In the theory of von Neumann algebras, a part of the mathematical field of functional analysis, Tomita–Takesaki theory is a method for constructing modular automorphisms of von Neumann algebras from the polar decomposition of a certain involution. It is essential for the theory of type III factors, and has led to a good structure theory for these previously intractable objects.
The theory was introduced by Minoru Tomita (1967), but his work was hard to follow and mostly unpublished, and little notice was taken of it until Masamichi Takesaki (1970) wrote an account of Tomita's theory.[1]
Modular automorphisms of a state
[edit]Suppose that M is a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space H, and Ω is a cyclic and separating vector of H of norm 1. (Cyclic means that MΩ is dense in H, and separating means that the map from M to MΩ is injective.) We write for the vector state of M, so that H is constructed from using the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction. Since Ω is separating, is faithful.
We can define a (not necessarily bounded) antilinear operator S0 on H with dense domain MΩ by setting for all m in M, and similarly we can define a (not necessarily bounded) antilinear operator F0 on H with dense domain M'Ω by setting for m in M′, where M′ is the commutant of M.
These operators are closable, and we denote their closures by S and F = S*. They have polar decompositions
where is an antilinear isometry of H called the modular conjugation and is a positive (hence, self-adjoint) and densely defined operator called the modular operator.
Commutation theorem
[edit]The main result of Tomita–Takesaki theory states that:
for all t and that
the commutant of M.
There is a 1-parameter group of modular automorphisms of M associated with the state , defined by .
The modular conjugation operator J and the 1-parameter unitary group satisfy
and
The Connes cocycle
[edit]The modular automorphism group of a von Neumann algebra M depends on the choice of state φ. Connes discovered that changing the state does not change the image of the modular automorphism in the outer automorphism group of M. More precisely, given two faithful states φ and ψ of M, we can find unitary elements ut of M for all real t such that
so that the modular automorphisms differ by inner automorphisms, and moreover ut satisfies the 1-cocycle condition
In particular, there is a canonical homomorphism from the additive group of reals to the outer automorphism group of M, that is independent of the choice of faithful state.
KMS states
[edit]The term KMS state comes from the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger condition in quantum statistical mechanics.
A KMS state on a von Neumann algebra M with a given 1-parameter group of automorphisms αt is a state fixed by the automorphisms such that for every pair of elements A, B of M there is a bounded continuous function F in the strip 0 ≤ Im(t) ≤ 1, holomorphic in the interior, such that
Takesaki and Winnink showed that any (faithful semi finite normal) state is a KMS state for the 1-parameter group of modular automorphisms . Moreover, this characterizes the modular automorphisms of .
(There is often an extra parameter, denoted by β, used in the theory of KMS states. In the description above this has been normalized to be 1 by rescaling the 1-parameter family of automorphisms.)
Structure of type III factors
[edit]We have seen above that there is a canonical homomorphism δ from the group of reals to the outer automorphism group of a von Neumann algebra, given by modular automorphisms. The kernel of δ is an important invariant of the algebra. For simplicity assume that the von Neumann algebra is a factor. Then the possibilities for the kernel of δ are:
- The whole real line. In this case δ is trivial and the factor is type I or II.
- A proper dense subgroup of the real line. Then the factor is called a factor of type III0.
- A discrete subgroup generated by some x > 0. Then the factor is called a factor of type IIIλ with 0 < λ = exp(−2π/x) < 1, or sometimes a Powers factor.
- The trivial group 0. Then the factor is called a factor of type III1. (This is in some sense the generic case.)
Left Hilbert algebras
[edit]The main results of Tomita–Takesaki theory were proved using left and right Hilbert algebras.[2]
A left Hilbert algebra is an algebra with involution x → x♯ and an inner product (·,·) such that
- Left multiplication by a fixed a ∈ is a bounded operator.
- ♯ is the adjoint; in other words (xy, z) = (y, x♯z).
- The involution ♯ is preclosed.
- The subalgebra spanned by all products xy is dense in w.r.t. the inner product.
A right Hilbert algebra is defined similarly (with an involution ♭) with left and right reversed in the conditions above.
A (unimodular) Hilbert algebra is a left Hilbert algebra for which ♯ is an isometry, in other words (x, y) = (y♯, x♯). In this case the involution is denoted by x* instead of x♯ and coincides with modular conjugation J. This is the special case of Hilbert algebras. The modular operator is trivial and the corresponding von Neumann algebra is a direct sum of type I and type II von Neumann algebras.
