Proper names are names of persons, places, or certain special things. In English, these are typically capitalized nouns. Such names are frequently a source of conflict between editors from different backgrounds, especially in cases where different cultures, using different names, "claim" someone or something as their own. Wikipedia does not seek to judge such rival claims, but as a general rule uses the name which is likely to be most familiar to readers of English. Alternative names are often given in parentheses for greater clarity and fuller information.

For information on the choice of names for article pages, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions. See also Wikipedia:Use English.

Geographical or Place names are the nouns we use to refer to specific places and geographic features. These names give rise most often to conflict because the same places are called different things by different peoples speaking different languages.

This is an English language encyclopedia, so for most geographical names of large and/or important features (countries, states, continents, oceans, seas, major cities, major rivers and lakes, etc.) the English name and alphabet is used in preference to any term that is clearly from a language other than English. Always, where possible, follow the first mention of the name with the original-language version:

Cologne (German: Köln, IPA: [kœln]) is the …

Mount Fuji (富士山 Fuji-san, IPA: [ɸuʥisaɴ]) is the …

The article on Luxembourg provides an excellent example of presenting place names in more than one language. The official state names are given in the languages of the country in the lead, and at the top of the text box on the right side. The article demonstrates another good point. The article name is that most commonly used to refer to Luxembourg in English, and not necessarily the official English name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, which is however added in bold in the lead. Geographical names in a language not official to the article's political entity (English excepted, of course) should not be listed as alternatives.

If an article is about an entity that has other places as members (see Council of Europe, for example), the listing of those places (that is, the members) should follow the official English version of the listing provided by the umbrella organization, whether politically correct or not. These would, of course, link to the article name used at Wikipedia.

Many place names have a historical context that should be preserved, but common sense should prevail. There can be few places that have not been parts of more than one culture or have had only one name. An article about Junipero Serra should say he lived in Alta Mexico not the U.S. state of California because the latter entity did not exist at the time of Junipero Serra. The Romans invaded Gaul, not France, and Thabo Mbeki is the president of the Republic of South Africa, not of the Cape Colony. To be clear, you may sometimes need to mention the current name of the area (for example "what is now France"), especially if no English name exists for that area in the relevant historical period.

As features on the landscape get smaller, the existence of English equivalents to local language names becomes less likely. It is sometimes customary, as with personal names, to transliterate these place names so that an English speaker better understands them. This practice is losing favor to preserving local spelling to the extent possible.

Personal names are the names given to people, but can be used as well for some animals (like race horses) and natural or man-made inanimate objects (like ships and geological formations). As proper nouns, these names are always first-letter capitalized, except when the given individual does not want their name to be capitalized and the lowercase variant has received regular and established use in reliable third party sources. Personal names are transliterated into English spelling but generally not Anglicized or translated between languages.

Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Алексáндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин) was a …

Canute (sometimes Cnut; Danish Knud) is the …

To cite from the Wikipedia article on Proper nouns:

The meaning of a proper noun, outside of what it references, is frequently arbitrary or irrelevant (for example, someone might be named Tiger Smith despite being neither a smith nor tiger-like). Because of this, they are often not translated between languages, although they may be transliterated—for example, the German surname Knödel becomes Knodel or Knoedel in English, not Dumpling.

Most recent personal names have but one correct spelling, although presentation (use of initials, middle names, nicknames, etc.) can vary and still be correct. In these cases, it is best to use a recognizable form for an article title, with redirects from other longer/shorter forms to the article. The most complete name (with titles) should appear at the beginning of the article to provide maximum information. Inclusion of middle names or initials in article titles, when they are widely known, can be a useful form of disambiguation if there is more than one person known by that name. This can be particularly useful in disambiguating family members with very similar names (e.g., George W. Bush, George P. Bush, George H. W. Bush). However, if the person is conventionally known by only their first and last names and disambiguation is not required, any middle names should be omitted from the article title.

Names from history are less certain as to spelling, for a variety of reasons, but the further back one goes the less particular societies were about exact spellings, so variations are more likely to exist. Persons with expertise in specific fields of history should provide input to decisions where these must be made or a controversy arises. A readily accessible and authoritative source for the accepted name of a person who has written books, or who has been written about, is the U. S. Library of Congress Authorities database, which provides the accepted name and variant names used by the British Library, the National Library of Canada, and other English language libraries. Redirect pages can insure that all variants lead to the desired article.

See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy

In many cases, the common English spelling of a proper name is simply the native spelling with the modifying marks (diacritics) removed; but, quite often, English normally uses the native spelling. For example, Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős is spelt with a double acute accent, instead of an umlaut as in Paul Erdös, or the unaccented spelling Paul Erdos. Since Erdős has his own article, redirects have been added for both variant spellings Paul Erdös, Paul Erdos. This practice includes ligatures of Latin characters such as Encyclopædia Britannica or the Nordic god Ægir, with redirects from the Anglicised form Aegir and the Swedish spelling Ägir.

There are three views, all warmly held, on how to deal with this: always omit diacritics, always include them, or include them only when English usually does. In practice, the last view will concur with one of the other two in any given case.

See also:

• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (standard letters with diacritics) (rejected)
• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (þ) (historic)
• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Unicode) (draft)
• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)#Disputed issues

Common names are the names given to specific types of animals and plants. It is traditional with common names to use the name common to the place where the reference is being made, but this is not possible with Wikipedia, a text having in essence worldwide distribution. As in any human endeavor, there is always effort being expended to 'standardize' common names, especially among scientists (who developed a standard nomenclature to settle the problems posed by a plethora of common names referring to the same thing in some cases, or the same name referring to different things in other cases). Although one cannot help wondering what sense of "common" was missed by attempting to settle on one common name for each species, success along these lines has actually been achieved by ornithologists.

Ornithologists also depart from tradition followed by most other biologists in insisting that the common names of birds be first-letter capitalized where the reference is to a particular species. Thus, one can write about a penguin, or specifically about the Emperor Penguin, the latter being the proper (common) name of the species, Aptenodytes forsteri. Non-specialists may have difficulty determining which form to use in some cases (for example, is it mallard or Mallard?), but it is likely most references to bird species will eventually be seen and edited by an ornithologist.

The following is excerpted from Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life on the same subject:

Summary of naming guidelines common names:

• The name of a particular bird species is always capitalised: Common Blackbird, Western Marsh Harrier. Cetaceans are also capitalised.
• The name of a group of species is not capitalised: thrush family, kingfishers, turtledoves, marsh harriers.
• The hyphenated part of a species name is not usually capitalised: Red-winged Blackbird, Black-faced Butcherbird, Splendid Fairy-wren.
• Alternative names should be mentioned where appropriate; with bold type in the opening line of the entry if they are in wide use, elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type) if they are less used. This is usually a matter for individual judgement.

See also: Wikipedia:Technical terms and definitions