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All 182 seats in the United States House of Representatives 92 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results: Democratic-Republican hold Democratic-Republican gain Federalist hold Federalist gain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1812–13 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 3, 1812, and April 30, 1813. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 13th United States Congress convened on May 24, 1813. They coincided with James Madison being re-elected president.
With the addition of the new state of Louisiana's at-large seat, along with the 39-seat gain as a result of the congressional reapportionment based on the 1810 United States census, the size of the House increased to 182 seats. Most relative population growth was in the West.
After America's entry into the War of 1812 against Britain, the Democratic-Republican and Federalist parties maintained pro-war and anti-war positions, respectively. Democratic-Republican representatives supported by voters in agrarian regions and Southern and Western states promoted war, asserting that Britain had violated American sovereignty and that despite Britain's strength, war was a manageable risk. Federalists and their supporters in New England and more densely populated Eastern districts opposed the war, citing likely damage to American trade and infrastructure.
This election saw significant voter support shift to the declining Federalists for the last time, almost entirely in New England, New York, and New Jersey. Despite this shift, Federalists did not approach national political recovery, House control, or meaningful policy influence.
Election summaries
[edit]Following the 1810 census, the House was reapportioned, adding 39 new seats.[1]
114 | 68 |
Democratic-Republican | Federalist |
State | Type | Date | Total seats |
Democratic- Republican |
Federalist | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
Kentucky | District | August 3, 1812 | 10 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Rhode Island | At-large | August 25, 1812 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
New Hampshire | At-large | August 31, 1812 | 6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
Vermont | At-large | September 1, 1812 | 6 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Connecticut | At-large | September 21, 1812 | 7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
7 | ![]() |
Louisiana | At-large | September 28–30, 1812 | 1 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Georgia | At-large | October 5, 1812 | 6 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Delaware | At-large | October 6, 1812 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Maryland | Districts | October 12, 1812 | 9 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
South Carolina | Districts | October 12–13, 1812 | 9 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Ohio | Districts | October 13, 1812 | 6 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania | Districts | 23 | ![]() |
22 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() | |
Massachusetts | Districts | November 5, 1812[a] | 20 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
16 | ![]() |
New York | Districts | December 15–17, 1812 | 27 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() |
18 | ![]() |
New Jersey | Districts | January 12–13, 1813 | 6 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
Late elections (after the March 4, 1813, beginning of the next Congress) | ||||||||
Virginia | Districts | April 1813 | 23 | ![]() |
17 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
Tennessee | Districts | April 1–2, 1813 | 6 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
North Carolina | Districts | April 30, 1813 | 13 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
Total | 182 | ![]() |
114 62.6% |
![]() |
68 37.4% |
![]() |
Special elections
[edit]There were special elections in 1812 and 1813 to the 12th United States Congress and 13th United States Congress.
Special elections are sorted by date then district.
12th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Massachusetts 17 | Barzillai Gannett | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent resigned in 1812. New member elected April 6, 1812.[2][c] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated June 3, 1812.[3] Successor later lost re-election, see below. |
|
Georgia at-large | Howell Cobb | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent resigned before October 1812 to accept a captain's commission in the U.S. Army. New member elected October 5, 1812.[c] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated November 27, 1812.[3] Successor also elected the same day to the next term, see below. |
|
New York 6 | Robert L. Livingston | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent resigned to accept commission as a lieutenant colonel. New member elected December 15–17, 1812. Federalist hold. Successor seated January 29, 1813.[3] Successor also elected the same day to the next term, see below. |
|
North Carolina 3 | Thomas Blount | Democratic-Republican | 1793 1798 (lost) 1804 1808 (lost) 1810 |
Incumbent died February 7, 1812. New member elected January 11, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated January 30, 1813.[3] Successor later re-elected, see below. |
|
13th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Pennsylvania 13 | John Smilie | Democratic-Republican | 1792 1794 (retired) 1798 |
