised alien taxa, and the latter is due to the relatively high

share of diaphytes in analysed flora. Nevertheless, the very low values calculated for

Indicator of total and permanent anthropisation (IAnt, IAnp), Indicator of total and per-

manent archeophytisation (IArt; IArp), Indicator of total and permanent kenophytisation

(IKnt; IKNp) speak in favour to ”close to nature” site condition.

Influence of man on site conditions revealed that urbanoneutral plants dominated

with 45.9% (79 taxa; see Fig. 7). They are followed by moderately urbanophobic (47

Fig. 6. Origin and chronoelement of the flora of Tuškanac Forest Park. Green column indicates native

taxa and blue columns indicate alien taxa.

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

167

taxa; 27.3%), strictly urbanophobous (31 taxa; 18.0%), moderately urbanophilic (12%;

7.0%) and strictly urbanophilic (3 taxa; 1.7%). In terms of percentages, urbanophobic

plants (45.3%) significantly exceed the urbanophilic (8.7%), meaning that taxa that most

often grow in natural habitats are more than five times as common in Tuškanac than

plants that are often present in human-impacted or extensively managed vegetation.

Although these values can be used as a simplified hemeroby index (Landolt et al., 2010)

this is not often the case in analysis of Croatian flora, making it possible to compare

our results only with provincial areas outside of Zagreb (Hruševar et al., 2018). The

flora of Tuškanac shows a greater tendency to be ”close to nature” vegetation than

seminatural area of the planned Hrvatsko zagorje Regional Park (Hruševar et al., 2018),

which additionally supports values given by IA analysis.

Out of a total of 173 recorded taxa, Taxus baccata L. and Lilium martagon L. are classi-

fied, according to the IUCN classification, as Vulnerable (VU) species, and are the only

plants listed in any threatened category. Ruscus hypoglossum L. and Cyclamen purpuras-

cens are Near Threatened (NT), and Galanthus nivalis L. and Poa annua L. have the Least

Concern (LC) status. In the researched area, many young yew trees were observed in

native taxa and blue columns indicate alien taxa.

Fig. 7. Levels of urbanity of the flora of Tuškanac Forest Park. Yellow column in

Fig. 7. Levels of urbanity of the flora of Tuškanac Forest Park. Blue column indicates indifferent taxa,

green columns indicate close to nature taxa and red columns indicates hemerobic plants.

Tab. 2. Indicators of anthropogenisation for Tuškanac and its comparison with other floristic study

sitea from Central Croatia (data were taken from Alegro et al., 2013; Hruševar et al., 2018)

Anthropogenisation level

Tuškanac

Hrvatsko

zagorje

Zagreb

- Savica

Zagreb

-Jarun

Indicator of total anthropisation (IAnt)

15.6

16.5

27.8

25.4

Indicator of permanent anthropisation (IAnp)

12.6

14.9

26.8

24.2

Indicator of total archeophytisation (IArt)

8.1

10.0

16.7

13.9

Indicator of permanent archeophytisation (IArp)

8.4

10.2

16.9

14.2

Indicator of total kenophytisation (IKnt)

4.0

4.6

9.7

9.9

Indicator of permanent kenophytisation (IKnp)

4.2

4.7

9.9

10.1

Indicator of modernisation (IM)

33.3

31.6

36.8

41.6

Indicator of fluctuation change (IF)

3.5

1.9

1.4

1.6

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Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

several locations within the forest. We believe that the observed trees were not delibe-

rately planted, but since they are very common in the surrounding gardens, it is assu-

med that birds have dispersed them throughout the forest. Just one plant individuum

of L. martagon species was observed at the northern end of Dubravka Road. T. baccata

and L. martagon are the only taxa from the studied area that has legal protection in

Croatia (Anonymous, 2016).

CONCLUSION

This floristic research shows that Tuškanac Forest Park has a valuable botanical ri-

chness and a ”close to nature” environmental condition. Considering the constant in-

crease in Zagreb's population and the expansion of urban parts of the city, we believe

that monitoring the urban flora is extremely important. We hope that results present

here will reach the wider population of the capital city and encourage it to value and

preserve its urban green zones even more. Floristic research is the first step towards

getting to know the biodiversity of the forest park and a good basis for the later pro-

duction of brochures and booklets, which should also familiarize the wider population

of the city with the plant richness of these green oases. Education of the local popula-

tion is certainly a good path towards permanent and high-quality protection of these

invaluable forests.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to the unknown reviewers for their constru-

ctive advice that improved the clarity and readability of the manuscript.

Received September 19, 2022

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Appendix 1. The list of vascular plant taxa recorded in Tuškanac Forest Park and

included in floristic analysis.

