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[[File:Hagfish Slime Predator Deterrence.jpg|right|thumb|350px|A [[seal shark]] (top, a–c) and an [[Atlantic wreckfish]] (bottom, d–f) each attempt to prey on a hagfish.]] |
[[File:Hagfish Slime Predator Deterrence.jpg|right|thumb|350px|A [[seal shark]] (top, a–c) and an [[Atlantic wreckfish]] (bottom, d–f) each attempt to prey on a hagfish.]] |
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The slime of the [[hagfish]] is unique due to its volume and dilution. In these fish it serves as an [[anti-predator adaptation]]: when grabbed by a predator fish, the hagfish ejects copious amounts of slime into the predator's mouth, causing the predator to gag and flare its gills, releasing the hagfish and moving away.<ref name="Hag1">{{Cite journal|last=Zintzen|first=Vincent|last2=Roberts|first2=Clive D.|last3=Anderson|first3=Marti J.|last4=Stewart|first4=Andrew L.|last5=Struthers|first5=Carl D.|last6=Harvey|first6=Euan S.|date=2011-10-27|title=Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00131|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=131|doi=10.1038/srep00131|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> |
The slime of the [[hagfish]] is unique due to its volume and dilution. In these fish it serves as an [[anti-predator adaptation]]: when grabbed by a predator fish, the hagfish ejects copious amounts of slime into the predator's mouth, causing the predator to gag and flare its gills, releasing the hagfish and moving away.<ref name="Hag1">{{Cite journal|last=Zintzen|first=Vincent|last2=Roberts|first2=Clive D.|last3=Anderson|first3=Marti J.|last4=Stewart|first4=Andrew L.|last5=Struthers|first5=Carl D.|last6=Harvey|first6=Euan S.|date=2011-10-27|title=Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00131|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=131|doi=10.1038/srep00131|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 04:43, 28 September 2021
The slime coat (also fish slime, mucus layer or slime layer) is the coating of mucus covering the body of all fish. An important part of fish anatomy, it serves many functions, depending on species, ranging from locomotion, care and feeding of offspring, to resistance to disease and parasites.[1]
Production and composition
The mucin making up the slime coat is secreted by goblet cells in the fish's epidermis.[2][3] The slime contains a variety of antimicrobial peptides and other antimicrobial components such as lysozyme and C-reactive protein.[4][5]
Locomotion
The slime coat of some fish aids in more efficient swimming by reducing drag,[6][7] attributed to the Toms effect.[8][9] Slime can reduce the friction experienced by the fish by up to 65%.[10] Generally, the faster the fish, the greater reduction in drag provided by the slime, but there are a few exceptions.[11]
In schooling fish, slime shed by leading fish is thought to provide a hydrodynamic benefit to following fish.[12]
Protection from disease and parasites
Under water, fish are exposed to a greater number of microorganisms than those whose skin is exposed mainly to air. In the absence of a stratum corneum, the slime coat serves to protect the fish from attack from harmful microorganisms.[13]
Hagfish
The slime of the hagfish is unique due to its volume and dilution. In these fish it serves as an anti-predator adaptation: when grabbed by a predator fish, the hagfish ejects copious amounts of slime into the predator's mouth, causing the predator to gag and flare its gills, releasing the hagfish and moving away.[14]
References
- ^ Jakowska, Sophie (1963). "Mucus Secretion in Fish—a Note*". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 106 (2): 458–462. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb16658.x. ISSN 1749-6632.
- ^ Dash, S.; Das, S. K.; Samal, J.; Thatoi, H. N. (2018). "Epidermal mucus, a major determinant in fish health: a review". Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 19 (2): 72–81. ISSN 1728-1997. PMC 6056142. PMID 30046316.
- ^ Kraugerud, Reidun Lilleholt. "Fish skin and its protective properties". Nofima. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
- ^ Rakers, Sebastian; Niklasson, Lars; Steinhagen, Dieter; Kruse, Charli; Schauber, Jürgen; Sundell, Kristina; Paus, Ralf (2013). "Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) from Fish Epidermis: Perspectives for Investigative Dermatology". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 (5): 1140–1149. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.503. ISSN 0022-202X.
- ^ Tiralongo, Francesco; Messina, Giuseppina; Lombardo, Bianca Maria; Longhitano, Lucia; Li Volti, Giovanni; Tibullo, Daniele (2020). "Skin Mucus of Marine Fish as a Source for the Development of Antimicrobial Agents". Frontiers in Marine Science. 0. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.541853. ISSN 2296-7745.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Hoyt, J. W. (1975), Wu, Theodore Y.-T.; Brokaw, Charles J.; Brennen, Christopher (eds.), "Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction Due to Fish Slimes", Swimming and Flying in Nature: Volume 2, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 653–672, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1326-8_13, ISBN 978-1-4757-1326-8, retrieved 2021-09-12
- ^ Rosen, Moe Wm; Cornford, Neri E. (1971). "Fluid Friction of Fish Slimes". Nature. 234 (5323): 49–51. doi:10.1038/234049a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ Daniel, Thomas L. (1981-06-01). "Fish mucus: in situ measurements of polymer drag reduction". The Biological Bulletin. 160 (3): 376–382. doi:10.2307/1540846. ISSN 0006-3185 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ "Slime Reduces Drag — Biological Strategy". asknature.org. Biomimicry Institute. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
- ^ Ramel, Gordon (2020-03-24). "Fish Locomotion & Movement 101: How Fish Swim Explained". Earth Life. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
- ^ Blake, Robert W. (1983-05-26). Fish Locomotion. CUP Archive. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-0-521-24303-2.
- ^ Domenici, Paolo (2010-01-01). Fish Locomotion: An Eco-ethological Perspective. CRC Press. p. 100. doi:10.1086/656882. ISBN 978-1-000-73803-2.
- ^ Tsutsui, Shigeyuki; Komatsu, Yukie; Sugiura, Takaya; Araki, Kyosuke; Nakamura, Osamu (2011-11-01). "A unique epidermal mucus lectin identified from catfish (Silurus asotus): first evidence of intelectin in fish skin slime". The Journal of Biochemistry. 150 (5): 501–514. doi:10.1093/jb/mvr085. ISSN 0021-924X.
- ^ Zintzen, Vincent; Roberts, Clive D.; Anderson, Marti J.; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Harvey, Euan S. (2011-10-27). "Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism". Scientific Reports. 1 (1): 131. doi:10.1038/srep00131. ISSN 2045-2322.
Further reading
- Wainwright, Dylan K.; Lauder, George V. (2017). "Mucus Matters: The Slippery and Complex Surfaces of Fish" (PDF). In Gorb, Stanislav N.; Gorb, Elena V. (eds.). Functional Surfaces in Biology III: Diversity of the Physical Phenomena. Biologically-Inspired Systems. Springer, Cham. pp. 223–246. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74144-4_10. ISBN 978-3-319-74144-4. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
Category:Fish anatomy Category:Integumentary system Category:Fish reproduction Category:Fish health