Incumbent/member-elect died December 30, 1812. New member elected February 16, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated May 24, 1813.[5] |
|
Ohio 6 | John S. Edwards | Federalist | 1812 | Member-elect died February 22, 1813. New member elected April 20, 1813. Democratic-Republican gain. Successor seated June 8, 1813.[5] |
|
New York 15 | William Dowse | Federalist | 1812 | Member-elect died February 18, 1813. New member elected April 27–29, 1813. Federalist hold. Successor seated June 21, 1813.[5] Election was later successfully challenged by Isaac Williams Jr. (Democratic-Republican). |
|
Kentucky 8 | John Simpson | Democratic-Republican | 1812 | Member-elect died January 22, 1813. New member elected April 29, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated May 28, 1813.[5] |
|
Pennsylvania 15 | Abner Lacock | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent/member-elect resigned March 3, 1813, to become U.S. Senator. New member elected May 4, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated May 28, 1813.[5] |
|
Ohio 3 | Duncan McArthur | Democratic-Republican | 1812 | Member-elect resigned April 5, 1813, to stay in the state militia. New member elected May 10, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated June 15, 1813.[5] |
|
Pennsylvania 5 | Robert Whitehill | Democratic-Republican | 1805 (special) | Member-elect died April 8, 1813. New member elected May 11, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated May 28, 1813.[5] |
|
Pennsylvania 3 | John Gloninger | Federalist | 1812 | Incumbent resigned August 2, 1813. New member elected October 12, 1813. Democratic-Republican gain. Successor seated December 6, 1813.[5] |
|
Pennsylvania 7 | John M. Hyneman | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent resigned August 2, 1813. New member elected October 12, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated December 6, 1813.[5] |
|
Georgia at-large | William W. Bibb | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent resigned after election as U.S. Senator. New member elected December 13, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor seated February 7, 1814.[5] |
|
New York 2 | Egbert Benson | Federalist | 1789 1793 (retired) 1812 |
Incumbent resigned August 2, 1813. New member elected December 28–30, 1813. Democratic-Republican gain. Successor seated January 22, 1814.[5] |
|
Connecticut
[edit]Connecticut elected its members September 21, 1812. Its apportionment was unchanged after the 1810 census.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Connecticut at-large 7 seats on a general ticket |
Benjamin Tallmadge | Federalist | 1801 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Timothy Pitkin | Federalist | 1805 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
John Davenport | Federalist | 1798 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Lewis B. Sturges | Federalist | 1805 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Jonathan O. Moseley | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Epaphroditus Champion | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Lyman Law | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Delaware
[edit]Delaware gained a seat after the 1810 census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.
Delaware elected its members October 6, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Delaware at-large 2 seats on a general ticket |
Henry M. Ridgely | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
None (seat created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
Georgia
[edit]Georgia gained two seats after the 1810 census.
Georgia elected its members October 5, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Georgia at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
William W. Bibb | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
George M. Troup | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Howell Cobb | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent resigned before October 1812 to accept a captain's commission in the U.S. Army. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor also elected the same day to finish the current term; see above. | ||
Bolling Hall | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
Illinois Territory
[edit]See Non-voting delegates, below.
Indiana Territory
[edit]See Non-voting delegates, below.
Kentucky
[edit]Kentucky gained four seats after the 1810 census.
Georgia elected its members August 3, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kentucky 1 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Kentucky 2 | Henry Clay Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 3 | Richard M. Johnson Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 4 | Joseph Desha Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 5 | Anthony New Redistricted from the 1st district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Kentucky 6 | None (district created) | New seat. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Kentucky 7 | Samuel McKee Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 8 | Stephen Ormsby Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor died January 22, 1813, leading to a special election see above. |
|
Kentucky 9 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Kentucky 10 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Louisiana
[edit]Louisiana held its election for the 13th Congress September 28–30, 1812, at the same time as the election for the 12th Congress, with nearly-identical results.