Life-forms: G-geophytes, P-phanerophytes, Ch-chamaephytes, H-hemicrypthophytes,

T- terophytes;

Chorotypes: 1) Mediterranean, 2) Illyrian-Balkan, 3) South-European, 4) Atlantic, 5)

East-European-Pontic, 6) Southeast-European, 7) Central-European, 8) European, 9) Eura-

sian, 10) Circum-Holarctic, 11) Widespread or Cosmopolitan plants, 12) Cultivated and

adventitious plants;

Origin and chronoelements: sp – spontaneous/native, ar – archeophytes, df – diaphytes/

casual alien, kn – kenophytes/neophytes, kn+ – invasive neophytes (taxa on Croatian pre-

liminary list), kn++ – invasive neophytes (taxa also on EU IAS list), E – Europe, As – Asia,

Af – Africa, N Am – North America

Levels of urbanity: 1 – strictly urbanophobic, 2 – moderately urbanophobic, 3 – urba-

noneutral, 4 – moderately urbanophilic, 5 – strictly urbanophilic

IUCN status: LC – least concern, NT – near threatened, VU – vulnerable.

Protection status: strictly protected (S4)

FAMILY

TAXON

LIFE

FORM

CHORO-

TYPE

URB.

INFL.

CHRONO.

ORIGIN

GEO.

ORIGIN

IUCN

MONILOPHYTA (PTERIDOPHYTA)

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium trichomanes L.

H

11

1

sp

Asplenium scolopendrium L.

H

9

2

sp

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott

H

10

3

sp

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth

H

9

1

sp

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L.

G

10

3

sp

Woodsiaceae

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth

H

9

1

sp

SPERMATOPHYTA - GYMNOSPERMAE

Pinaceae

Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.

P

8

2

sp

Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold

P

2

2

sp

Pinus sylvestris L.

P

10

1

sp

Taxaceae

Taxus baccata L.

P

9

3

sp

VU, S4

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

171

FAMILY

TAXON

LIFE

FORM

CHORO-

TYPE

URB.

INFL.

CHRONO.

ORIGIN

GEO.

ORIGIN

IUCN

SPERMATOPHYTA - ANGIOSPERMAE

MAGNOLIANAE

Aristolochiaceae

Asarum europaeum L.

H

9

1

sp

LILIANAE

Amaryllidaceae

Allium ursinum L.

G

9

2

sp

Galanthus nivalis L.

G

3

3

sp

LC

Araceae

Arum maculatum L.

G

8

2

sp

Asparagaceae

Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.

G

9

1

sp

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)

Druce

G

9

1

sp

Ruscus aculeatus L.

Ch

1

1

sp

Ruscus hypoglossum L.

Ch

1

1

sp

Cyperaceae

Carex digitata L.

H

9

2

sp

Carex divulsa Stokes

H

1

3

sp

Carex sylvatica Huds.

H

9

3

sp

Dioscoreaceae

Tamus communis L.

G

1

1

sp

Iridaceae

Crocus purpureus Weston

G

3

?

sp

Crocus vernus (L.) Hill

G

8

2

sp

Juncaceae

Luzula campestris (L.) DC.

H

9

2

sp

Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin

H

8

1

sp

Liliaceae

Erythronium dens-canis L.

G

9

1

sp

Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl.

G

9

2

sp

Lilium martagon L.

G

9

1

sp

VU

Poaceae

Anthoxanthum odoratum L.

H

9

3

sp

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.)

P. Beauv.

H

9

3

sp

Bromus hordeaceus L.

T

9

4

sp

Dactylis glomerata L.

H

9

3

sp

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

T

9

5

ar

E, As, Af

Hordeum murinum L.

T

1

4

ar

E, As

Lolium perenne L.

H

9

3

sp

Melica ciliata L.

H

9

2

sp

Milium effusum L.

G

10

1

sp

Poa annua L.

T

9

3

sp

LC

Poa trivialis L.

H

9

2

sp

EUDICOTYLEDONES

Aceraceae

Acer campestre L.

P

9

1

sp

Acer platanoides L.

P

7

3

sp

Acer pseudoplatanus L.

P

8

3

sp

Apiaceae

Aegopodium podagraria L.

H

9

3

sp

Hacquetia epipactis (Scop.) DC.

H

6

1

sp

Heracleum sphondylium L.

H

8

3

sp

Sanicula europaea L.

H

9

1

sp

Apocynaceae

Vinca minor L.

Ch

9

3

sp

Araliaceae

Hedera helix L.

P

8

3

sp

Asteraceae

Achillea millefolium L.

H

9

3

sp

Arctium lappa L.

H

9

3

ar

E As

Bellis perennis L.

H

9

3

sp

172

Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

FAMILY

TAXON

LIFE

FORM

CHORO-

TYPE

URB.

