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TheBritinator (talk | contribs) Rather trivial, to be honest Tag: Visual edit |
TheBritinator (talk | contribs) →Further reading: Dunno about this. This seems way too early to be considered the holocaust Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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{{Short description|1933 organized kidnapping in Liechtenstein}} |
{{Short description|1933 organized kidnapping in Liechtenstein}} |
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{{Infobox civilian attack |
{{Infobox civilian attack |
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| title = Rotter kidnappings |
| title = Rotter kidnappings |
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| location = [[Gaflei]], |
| location = [[Gaflei]], Liechtenstein |
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| date = {{Start date and age|1933|04|05}} |
| date = {{Start date and age|1933|04|05}} |
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| image = Landesarchiv Berlin A Rep 358-02 108586 3546 Rotter Bad Ragaz.jpg |
| image = Landesarchiv Berlin A Rep 358-02 108586 3546 Rotter Bad Ragaz.jpg |
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| type = [[Kidnapping]] |
| type = [[Kidnapping]] |
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| victim = {{plainlist| |
| victim = {{plainlist| |
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*{{ill|Fritz Rotter (born 1888)|lt=Fritz Rotter|de|Fritz Rotter (Theaterunternehmer)}} |
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*Fritz Rotter |
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*Alfred Rotter † |
*{{ill|Alfred Rotter|de}} † |
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*Gertrud Rotter † |
*Gertrud Rotter † |
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*Julie Wolff |
*Julie Wolff |
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}} |
}} |
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| perpetrators = {{plainlist| |
| perpetrators = {{plainlist| |
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* |
*{{ill|Rudolf Schädler|de|Rudolf Schädler (Komponist)}} |
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* |
*{{ill|Franz Roeckle|de|Franz Roeckle (Architekt)}} |
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*Peter Rheinbeger |
*Peter Rheinbeger |
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*Eugen Frommelt |
*Eugen Frommelt |
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| Line 25: | Line 24: | ||
| motive = Politically motivated<br>[[Antisemitism]] |
| motive = Politically motivated<br>[[Antisemitism]] |
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| verdict = [[Pleaded guilty]] |
| verdict = [[Pleaded guilty]] |
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| convictions = Between |
| convictions = Between three months and one year in prison |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Rotter |
The '''Rotter kidnapping''' ({{lang-de|Rotter-Entführung}}) was a failed organized kidnapping in [[Liechtenstein]] of {{ill|Fritz Rotter (born 1888)|lt=Fritz Rotter|de|Fritz Rotter (Theaterunternehmer)}} and {{ill|Alfred Rotter|de}}, German film directors and theatre managers of Jewish background, by Liechtenstein citizens sympathetic to [[Nazi Germany]]. The attack was additionally supported by five German nationals within the country. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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Fritz |
Fritz and Alfred Rotter worked as writers and composers and owned multiple successful theatres in [[Berlin]] during the era of the [[Weimar Republic]]. However, by 1933 due to the two men's [[Jews|Jewish]] background, they were the target of pressure contemporaneous with the rise of [[Nazism]] in Germany and in January 1933 they were forced to declare bankruptcy and emigrated to Liechtenstein.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Otte |first=Marline |title=Jewish Identities in German Popular Entertainment, 1890–1933 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521187503 |pages=246}}</ref> They had previously succeeded in being [[Naturalization|naturalized]] in the country in 1931 as a result of a wider initiative by the [[First Hoop cabinet|Liechtenstein government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=16 August 2021 |title=Rotter-Entführung |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Rotter-Entführung |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 1933 |title=Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz |url=https://www.e-archiv.li/textDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&etID=41700&eID=1 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein |language=de}}</ref> |
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However, due to this Liechtenstein became the target of attacks by German press outlets. In particular, the Rotters became the target of attacks as they falsely accused them of faking their bankruptcy and transferring their money abroad. As a result, it publicly demanded that the two men be [[Extradition|extradited]] back to [[Nazi Germany]] to face |