12th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Louisiana at-large | None (district created) | New district, seat created. New member elected September 28–30, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain. New member seated December 23, 1812.[3] Member also elected the same day to the next term, see below. |
|
13th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Louisiana at-large | None (district created) | New district, seat created. New member elected September 28–30, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain. Successor elected the same day to finish the current term, see above. |
|
Maryland
[edit]Maryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Maryland 1 | Philip Stuart | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 2 | Joseph Kent | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 3 | Philip Barton Key | Federalist | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
|
Maryland 4 | Samuel Ringgold | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 5 Plural district with 2 seats |
Alexander McKim | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Peter Little | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
Maryland 6 | Stevenson Archer | Democratic-Republican | 1811 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 7 | Robert Wright | Democratic-Republican | 1810 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 8 | Charles Goldsborough | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts
[edit]Massachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the 19th district, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 "Suffolk district" |
Josiah Quincy | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
|
Massachusetts 2 "Essex South district" |
William Reed | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 3 "Essex North district" |
Leonard White | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
|
Massachusetts 4 "Middlesex district" |
William M. Richardson | Democratic-Republican | 1811 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 5 "Hampshire South district" |
William Ely | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 6 "Hampshire North district" |
Samuel Taggart | Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 7 "Plymouth district" |
Charles Turner Jr. | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 8 "Barnstable district" |
Isaiah L. Green | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 9 "Bristol district" |
Laban Wheaton | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 10 "Worcester South district" |
Elijah Brigham | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 11 "Worcester North district" |
Abijah Bigelow | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 12 "Berkshire district" |
Ezekiel Bacon | Democratic-Republican | 1807 (special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 13 "Norfolk district" |
Ebenezer Seaver | Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 14 "1st Eastern district", District of Maine |
Richard Cutts | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 15 "2nd Eastern district", District of Maine |
William Widgery | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 16 "3rd Eastern district", District of Maine |
None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
Massachusetts 17 "4th Eastern district", District of Maine |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Massachusetts 18 "5th Eastern district", District of Maine |
Francis Carr Redistricted from the 17th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1812 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Massachusetts 19 "6th Eastern district", District of Maine |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Massachusetts 20 "7th Eastern district", District of Maine |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Mississippi Territory
[edit]See Non-voting delegates, below.
Missouri Territory
[edit]See Non-voting delegates, below.
New Hampshire
[edit]New Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Hampshire at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
Josiah Bartlett Jr. | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Samuel Dinsmoor | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
Obed Hall | Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
John Adams Harper | Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
George Sullivan | Federalist | 1811 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. | ||
None (seat created) | New seat. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
New Jersey
[edit]New Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and the state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).
There was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated:
In October 1812, when the Federalists captured the State Legislature, both parties had already nominated their tickets for Presidential Electors and Congress. That election was scheduled for November 1812. However, … the Federalist[s], now controlling the legislature, changed the method of selecting Presidential Electors, from popular vote, to a choice by the Legislature and as a result the election for Presidential Electors was invalidated. In addition to changing the method of choosing Presidential electors, the Federalist also decided to alter the election of congressmen from state wide At-Large to Districts. The scheduled November elections were postponed and three separate Districts were created, each electing two Congressmen. This election was held January 12th and 13th 1813. Some towns, either because word of these changes did not reach them in time, or most likely in defiance, went ahead and held elections. The Republican ticket received almost all of the votes cast, with the Federalist getting only a single votes in two towns, which suggests they were protesting the changes made by the Legislature. These returns were never reported in the newspapers.
— "New Jersey 1812 U.S. House of Representatives (Note 1)". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Jersey 1 "Northern district" Plural district with 2 seats |
Lewis Condict Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Adam Boyd Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic-Republican | 1803 1804 (retired) 1808 (special) |
Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
New Jersey 2 "Central district" Plural district with 2 seats |
James Morgan Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
George C. Maxwell Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
New Jersey 3 "Southern district" Plural district with 2 seats |
Thomas Newbold Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Jacob Hufty Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected as a Federalist. Federalist gain. |
New York
[edit]Ten seats were added after the 1810 census, bringing New York's representation to 27, the largest of any state at the time. New York would remain the state with the most members until surpassed by California in the 1970 census. There were two separate House of Representatives elections in 1812. The first was held in April 1812 for an un-reapportioned 17 representatives. This election was subsequently declared void and a new election was held on December 15–17, 1812, in which only three incumbents ran and two of whom were re-elected. New York thereby lost 4 Democratic-Republicans and gained 14 Federalists.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New York 1 Plural district with 2 seats |
Ebenezer Sage | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. Results of the election were contested but no action was taken by the House. |
|
None (second seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
New York 2 Plural district with 2 seats |
Samuel L. Mitchill | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
William Paulding Jr. | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. | ||
New York 3 | Pierre Van Cortlandt Jr. | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
New York 4 | James Emott | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
|
New York 5 | Robert L. Livingston Redistricted from the 6th district (second seat) |
Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent resigned May 6, 1812, to accept a commission as a lieutenant colonel. Federalist hold. Successor also elected the same day to finish the term; see above. |
|
Thomas B. Cooke | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
New York 6 | Asa Fitch | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
New York 7 | Harmanus Bleecker | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
New York 8 | Benjamin Pond | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
