Tourism was limited to the upper-class of ancient Rome due to its expense. Travel was also difficult because of shipwrecks, storms, poor maps, and a lack of modern means of transport. Tourism was difficult due to the time required to travel long distances in ancient Rome. Common destinations for ancient Roman tourists were Greece, Egypt, and the coast of Campania. Wealthy Romans would also spend the hottest parts of the year in villas outside of the city of Rome or in resort towns such as Baiae. These trips usually boosted the local economy as the locals attempted to supply the tourists with housing, goods, and services.

Methods of travel

Travel was difficult to access for poorer Romans due to limited time and economic constraints. Shipwrecks, storms, poor maps,^[1] and weather conditions also presented challenges for tourists, although there was little piracy in ancient Rome.^[2] Roman roads were large and had extensive networks. However, they were primarily used by the military during the Roman Republic.^[2][3][4] The roads were worse the further away one got from towns and cities. Roman tourists and travelers were provided with lodgings in inns. The Romans viewed hospitality, which they termed hospitium, as a moral obligation.^[5] Ancient Romans utilized tourist guide books and tour guides during their travels. In Amores, Lucian satirically describes an incident at the Sanctuary of Dionysus in which one of the characters is beset by numerous opportunists offering to explain the stories behind the various behinds for a price.^[6] According to Plutarch, the tour guides were notoriously loquacious. In Moralia, Plutarch wrote that "the guides went through their standard speech, paying no attention whatsoever to our entreaties to cut the talk short and leave out most of the explanations on the inscriptions and epitaphs." Varro, as quoted by Nonius, once satirically wrote a prayer invoking protecting against these tour guides: "Zeus, protect me from your guides at Olympia, and you, Athena, from yours at Athens." Contemporary tour guides primarily regaled tourists with myths and stories about the various attractions. Pausanius wrote that "the guides at Argos know very well that not all the stories they tell are true, but they tell them anyway." Pliny wrote satirically of a character named Caius Licinius Mucianus, a gullible tourist who believed these rumors.^[6]

Attractions

Anatolia and Greece

Roman tourists frequently traveled to Greece to witness the Olympic Games, the Pythian Games, the Isthmian Games, and the Nemean Games, as well as to visit Greek temples.^[7][8][9] Greek and Roman temples were enticing attractions for tourists due to their religious significance. Greco-Roman temples represented the home of the god through the statue depicting the deity. Religious rituals occurred outside the temples at altars. Temples often profited greatly from tourism; visitors were typically required to pay entrance fees—usually in food, money, or objects—to access the temples. These fees served as a source of revenue for temples.^[6] Temples of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine, were often visited by individuals seeking medical advice.^[6] People would visit Greece to consult the Oracle of Delphi and other "oracles of the dead," which were located in caves and were believed to allow one to contact one's dead friends and family.^[10][11]

It was common for ancient Romans to travel to the islands of Lesbos, Rhodes, Chios, and the islands of Ionia. Greek cities in Asia Minor and important settlements such as Athens or Sparta were also popular tourist destinations.^[2] Sparta became a hub of tourist activity during their yearly festival in honor of Artemis Orthia. During this festival, adolescent men known as ephebes were whipped at the altar. By the time of Cicero, this festival became a public spectacle with tourists from throughout the empire coming to observe the rituals.^[6] The ancient Romans were attracted to sites such as the Colossus of Rhodes, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia,^[6] and the Satyr of Protogenes.^[2] Greece was also popular because the Romans saw non-Greco-Roman cultures as barbaric.^[2] The ruins of Troy were particularly intriguing for ancient Roman tourists. Julius Caesar visited the site and toured the area with a guide. Afterwards, he erected an altar to his Trojan ancestors. Similarly, Germanicus worshipped at the tomb of Hector in Troy and Hadrian restored the tomb to Ajax. Caracalla sacrificed at the tomb of Achilles, erected a bronze statue in the area, and held races at the tomb.^[6]

Egypt

Egypt was the most popular area for tourists to travel to. The Romans viewed Egypt as exotic, mysterious, and ancient. Egyptian locals fed misinformation to the Romans to draw them in and profit from them.^[10] Alexandriaand the Pyramids were the most popular sites in Egypt.^[12] Alexandria's most popular attractions were the Serapeum, the Musaeum, and the Pharos. Tourists would also visit the Bull of Apis in Memphis and the cities of Thebes and Luxor.^[12] Strabo detailed his encounter with the Colossi of Memmnon at Thebes. These statues were famed throughout the ancient world for their supposed ability to talk. Consequently, they became a popular tourist attraction. Strabo recounts visiting the statues and hearing noises; however, he remained skeptical about whether the sounds were produced by the noise or nearby people.^[6] Strabo describes another possible example of an ancient Egyptian tourist trap at Syene. Strabo writes that local boatmen would sail upstream past the first cataract of the Nile into the rapids to entertain tourists.^[6] It was a tradition for Roman aristocrats and emperors to sail across the Nile since Julius Caesar sailed across the Nile with Cleopatra.^[13] Egyptian temples such as the Temple of Ptah in Memphis were open to outside visitors. Tourists would have been allowed to partake in the local rituals.^[6]

Italy

Many of the common folk of ancient Rome left the city during summer due to the oppressive heat. Roman tourists frequently visited resorts across the shoreline from Rome to Naples.^[6] Wealthy Romans would commonly purchase vacation villas outside of the city of Rome, where they would spend the hottest months of the year. They could also be located on the coast of Campania in the Tyrrhenian Sea.^[14] It was common to visit the areas by Herculaneum and Pompeii in the Gulf of Naples.^[10][15] Emperor Tiberius built his resort villa, the Villa Jovis, on the island of Capri.^[10] Baiae was an ancient Roman town located in modern Bacoli on the Gulf of Naples. It was a popular resort in ancient Rome, primarily during the end of the Roman Republic. The town was known for corruption, scandals, and hedonism.^[10][15] Bars dotted the area and upper-class women were said to pretend to be prostitutes, Varro wrote that in Baiae men acted like boys, and boys acted like girls.^[10][16] Another resort town called Puteoli was known for its danger and high night-time crime rates. It was a common practice for visitors to bring bodyguards with them. Other popular tourist destinations included areas by the Bay of Sorrento, Cumae, and Cape Misenum. Horace, a Roman poet, described how the luxury villas in these areas were packed so tightly that "the fish were feeling cramped." For ancient Roman villa owners, traversing the shore in litters and riding on oar-propelled boats were common activities.^[6]

Countryside tourism was also popular in ancient Rome. Roman people frequently visited the Alban and Sabine hills east of Rome. Numerous lavish country estates were built in the Roman countryside. Such villas often functioned as homes and resorts; these villas were self-sufficient, containing farms, large storages of food or wine, and often other amenities such as bakeries. Many villas lacked these same luxuries and exclusively served as resort homes. Tourism in the Alps was not popular; people viewed the mountains more as obstructions rather than as attractions. However, Mount Etna was a popular attraction due to its religious significance and the view of the sunrise from the summit. There was an inn at the top of the mountain for visitors. Non-Roman tourists frequently visited Rome during the summer. They would tour the baths, chariot racing, gladiatorial games, visit the Colosseum, shop at the various markets throughout the city, or see the many monuments of Rome. Stadia throughout the Roman world became popular attractions for sports tourists.^[17] Visitors often traveled to the base of the Palatine hill, where a fig tree supposedly marked the location where the cradle of Romulus and Remus was overturned.^[6]

Motives

During the reign of Augustus tourism and leisure assumed a more prominent role in Roman culture. It is unclear if people would take "Grand Tours" in which they traveled across the Mediterranean to see a wide variety of notable tourist attractions such as Athens and Delphi.^[12] Traveling this much may have been too expensive and dangerous. However, it is known people would travel across the Empire after winning notable battles or notable achievements.^[13] Most people would bring home memorabilia from their destination.^[18] It was common for ancient Roman tourists to draw sketches of themselves near famous attractions or to commission such sketches.^[6] In Athens, tourists could collect paintings, pottery, terracotta, artefacts, silver statuettes, glass bottles, and miniature figures depicting the Statue of Athena by Phidias.^[6] According to Lucian, tourists could acquire obscene pottery as a souvenir. In the Acts of Saint Paul he describes an encounter with an Athenian silversmith who produced and sold silver temples of Diana.^[6]

Roman tourism was heavily influenced by the concept of otium, a term referring to leisure time. The Romans believed otium should be dedicated to artistically, physically, or academically beneficial activities. Tourism was often motivated by the desire to fulfill the concept of otium. Wealthy and upper-class Romans may have traveled to areas throughout Greece or Asia Minor for educational or philosophical pursuits.^[6] Greece, Massalia, and Alexandria were common destinations for tourists who intended to further their education.^[13] Many of these tourists sought high quality teachers and rhetoricians in the areas they visited.^[19] Cicero, a Roman orator, took a vacation to the eastern parts of the Empire to study philosophy and oratory in the 70s BCE.^[20] Educational motivations included the desire to see sights of historic or cultural significance. Pliny described the Augustan tourist gaze: "There are a number of things in this city of ours and its environs which we have not even heard of, much less seen; yet, if they were in Greece or Egypt or Asia, we would have heard all about them, read all about them, looked over all there was to see."^[6] Many wealthy and important Romans, such as Germanicus and Septimius Severus, traveled throughout the eastern parts of the Roman Empire hoping to visit ancient and famous sites of historical importance.^[19] Ancient inscriptions reveal that there were Roman pilgrims who traveled across the empire seeking sites of religious importance. One inscription from the Temple of Mandulis in Talmis references a man named Sansnos who traveled to site throughout the empire with the hope of worshipping each god.^[19]

Medical tourism was popular in the ancient Roman world. Travelers sought the advice of oracles, particularly oracles of Apollo in Delphi, Delos, or Claros. The oracles of Heracles, the oracle of Trophonius near Lebadea, and the Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste were other oracles in high demand. Temples of Asclepius were often visited for medical reasons. Hippocrates and his school of medicine practiced near one of his temples on the Greek island of Kos. Similarly, the surgeon Galen, practiced near a Temple of Ascelpius in Pergamon. These sites were often visited by tourists seeking medical advice or treatment. Celsus, a prominent Roman medical scholar, advocated for long sea voyages as a treatment for tuberculosis. He believed that maritime travel provided a fresh change of air which Celus thought could treat the disease. Celsus argued that the journey from Italy to Alexandria was perfect for such a trip.^[6]

It was common for the influx of tourists to drastically alter the local economy.^[2][21] Locals typically set up shops, worked as vendors, and provided services such as prostitution or lodgings to tourists. Travelers often engraved evidence of their journey in graffiti. In Egypt, an inscription was found reading "I, Lysa, slave of Publius Annius Plocannus, came here in year 35 of Caesar." Another Egyptian inscription reads "I, Gaius Numidius Eros, was here in year 28 of Caesar, returning from India, in the month Phamenoth."^[6]

See also

•  Ancient Rome portal

References