Examples:
- If M is a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space H with a cyclic separating unit vector v, then put = Mv and define (xv)(yv) = xyv and (xv)♯ = x*v. The vector v is the identity of , so is a unital left Hilbert algebra.[3]
- If G is a locally compact group, then the vector space of all continuous complex functions on G with compact support is a right Hilbert algebra if multiplication is given by convolution, and x♭(g) = x(g−1)*.[3]
For a fixed left Hilbert algebra , let H be its Hilbert space completion. Left multiplication by x yields a bounded operator λ(x) on H and hence a *-homomorphism λ of into B(H). The *-algebra generates the von Neumann algebra
Tomita's key discovery concerned the remarkable properties of the closure of the operator ♯ and its polar decomposition. If S denotes this closure (a conjugate-linear unbounded operator), let Δ = S* S, a positive unbounded operator. Let S = J Δ1/2 denote its polar decomposition. Then J is a conjugate-linear isometry satisfying[4]
- and .
Δ is called the modular operator and J the modular conjugation.
In Takesaki (2003, pp. 5–17), there is a self-contained proof of the main commutation theorem of Tomita-Takesaki:
- and
The proof hinges on evaluating the operator integral:[5]
By the spectral theorem,[6] that is equivalent to proving the equality with ex replacing Δ; the identity for scalars follows by contour integration. It reflects the well-known fact that, with a suitable normalisation, the function is its own Fourier transform.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Takesaki 2003, pp. 38–39
- ^ Takesaki 2003, pp. 1–39
- ^ a b Takesaki 2003, p. 2
- ^ Takesaki 2003, p. 4
- ^ Takesaki 2003, pp. 15–16
- ^ Rudin 1991.
References
[edit]- Borchers, H. J. (2000), "On revolutionizing quantum field theory with Tomita's modular theory", Journal of Mathematical Physics, 41 (6): 3604–3673, Bibcode:2000JMP....41.3604B, doi:10.1063/1.533323, MR 1768633
- Bratteli, O.; Robinson, D.W. (1987), Operator Algebras and Quantum Statistical Mechanics 1, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-17093-6
- Connes, Alain (1973), "Une classification des facteurs de type III" (PDF), Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure, 4e série, 6 (2): 133–252, doi:10.24033/asens.1247
- Connes, Alain (1994), Non-commutative geometry, Boston, MA: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-185860-5
- Dixmier, Jacques (1981), von Neumann algebras, North-Holland Mathematical Library, vol. 27, translated by F. Jellet, Amsterdam: North-Holland, ISBN 978-0-444-86308-9, MR 0641217
- Inoue, A. (2001) [1994], "Tomita–Takesaki theory", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
- Longo, Roberto (1978), "A simple proof of the existence of modular automorphisms in approximately finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras", Pacific J. Math., 75: 199–205, doi:10.2140/pjm.1978.75.199, hdl:2108/19146
- Nakano, Hidegorô (1950), "Hilbert algebras", The Tohoku Mathematical Journal, Second Series, 2: 4–23, doi:10.2748/tmj/1178245666, MR 0041362
- Pedersen, G.K. (1979), C* algebras and their automorphism groups, London Mathematical Society Monographs, vol. 14, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-549450-5
- Rieffel, M.A.; van Daele, A. (1977), "A bounded operator approach to Tomita–Takesaki theory", Pacific J. Math., 69: 187–221, doi:10.2140/pjm.1977.69.187
- Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277.
- Shtern, A.I. (2001) [1994], "Hilbert algebra", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
- Summers, S. J. (2006), "Tomita–Takesaki Modular Theory", in Françoise, Jean-Pierre; Naber, Gregory L.; Tsun, Tsou Sheung (eds.), Encyclopedia of mathematical physics, Academic Press/Elsevier Science, Oxford, arXiv:math-ph/0511034, Bibcode:2005math.ph..11034S, ISBN 978-0-12-512660-1, MR 2238867
- Sunder, V. S. (1987), An Invitation to von Neumann Algebras, Universitext, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8669-8, ISBN 978-0-387-96356-3
- Strătilă, Şerban; Zsidó, László (1979), Lectures on von Neumann algebras. Revision of the 1975 original., translated by Silviu Teleman, Tunbridge Wells: Abacus Press, ISBN 0-85626-109-2
- Strătilă, Şerban (1981), Modular theory in operator algebras, translated by Şerban Strătilă, Tunbridge Wells: Abacus Press, ISBN 0-85626-190-4
- Takesaki, M. (1970), Tomita's theory of modular Hilbert algebras and its applications, Lecture Notes Math., vol. 128, Springer, doi:10.1007/BFb0065832, ISBN 978-3-540-04917-3
- Takesaki, Masamichi (2003), Theory of operator algebras. II, Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, vol. 125, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-42914-2, MR 1943006
- Tomita, Minoru (1967), "On canonical forms of von Neumann algebras", Fifth Functional Analysis Sympos. (Tôhoku Univ., Sendai, 1967) (in Japanese), Tôhoku Univ., Sendai: Math. Inst., pp. 101–102, MR 0284822
- Tomita, M. (1967), Quasi-standard von Neumann algebras, mimographed note, unpublished