New York 9 | Thomas Sammons | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
New York 10 | Silas Stow | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
New York 11 | Thomas R. Gold | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
New York 12 Plural district with 2 seats |
Arunah Metcalf | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
None (second seat created) | New seat. Federalist gain. | ||||
New York 13 | Uri Tracy | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
New York 14 | None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
New York 15 Plural district with 2 seats |
Peter B. Porter | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
None (second seat created) | New seat. Federalist gain. | ||||
New York 16 | None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
New York 17 | None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
New York 18 | None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
New York 19 | None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
New York 20 Plural district with 2 seats |
Daniel Avery Redistricted from 14th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
None (second seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
New York 21 Plural district with 2 seats |
None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
None (second seat created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
North Carolina
[edit]North Carolina gained one representative as a result of the census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
North Carolina 1 | Lemuel Sawyer | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
North Carolina 2 | Willis Alston | Democratic-Republican | 1798 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 3 | William Kennedy | Democratic-Republican | 1803 1813 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 4 | William Blackledge | Democratic-Republican | 1803 1810 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
North Carolina 5 | William R. King | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 6 | Nathaniel Macon | Democratic-Republican | 1791 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 7 | Archibald McBryde | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
|
North Carolina 8 | Richard Stanford | Democratic-Republican | 1796 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 9 | James Cochran | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
North Carolina 10 | Joseph Pearson | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 11 | None (district created) | New seat. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
North Carolina 12 | Israel Pickens Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina 13 | Meshack Franklin Redistricted from the 12th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio
[edit]The 1810 census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the at-large district. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Ohio 1 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Ohio 2 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Ohio 3 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. Successor resigned April 5, 1813, after the new Congress began but before it first met, leading to a special election; see above. |
| ||
Ohio 4 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Ohio 5 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Ohio 6 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
There was a special election in the 6th district, held due to the death of Representative-elect John S. Edward before Congress met. That election was won by Reasin Beall.
Pennsylvania
[edit]Pennsylvania gained five seats in the House of Representatives as a result of the census of 1810, which awarded it a total of 23 seats. Pennsylvania was re-districted into 15 districts, one with 4 seats, five with 2, and the remaining nine with 1 seat each. There were seven open seats for this election, five resulting from the increase in apportionment, and two resulting from the retirement of incumbents. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[8] | |
Pennsylvania 1 Plural district with 4 seats |
Adam Seybert | Democratic-Republican | 1809 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
William Anderson | Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
James Milnor | Federalist | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||
None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
Pennsylvania 2 Plural district with 2 seats |
Roger Davis Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Jonathan Roberts | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Pennsylvania 3 Plural district with 2 seats |
Joseph Lefever | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. Successor later resigned, leading to a special election. |
|
None (seat created) | New seat. Federalist gain. Successor later resigned, leading to a special election. | ||||
Pennsylvania 4 | None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Pennsylvania 5 Plural district with 2 seats |
Robert Whitehill Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1805 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
William Crawford Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Pennsylvania 6 Plural district with 2 seats |
Robert Brown Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1798 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
William Rodman Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
Pennsylvania 7 | John M. Hyneman Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Pennsylvania 8 | William Piper Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Pennsylvania 9 | David Bard Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Pennsylvania 10 Plural district with 2 seats |
George Smith Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
Pennsylvania 11 | William Findley Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1802 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Pennsylvania 12 | Aaron Lyle Redistricted from the 10th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Pennsylvania 13 | John Smilie Redistricted from the 9th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1792 1794 (Retired) 1798 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Pennsylvania 14 | None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Pennsylvania 15 | Abner Lacock Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Rhode Island
[edit]Rhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held August 25, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Rhode Island at-large 2 seats on a general ticket |
Richard Jackson Jr. | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Elisha R. Potter | Federalist | 1808 | Incumbent re-elected. |
South Carolina
[edit]South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12–13, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Carolina 1 "Charleston district" |
Langdon Cheves | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 2 "Beaufort district" |
William Lowndes Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 3 "Georgetown district" |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
South Carolina 4 "Orangeburgh district" |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
South Carolina 5 "Newberry district" |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
South Carolina 6 "Abbeville district" |
John C. Calhoun | Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 7 "Pendleton district" |
Elias Earle Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1805 (special) 1806 (Lost) 1810 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 8 "Chester district" |
Thomas Moore Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
South Carolina 9 "Sumter district" |
None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Tennessee
[edit]Tennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 census.
Its elections were held April 1–2, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Tennessee 1 | John Rhea | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 2 | John Sevier | Democratic-Republican | 1790 (in North Carolina) 1790 (retired) 1811 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 3 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. The difference between the top two candidates was a single vote. William Kelly unsuccessfully contested the election. |
| ||
Tennessee 4 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 5 | Felix Grundy Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee 6 | None (district created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Vermont
[edit]Vermont gained two seats after the 1810 census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).