However, due to this Liechtenstein became the target of attacks by German press outlets. In particular, the Rotters became the target of attacks from the press as they falsely accused them of faking their [[bankruptcy]] and transferring their money abroad. As a result, it was publicly demanded that the two men be [[Extradition|extradited]] back to [[Nazi Germany]] to face trial.<ref name=":0" /> Four local Liechtensteiner Nazis ({{ill|Rudolf Schädler|de|Rudolf Schädler (Komponist)}}, {{ill|Franz Roeckle|de|Franz Roeckle (Architekt)}}, Peter Rheinbeger and Eugen Frommelt) used the German press demands as an impetus to kidnap the two men and forcefully extradite them to Nazi Germany, which was intended to coincide with the formation of an organized Nazi Party in Liechtenstein.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last=TIMES |first=Wireless to THE NEW YORK |date=3 July 1933 |title=Nazi Group Formed in Lichtenstein |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/03/archives/nazi-group-formed-in-lichtenstein.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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== Kidnapping == |
== Kidnapping == |
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[[File:Gaflei Alp Kurhaus.jpg|thumb|The health resort in Gaflei, the location of the kidnapping, pictured in 1930]] |
[[File:Gaflei Alp Kurhaus.jpg|thumb|The health resort in Gaflei, the location of the kidnapping, pictured in 1930]] |
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On 5 April 1933, Fritz and Alfred Rotter, along with Alfred's wife Gertrud Rotter, and Fritz domestic partner Julie Wolff were convinced by Schädler to stay at |
On 5 April 1933, Fritz and Alfred Rotter, along with Alfred's wife Gertrud Rotter, and Fritz's domestic partner Julie Wolff, were convinced by Schädler to stay at a health resort in [[Gaflei]] on the [[Alps]] which he managed.<ref name=":0" /> Once they arrived, the four men, along with five other German nationals convinced to assist with the plot, attempted to kidnap them and throw them into cars.<ref name=":0" /> This however, was unsuccessful as they fought back and began to escape on foot.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kamber |first=Peter |title=Fritz und Alfred Rotter: Ein Leben zwischen Theaterglanz und Tod im Exil |publisher=Henschel Verlag |year=2020 |isbn=978-3894878122 |pages=373–400 |language=de}}</ref> |
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Shortly afterwards, Alfred and Gertrud fell into a nearby ravine while fleeing the kidnappers and were killed immediately. Around the same time, Fritz was tricked by one of the kidnappers into getting into his car under the false pretext of aiding him to safety, though once he realized he managed to overpower the driver and jump out of the car, thus breaking his shoulder in the process.<ref name=":1" /> Following this, he was able to re-unite with Julie Wolff who was also injured and successfully managed to reach safety and inform the Liechtenstein government.<ref name=":0" /> |
Shortly afterwards, Alfred and Gertrud fell into a nearby ravine while fleeing the kidnappers and were killed immediately. Around the same time, Fritz was tricked by one of the kidnappers into getting into his car under the false pretext of aiding him to safety, though once he realized he managed to overpower the driver and jump out of the car, thus breaking his shoulder in the process.<ref name=":1" /> Following this, he was able to re-unite with Julie Wolff who was also injured and successfully managed to reach safety and inform the Liechtenstein government.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== |
== Trials and aftermath == |
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Following the kidnapping attempt, three of the men involved were arrested within Liechtenstein, whereas the rest were caught while attempting to flee through [[Götzis]] in Austria and then extradited back to Liechtenstein. In June 1933 the men went on |
Following the kidnapping attempt, three of the men involved were arrested within Liechtenstein, whereas the rest were caught while attempting to flee through [[Götzis]] in Austria and then extradited back to Liechtenstein. In June 1933, the men went on trial for the kidnapping. Notably however, both the indirect murder of Alfred and Gertrud and the political motivation behind the kidnapping were deliberately downplayed in order to avoid further press attacks from Nazi Germany. Fritz Rotter's lawyer, [[Wladimir Rosenbaum]], was prevented from reading his plea where he directly criticized the Nazis' use of violence. In addition, approximately 700 signatures were gathered demanding the pardon of the German men involved.<ref name=":0" /> |
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As a result of the |