INFL.

CHRONO.

ORIGIN

GEO.

ORIGIN

IUCN

Asteraceae

Centaurea jacea L.

H

8

3

sp

Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf.

H

12

3

kn+

N Am

Berberidaceae

Berberis vulgaris L.

P

8

3

sp

Epimedium alpinum L.

G

3

3

sp

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt.

P

12

3

df

N Am

Boraginaceae

Brunnera macrophylla (Adams)

I.M.Johnst.

G

12

3

df

E As

Pulmonaria officinalis L.

H

2

1

sp

Symphytum officinale L. ssp.

officinale

H

9

3

sp

Symphytum tuberosum L. ssp.

angustifolium (A.Kern.) Nyman

G

6

2

sp

Brassicaceae

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara

et Grande

H

9

3

sp

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

H

9

3

ar

E

Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz

G

8

2

sp

Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz

G

6

1

sp

Cardamine hirsuta L.

T

9

4

ar

E As

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser

H

8

3

sp

Campanulaceae

Campanula patula L.

H

8

3

sp

Campanula trachelium L.

H

9

2

sp

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera caprifolium L.

P

6

2

sp

Sambucus nigra L.

P

8

3

sp

Viburnum lantana L.

P

9

2

sp

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria holostea L.

Ch

9

1

sp

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

T

9

4

sp

Celastraceae

Euonymus europaeus L.

P

9

2

sp

Cichoriaceae

Aposeris foetida (L.) Less.

H

6

2

sp

Crepis vesicaria L.

T

1

3

sp

Hieracium murorum L.

H

9

3

sp

Lactuca serriola L.

H

9

4

ar

E, As, Af

Lapsana communis L.

H

9

3

sp

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.

H

9

3

sp

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

T

9

3

ar

E, As, Af

Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.

H

9

3

sp

Clusiaceae

Hypericum montanum L.

H

8

2

sp

Cornaceae

Cornus sanguinea L.

P

8

4

sp

Corylaceae

Carpinus betulus L.

P

9

2

sp

Corylus avellana L.

P

8

3

sp

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia dulcis L.

G

5

1

sp

Fabaceae

Gleditsia triacanthos L.

P

12

4

df

N Am

Laburnum anagyroides Medik.

P

6

2

sp

Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.

G

9

1

sp

Medicago lupulina L.

T

9

3

sp

Robinia pseudoacacia L.

P

12

3

kn+

N Am

Trifolium pratense L.

H

9

3

sp

Fabaceae

Trifolium repens L.

H

9

4

sp

Vicia sativa L.

T

1

4

ar

E, As, Af

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

173

FAMILY

TAXON

LIFE

FORM

CHORO-

TYPE

URB.

INFL.

CHRONO.

ORIGIN

GEO.

ORIGIN

IUCN

Fagaceae

Castanea sativa Mill.

P

1

2

ar

E, As

Fagus sylvatica L.

P

8

1

sp

Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.

P

8

1

sp

Fumariaceae

Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC.

G

8

3

sp

Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.

G

8

2

sp

Geraniaceae

Geranium phaeum L.

H

8

2

sp

Geranium robertianum L.

T

10

3

sp

Geranium rotundifolium L.

T

1

5

sp

Hippocastanaceae Aesculus hippocastanum L.

P

12

3

df

E

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia L.

P

1

2

ar

Lamiaceae

Ajuga reptans L.

H

9

3

sp

Glechoma hederacea L.

H

9

3

sp

Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz

Ch

5

2

sp

Lamium maculatum (L.) L.

H

8

3

sp

Lamium orvala L.

H

2

1

sp

Lamium purpureum L.

T

1

4

ar

E, As, Af

Melissa officinalis L.

H

1

3

sp

Prunella vulgaris L.

H

10

3

sp

Stachys sylvatica L.

H

9

3

sp

Loranthaceae

Loranthus europaeus Jacq.

P

9

3

sp

Moraceae

Ficus carica L.

P

1

3

df

As

Oleaceae

Fraxinus excelsior L.

P

8

2

sp

Fraxinus ornus L.

P

9

2

sp

Ligustrum vulgare L.

P

9

2

sp

Onagraceae

Circaea lutetiana L.

G

9

3

sp

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis acetosella L.

G

9

1

sp

Papaveraceae

Chelidonium majus L.

H

9

3

ar

E, As

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L.

H

12

3

kn+

N Am

Plantaginaceae

Plantago lanceolata L.

H

9

3

sp

Plantago major L.

H

9

3

sp

Plantago media L.

H

7

3

sp

Polygonaceae

Polygonum aviculare L.

T

9

3

sp

Polygonum persicaria L.

T

11

3

sp

Rumex sanguineus L.

H

9

2

sp

Primulaceae

Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.