Its elections were held September 1, 1812.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Vermont at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
Samuel Shaw Redistricted from the 1st district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
William Strong Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1810 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
James Fisk Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1805 1808 (lost) 1810 |
Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Martin Chittenden Redistricted from the 4th district |
Federalist | 1802 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold | ||
None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
None (seat created) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
Virginia
[edit]Virginia gained one seat after the 1810 census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.
Its elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[b] | |
Virginia 1 | Thomas Wilson | Federalist | 1811 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Virginia 2 | John Baker | Federalist | 1811 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Federalist hold. |
|
Virginia 3 | John Smith | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 4 | William McCoy | Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 5 | James Breckinridge | Federalist | 1809 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 6 | Daniel Sheffey | Federalist | 1809 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 7 | None (district created) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
Virginia 8 | Joseph Lewis Jr. Redistricted from the 7th district |
Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 9 | John Taliaferro Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1801 1803 (retired) 1811 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. Incumbent later unsuccessfully challenged the results. |
|
Virginia 10 | Aylett Hawes Redistricted from the 9th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 11 | John Dawson Redistricted from the 10th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 12 | John Roane Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1809 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 13 | Burwell Bassett Redistricted from the 12th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1805 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Federalist gain. |
|
Virginia 14 | William A. Burwell Redistricted from the 13th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1806 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 15 | Matthew Clay Redistricted from the 14th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Virginia 16 | John Randolph Redistricted from the 15th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1799 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Virginia 17 | James Pleasants Redistricted from the 16th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 18 | Thomas Gholson Jr. Redistricted from the 17th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1808 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 19 | Peterson Goodwyn Redistricted from the 18th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 20 | Edwin Gray Redistricted from the 19th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1799 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Virginia 21 | Thomas Newton Jr. Redistricted from the 20th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1799 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 22 | Hugh Nelson Redistricted from the 21st district |
Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia 23 | John Clopton Redistricted from the 22nd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Non-voting delegates
[edit]Four territories had delegates in the 13th Congress: Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their delegates in 1812 for both the end of the 12th and the start of the 13th Congresses.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Illinois Territory at-large | None (district created) | Illinois Territory had been created in 1809, but was not awarded a delegate until 1812. New delegate elected. Democratic-Republican gain. New delegate seated December 3, 1812.[3] |
| ||
Indiana Territory at-large | Jonathan Jennings | Democratic-Republican | 1809 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi Territory at-large | George Poindexter | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Missouri Territory at-large | None (district created) | Missouri Territory was created in 1812 when Louisiana became a state. New delegate elected. Democratic-Republican gain. New delegate seated January 4, 1813.[3] |
|
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Massachusetts law required a majority to elect, which was not met in the 19th district, so a second election was held January 6, 1813.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed
- ^ a b Date given for the start of the term, of the person elected at the special election (source: Congressional Biographical Directory). In some cases this is clearly wrong as the date of the legal start of the Congress is given, even though the member was elected at a later date.
- ^ Party affiliation not listed in source.
- ^ Detailed records not available, said to have won "by a small margin."
- ^ Vote counts not available, won by a margin of 62 votes.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Numbers of votes missing or incomplete in source.
- ^ Changed parties
- ^ Percent based on partial returns.
- ^ Vote totals unavailable, source states that Gourdin won by 174 votes.
- ^ Source does not give full name.
References
[edit]- ^ 2 Stat. 669
- ^ Dubin, Michael J. (1998). 1788–1997 United States Congressional Elections: The Official Results. McFarland and Company.
- ^ a b c d e f g "12th Congress March 4, 1811, to March 3, 1813". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
- ^ Election details from Ourcampaigns.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Thirteenth Congress March 4, 1813, to March 3, 1815". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
- ^ "Louisiana 1812 U.S. House of Representatives, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved October 12, 2018., although listed in the source as a "special" election, it was a regular or "initial" election for the 12th Congress.
- ^ "Louisiana 1812 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
- ^ Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project
- ^ South Carolina-Beaufort 1812
- ^ Sobel, Robert; Raimo, John (1978). Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978. Vol. 1. Westport, Connecticut: Meckler Books. p. 365. ISBN 9780930466008.
- ^ "Missouri 1812 U.S. House of Representatives (Territorial Delegate)". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Bibliography
[edit]- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). 1788–1997 United States Congressional Elections: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
[edit]- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)