As a result of the trial, Schädler was sentenced to one year in prison, whereas Roeckle, Rheinbeger and Frommelt were sentenced to four months.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=[[Peter Geiger]] |date=31 December 2011 |title=Schädler, Rudolf (1903–1990) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schädler,_Rudolf_(1903–1990) |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frick |first=Florian |date=31 December 2011 |title=Roeckle, Franz Josef |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Roeckle,_Franz_Josef |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Four of the German men involved were separately sentenced to three months in a court in [[Konstanz]]. In October of the same year it was agreed that in order for German press attacks against Liechtenstein to come to an end Schädler and Rheinbeger would be released from prison early.<ref name=":0" /> Schädler was released the following month.<ref name=":2" /> |
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{{Multiple images |
{{Multiple images |
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| image2 = Stolperstein für Gertrud Rotter (Vaduz).jpg |
| image2 = Stolperstein für Gertrud Rotter (Vaduz).jpg |
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| total_width = 250 |
| total_width = 250 |
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| caption1 = Alfred Rotter |
| caption1 = [[Stolperstein]] for Alfred Rotter |
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| caption2 = Gertrud Rotter |
| caption2 = Stolperstein for Gertrud Rotter |
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}} |
}} |
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The kidnappings and subsequent |
The kidnappings and subsequent trials temporarily held back the formation of an organized Nazi Party in Liechtenstein, and it would not form until 1938 as the [[German National Movement in Liechtenstein]] (VBDL) with Schädler as its initial leader.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfried |date=31 December 2011 |title=Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein (VDBL) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung_in_Liechtenstein_(VDBL) |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Fritz Rotter and his wife would shortly after leave Liechtenstein and with assistance from Wladimir Rosenbaum, would live in exile in [[French Third Republic|France]] until his death in 1939.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In August 2022, two plaques were placed in [[Vaduz]] to commemorate Alfred and Gertrud Rotter.<ref name=":0" /> |
In August 2022, two [[Stolperstein|plaques]] were placed in [[Vaduz]] to commemorate Alfred and Gertrud Rotter.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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* {{cite book |last=[[Peter Geiger]] |url= |title=Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939 |publisher=[[Liechtenstein Institute]] |year=1997 |isbn=3-906393-28-3 |edition=1st |location=[[Zürich]] |language=de}} |
* {{cite book |last=[[Peter Geiger]] |url= |title=Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939 |publisher=[[Liechtenstein Institute]] |year=1997 |isbn=3-906393-28-3 |edition=1st |location=[[Zürich]] |language=de}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Kamber |first=Peter |title=Zum Zusammenbruch des Theaterkonzerns der Rotter und zum weiteren Schicksal Fritz Rotters |date=2007 |publisher=[[Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein]] |volume=106 |location=Vaduz |language=de}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Kamber |first=Peter |title=Zum Zusammenbruch des Theaterkonzerns der Rotter und zum weiteren Schicksal Fritz Rotters |date=2007 |publisher=[[Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein]] |volume=106 |location=Vaduz |language=de}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1930s]] |
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1930s]] |
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[[Category:1933 in Liechtenstein]] |
[[Category:1933 in Liechtenstein]] |
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[[Category:Crime in Liechtenstein]] |
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[[Category:Antisemitism in Liechtenstein]] |
[[Category:Antisemitism in Liechtenstein]] |
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[[Category:Political violence in |
[[Category:Political violence in Liechtenstein]] |
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[[Category:Liechtenstein collaborators with Nazi Germany]] |
[[Category:Liechtenstein collaborators with Nazi Germany]] |
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[[Category:Nazi terrorism]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:02, 30 April 2024
| Rotter kidnappings | |
|---|---|
 From left - Fritz, Richard Tauber, Alfred Rotter and his wife Gertrud, pictured in July 1931 | |
| Location | Gaflei, Liechtenstein |
| Date | April 5, 1933 |
Attack type | Kidnapping |
| Victim |
|
| Perpetrators |
|
| Motive | Politically motivated Antisemitism |
| Verdict | Pleaded guilty |
| Convictions | Between three months and one year in prison |
The Rotter kidnapping (German: Rotter-Entführung) was a failed organized kidnapping in Liechtenstein of Fritz Rotter and Alfred Rotter, German film directors and theatre managers of Jewish background, by Liechtenstein citizens sympathetic to Nazi Germany. The attack was additionally supported by five German nationals within the country.