G

6

2

sp

NT

Lysimachia nummularia L.

H

8

2

sp

Primula vulgaris Huds.

H

9

3

sp

Ranunculaceae

Anemone nemorosa L.

G

8

2

sp

Clematis vitalba L.

P

8

2

sp

Ranunculus bulbosus L.

H

9

3

sp

Ranunculus ficaria L.

G

8

2

sp

Ranunculus lanuginosus L.

H

8

1

sp

Rosaceae

Agrimonia eupatoria L.

H

9

2

sp

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

P

9

2

sp

Duchesnea indica (Andrews)

Focke

H

12

3

kn+

As

Geum urbanum L.

H

9

3

sp

Potentilla micrantha DC.

H

9

3

sp

174

Essert, S. et al.: Vascular flora of Tuškanac Forest Park (Zagreb, Croatia)

FAMILY

TAXON

LIFE

FORM

CHORO-

TYPE

URB.

INFL.

CHRONO.

ORIGIN

GEO.

ORIGIN

IUCN

Rosaceae

Potentilla reptans L.

H

9

3

sp

Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke

H

4

3

sp

Prunus avium (L.) L.

P

9

3

sp

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.

P

9

3

df

E, As

Prunus domestica L.

P

9

4

ar

E, As

Prunus padus L.

P

9

1

sp

Rosa canina L.

P

9

2

sp

Rosa pendulina L.

P

8

1

sp

Rubus idaeus L.

P

9

3

sp

Rubus spp.

Rubiaceae

Galium aparine L.

T

9

3

sp

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.

G

9

1

sp

Salicaceae

Populus alba L.

P

9

3

sp

Populus nigra L.

P

9

2

sp

Salix alba L.

P

9

3

sp

Scrophulariaceae

Lathraea squamaria L.

G

9

1

sp

Melampyrum pratense L.

T

9

2

sp

Scrophularia nodosa L.

H

10

2

sp

Veronica chamaedrys L.

Ch

9

3

sp

Veronica hederifolia L.

T

9

3

sp

Veronica persica Poir.

T

12

4

kn+

As

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

P

12

5

kn++

As

Saxifragaceae

Chrysosplenium alternifolium L.

H

9

2

sp

Tiliaceae

Tilia cordata Mill.

P

8

2

sp

Tilia platyphyllos Scop.

P

8

2

sp

Ulmaceae

Ulmus glabra Huds.

P

8

2

sp

Ulmus minor Mill.

P

1

2

sp

Urticaceae

Urtica dioica L.

H

9

3

sp

Violaceae

Viola alba Besser

H

7

2

sp

Viola odorata L.

H

9

3

ar

E, As, Af

Vitaceae

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)

Planchon

P

12

3

kn+

N Am

Nat. Croat. Vol. 32(1), 2023

175

Appendix 2. The list of cultivated vascular plant taxa recorded in Tuškanac Forest

Park but excluded from floristic analysis

Life-forms: P-phanerophytes;

Chorotypes: 12) Cultivated and adventitious plants;

Origin and chronoelements: cul – cultivated, E – Europe, As – Asia, Af – Africa, N Am

– North America, hybrid

Levels of urbanity: 1 – strictly urbanophobous, 2 – moderately urbanophobous, 3 –

urbanoneutral, 4 – moderately urbanophilous, 5 – strictly urbanophilos

FAMILY

TAXON

LIFE

FORM

CHORO-

TYPE

URB.

INFL.

CHRONO.

ORIGIN

GEO.

ORIGIN

SPERMATOPHYTA - GYMNOSPERMAE

Cupressaceae

Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin

P

12

?

cul

N Am

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J.

Buchholz

P

12

?

cul

N Am

Thuja orientalis L.

P

12

5

cul

As

Pinaceae

Pinus strobus L.

P

12

2

cul

N Am

SPERMATOPHYTA - ANGIOSPERMAE

EUDICOTYLEDONES

Bignoniaceae

Catalpa bignonioides Walter

P

12

5

cul

N Am

Buddlejaceae

Buddleja davidii Franch.

P

12

3

cul

As

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. et Paxton

P

12

?

cul

As

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake

P

12

?

cul

N Am

Hippocastanaceae Aesculus × carnea Zeyh.

P

12

?

cul

hybrid

Hydrangeaceae

Philadelphus coronarius L.

P

12

4

cul

E, As

Oleaceae

Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl

P

12

5

cul

As

Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl.

P

12

4

cul

As

Platanaceae

Platanus x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.

P

12

5

cul

hybrid

Rosaceae

Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Spach

P

12

5

cul

As

Prunus laurocerasus L.

P

12

3

cul

E, As

Scrophulariaceae

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold

et Zucc.

P

12

3

cul

E, As