Background[edit]
Fritz and Alfred Rotter worked as writers and composers and owned multiple successful theatres in Berlin during the era of the Weimar Republic. However, by 1933 due to the two men's Jewish background, they were the target of pressure contemporaneous with the rise of Nazism in Germany and in January 1933 they were forced to declare bankruptcy and emigrated to Liechtenstein.[1] They had previously succeeded in being naturalized in the country in 1931 as a result of a wider initiative by the Liechtenstein government.[2][3]
However, due to this Liechtenstein became the target of attacks by German press outlets. In particular, the Rotters became the target of attacks from the press as they falsely accused them of faking their bankruptcy and transferring their money abroad. As a result, it was publicly demanded that the two men be extradited back to Nazi Germany to face trial.[2] Four local Liechtensteiner Nazis (Rudolf Schädler, Franz Roeckle, Peter Rheinbeger and Eugen Frommelt) used the German press demands as an impetus to kidnap the two men and forcefully extradite them to Nazi Germany, which was intended to coincide with the formation of an organized Nazi Party in Liechtenstein.[2][4]
Kidnapping[edit]
On 5 April 1933, Fritz and Alfred Rotter, along with Alfred's wife Gertrud Rotter, and Fritz's domestic partner Julie Wolff, were convinced by Schädler to stay at a health resort in Gaflei on the Alps which he managed.[2] Once they arrived, the four men, along with five other German nationals convinced to assist with the plot, attempted to kidnap them and throw them into cars.[2] This however, was unsuccessful as they fought back and began to escape on foot.[5]
Shortly afterwards, Alfred and Gertrud fell into a nearby ravine while fleeing the kidnappers and were killed immediately. Around the same time, Fritz was tricked by one of the kidnappers into getting into his car under the false pretext of aiding him to safety, though once he realized he managed to overpower the driver and jump out of the car, thus breaking his shoulder in the process.[5] Following this, he was able to re-unite with Julie Wolff who was also injured and successfully managed to reach safety and inform the Liechtenstein government.[2]
Trials and aftermath[edit]
Following the kidnapping attempt, three of the men involved were arrested within Liechtenstein, whereas the rest were caught while attempting to flee through Götzis in Austria and then extradited back to Liechtenstein. In June 1933, the men went on trial for the kidnapping. Notably however, both the indirect murder of Alfred and Gertrud and the political motivation behind the kidnapping were deliberately downplayed in order to avoid further press attacks from Nazi Germany. Fritz Rotter's lawyer, Wladimir Rosenbaum, was prevented from reading his plea where he directly criticized the Nazis' use of violence. In addition, approximately 700 signatures were gathered demanding the pardon of the German men involved.[2]
As a result of the trial, Schädler was sentenced to one year in prison, whereas Roeckle, Rheinbeger and Frommelt were sentenced to four months.[2][6][7] Four of the German men involved were separately sentenced to three months in a court in Konstanz. In October of the same year it was agreed that in order for German press attacks against Liechtenstein to come to an end Schädler and Rheinbeger would be released from prison early.[2] Schädler was released the following month.[6]
Stolperstein for Alfred Rotter
Stolperstein for Gertrud Rotter
The kidnappings and subsequent trials temporarily held back the formation of an organized Nazi Party in Liechtenstein, and it would not form until 1938 as the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL) with Schädler as its initial leader.[2][8] Fritz Rotter and his wife would shortly after leave Liechtenstein and with assistance from Wladimir Rosenbaum, would live in exile in France until his death in 1939.[5]
In August 2022, two plaques were placed in Vaduz to commemorate Alfred and Gertrud Rotter.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ Otte, Marline (2006). Jewish Identities in German Popular Entertainment, 1890–1933. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780521187503.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Editorial (16 August 2021). "Rotter-Entführung". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ "Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz". Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein (in German). 29 May 1933. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ TIMES, Wireless to THE NEW YORK (3 July 1933). "Nazi Group Formed in Lichtenstein". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Kamber, Peter (2020). Fritz und Alfred Rotter: Ein Leben zwischen Theaterglanz und Tod im Exil (in German). Henschel Verlag. pp. 373–400. ISBN 978-3894878122.
- ^ a b Peter Geiger (31 December 2011). "Schädler, Rudolf (1903–1990)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Frick, Florian (31 December 2011). "Roeckle, Franz Josef". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). "Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein (VDBL)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2023.
Further reading[edit]
- Peter Geiger (1997). Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939 (in German) (1st ed.). Zürich: Liechtenstein Institute. ISBN 3-906393-28-3.
- Kamber, Peter (2007). Zum Zusammenbruch des Theaterkonzerns der Rotter und zum weiteren Schicksal Fritz Rotters (in German). Vol. 106. Vaduz: Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein.