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Paul Bedson (talk | contribs)
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linked Mackie, added "Science and society in prehistoric Britain" source for remen claim, improved linking on other units, used šu-du3-a for Sumerian length for consistency
Paul Bedson (talk | contribs)
Extended confirmed users
13,657 edits
→‎Other units: Clarified Thom compared vara with cite from the latest book, I think this makes it more neutral.
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==Other units==
==Other units==
Thom suggested that "There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine."<ref name="Thom1976">{{cite book|author=A. Thom|title=Megalithic sites in Britain, p. 43|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y6p-DwEACAAJ|accessdate=6 April 2011|year=1976|publisher=Clarendon}}</ref>
Thom suggested that "There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine."<ref name="Thom1976">{{cite book|author=A. Thom|title=Megalithic sites in Britain, p. 43|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y6p-DwEACAAJ|accessdate=6 April 2011|year=1976|publisher=Clarendon}}</ref> John D. Neal's recent book notes "Thom made a comparison of his Megalithic Yard with only one other known unit of measurement. This was the Spanish vara, the pre-metric measurement of Iberia, its value 2.7425 feet. Related measurements to the vara survive all over the Americas wherever the Spanish settled, from Peru to Texas."<ref name="Neal2007">{{cite book|author=John Neal|title=Measuring the Megaliths: An Enquiry Into the Myth of the Megalithic Yard|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vICMLwAACAAJ|accessdate=27 April 2011|date=15 June 2007|publisher=Secret Academy|isbn=9780953900022}}</ref>


Margaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as the [[Dalmore Bone]] found in [[Callanish]], [[Patrickholme bone bead]] from [[Lanarkshire]] and [[Dalgety bone bead]] from [[Fife]] in [[Scotland]] have shown some evidence of being [[measuring rod]]s based on the Megalithic Yard in [[Britain]].<ref name="Ruggles2003">{{cite book|author=Margaret Ponting|chapter=Megalithic Callanish|editor=Clive Ruggles|title=Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oZ3JGYd1kJoC&pg=PA431|accessdate=22 April 2011|date=13 February 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521531306|pages=423-441}}</ref> An [[Oak]] rod from the [[Iron Age]] fortified settlement at [[Borre Fen]] mearured {{convert|53.15|in|cm}} with marks dividing it up into eight parts of {{convert|6.64|in|cm}}. Euan Mackie referred to five eights of this rod {{convert|33.2|in|cm}} as "''very close to a megalithic yard''".<ref name="North1996">{{cite book|author=John David North|title=Stonehenge: Neolithic man and the cosmos, p. 302|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TnFnAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1996|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780002557733}}</ref> A [[Hazel]] measuring rod recovered from a [[Bronze Age]] burial mound in Borum Eshøj, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 mearured {{convert|30.9|in|cm}}. Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk {{convert|0.63|in|cm}} from the Megalithic Yard over 3000 years.<ref name="Critchlow1979">{{cite book|author=Keith Critchlow|title=Time stands still: new light on megalithic science, p. 37|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jK3aAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1979|publisher=Gordon Fraser}}</ref>
Margaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as the [[Dalmore Bone]] found in [[Callanish]], [[Patrickholme bone bead]] from [[Lanarkshire]] and [[Dalgety bone bead]] from [[Fife]] in [[Scotland]] have shown some evidence of being [[measuring rod]]s based on the Megalithic Yard in [[Britain]].<ref name="Ruggles2003">{{cite book|author=Margaret Ponting|chapter=Megalithic Callanish|editor=Clive Ruggles|title=Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oZ3JGYd1kJoC&pg=PA431|accessdate=22 April 2011|date=13 February 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521531306|pages=423-441}}</ref> An [[Oak]] rod from the [[Iron Age]] fortified settlement at [[Borre Fen]] mearured {{convert|53.15|in|cm}} with marks dividing it up into eight parts of {{convert|6.64|in|cm}}. Euan Mackie referred to five eights of this rod {{convert|33.2|in|cm}} as "''very close to a megalithic yard''".<ref name="North1996">{{cite book|author=John David North|title=Stonehenge: Neolithic man and the cosmos, p. 302|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TnFnAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1996|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780002557733}}</ref> A [[Hazel]] measuring rod recovered from a [[Bronze Age]] burial mound in Borum Eshøj, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 mearured {{convert|30.9|in|cm}}. Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk {{convert|0.63|in|cm}} from the Megalithic Yard over 3000 years.<ref name="Critchlow1979">{{cite book|author=Keith Critchlow|title=Time stands still: new light on megalithic science, p. 37|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jK3aAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1979|publisher=Gordon Fraser}}</ref>


Archaeologist [[Euan Mackie]] noticed similarities between the MY and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from [[Mohenjo Daro]] and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the [[Austrian]] [[Tyrol]].<ref name="MacKie1977">{{cite book|author=Euan Wallace MacKie|title=The megalith builders, p. 192|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7gOBAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2011|year=1977|publisher=Phaidon}}</ref> He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient [[History of measurement systems in India|Indian ''gaz'']] and the Iberian ''vara'' and the [[Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement|Sumerian šu-du3-a]].<ref name="MacKie1977"/> Along with [[John Michell]], Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 [[Ancient Egyptian units of measurement|Egyptian remen]]s.<ref name="Michell1978">{{cite book|author=John Michell|title=City of Revelation: On the Proportion and Symbolic Numbers of the Cosmic Temple|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MHfubwAACAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2011|year=1978|publisher=Abacus|isbn=9780349123219}}</ref><ref name="MacKie1977">{{cite book|author=Euan Wallace MacKie|title=Science and society in prehistoric Britain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o3O-QgAACAAJ|accessdate=26 April 2011|year=1977|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=9780312702458}}</ref> Jay Kappraff has noted similarity between the Megalithic Yard and the ancient [[Indus]] ''short yard'' of {{convert|33|in|m}}.<ref name="Kappraff2002">{{cite book|author=Jay Kappraff|title=Beyond measure: a guided tour through nature, myth, and number|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vAfBrK678_kC&pg=PA237|accessdate=22 April 2011|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789810247027|pages=237–}}</ref> Based on the work of Anne Macaulay,<ref name="MacaulayBatchelor2006">{{cite book|author1=Anne Macaulay|author2=Richard A. Batchelor|title=Megalithic measures and rhythms: sacred knowledge of the ancient Britons|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqkVAgAACAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|date=July 2006|publisher=Floris|isbn=9780863155543}}</ref> Jay Kapraff reported that the Megalithic Rod is equal in length to the ''[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] fathom'' of ({{convert|2.072|m|ft}})<ref name="Kappraff2002"/> from studies by Eric Fernie of the [[Metrological Relief]] in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]].<ref name="London1981">{{cite book|author=Society of Antiquaries of London|title=The Antiquaries journal: being the journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London, The Greek Metrological Relief in Oxford by Eric J. Fernie, p. 255|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAgpAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
Archaeologist [[Euan Mackie]] noticed similarities between the MY and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from [[Mohenjo Daro]] and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the [[Austrian]] [[Tyrol]].<ref name="MacKie1977">{{cite book|author=Euan Wallace MacKie|title=The megalith builders, p. 192|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7gOBAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2011|year=1977|publisher=Phaidon}}</ref> He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient [[History of measurement systems in India|Indian ''gaz'']] and the [[Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement|Sumerian šu-du3-a]].<ref name="MacKie1977"/> Along with [[John Michell]], Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 [[Ancient Egyptian units of measurement|Egyptian remen]]s.<ref name="Michell1978">{{cite book|author=John Michell|title=City of Revelation: On the Proportion and Symbolic Numbers of the Cosmic Temple|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MHfubwAACAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2011|year=1978|publisher=Abacus|isbn=9780349123219}}</ref><ref name="MacKie1977">{{cite book|author=Euan Wallace MacKie|title=Science and society in prehistoric Britain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o3O-QgAACAAJ|accessdate=26 April 2011|year=1977|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=9780312702458}}</ref> Jay Kappraff has noted similarity between the Megalithic Yard and the ancient [[Indus]] ''short yard'' of {{convert|33|in|m}}.<ref name="Kappraff2002">{{cite book|author=Jay Kappraff|title=Beyond measure: a guided tour through nature, myth, and number|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vAfBrK678_kC&pg=PA237|accessdate=22 April 2011|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789810247027|pages=237–}}</ref> Based on the work of Anne Macaulay,<ref name="MacaulayBatchelor2006">{{cite book|author1=Anne Macaulay|author2=Richard A. Batchelor|title=Megalithic measures and rhythms: sacred knowledge of the ancient Britons|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqkVAgAACAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|date=July 2006|publisher=Floris|isbn=9780863155543}}</ref> Jay Kapraff reported that the Megalithic Rod is equal in length to the ''[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] fathom'' of ({{convert|2.072|m|ft}})<ref name="Kappraff2002"/> from studies by Eric Fernie of the [[Metrological Relief]] in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]].<ref name="London1981">{{cite book|author=Society of Antiquaries of London|title=The Antiquaries journal: being the journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London, The Greek Metrological Relief in Oxford by Eric J. Fernie, p. 255|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAgpAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2011|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>


==Reception==
==Reception==

Revision as of 03:23, 27 April 2011

A Megalithic Yard is a unit of measurement, about 2.72 feet (0.83 m),[1][2] that some researchers believe was used in the construction of megalithic structures. The proposal was made by Alexander Thom as a result of his surveys of 600 megalithic sites in England, Scotland, Wales and Britanny.[3] Thom additionally proposed the Megalithic Rod of 2.5 MY and suggested the Megalithic Rod could be divided into one hundred and the Meglithic Yard divided into forty, which he called the Megalithic Inch of 2.073 centimetres (0.816 in). Thom applied the the statistical lumped variance test of J.R. Broadbent[4] on this quantum and found the results significant[5] while others have challenged his statistical analysis and suggested that Thom's evidence can be explained in other ways, for instance the average length of a pace.

Other units

Thom suggested that "There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine."[6] John D. Neal's recent book notes "Thom made a comparison of his Megalithic Yard with only one other known unit of measurement. This was the Spanish vara, the pre-metric measurement of Iberia, its value 2.7425 feet. Related measurements to the vara survive all over the Americas wherever the Spanish settled, from Peru to Texas."[7]

Margaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as the Dalmore Bone found in Callanish, Patrickholme bone bead from Lanarkshire and Dalgety bone bead from Fife in Scotland have shown some evidence of being measuring rods based on the Megalithic Yard in Britain.[8] An Oak rod from the Iron Age fortified settlement at Borre Fen mearured 53.15 inches (135.0 cm) with marks dividing it up into eight parts of 6.64 inches (16.9 cm). Euan Mackie referred to five eights of this rod 33.2 inches (84 cm) as "very close to a megalithic yard".[9] A Hazel measuring rod recovered from a Bronze Age burial mound in Borum Eshøj, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 mearured 30.9 inches (78 cm). Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk 0.63 inches (1.6 cm) from the Megalithic Yard over 3000 years.[10]

Archaeologist Euan Mackie noticed similarities between the MY and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from Mohenjo Daro and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the Austrian Tyrol.[11] He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient Indian gaz and the Sumerian šu-du3-a.[11] Along with John Michell, Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 Egyptian remens.[12][11] Jay Kappraff has noted similarity between the Megalithic Yard and the ancient Indus short yard of 33 inches (0.84 m).[13] Based on the work of Anne Macaulay,[14] Jay Kapraff reported that the Megalithic Rod is equal in length to the Greek fathom of (2.072 metres (6.80 ft))[13] from studies by Eric Fernie of the Metrological Relief in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.[15]

Reception

Thom's claim was initially ignored or regarded as unbelievable by traditional archaeologists.[16] Colin Renfrew reviewed Thom's work and observed arrangements of megaliths in full integers or exact halves of the megalithic yard[17] while Clive Ruggles suggests that the evidence "is at best marginal" and that Thom's evidence can be explained in other ways, for instance the average length of a pace.

Clive Ruggles has said that both classical and Bayesian statistical reassessments of Thom's date "reached the conclusion that the evidence in favour of the MY was at best marginal, and that even if it does exist the uncertainty in our knowledge of its value is of the order of centimetres, far greater than the 1mm precision claimed by Thom. In other words, the evidence presented by Thom could be adequately explained by, say, monuments being set out by pacing, with the 'unit' reflecting an average length of pace."[18] David Kendall had previously argued that pacing would have created a greater difference in measurements between sites.[16][5]

Douglas Heggie casts doubt on Thom's suggestion as well, stating that his careful analysis uncovered "little evidence for a highly accurate unit" and "little justification for the claim that a highly accurate unit was in use".[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Alexander Thom (12 March 1964). New Scientist. Reed Business Information. pp. 690–. ISSN 02624079 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  2. ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer (2000). Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology. Springer. pp. 344–. ISBN 9780306461583. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  3. ^ Archibald Stevenson Thom (1995). Walking in all of the squares: a biography of Alexander Thom : engineer, archaeoastronomer, discoverer of a prehistoric calendar, the geometry of stone rings and megalithic measurement. Argyll Pub. ISBN 9781874640660. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  4. ^ Broadbent S.R., Quantum hypothesis, Biometrika, 42, 45-57 (1955)
  5. ^ a b David H. Kelley; Eugene F. Milone; Anthony F. (FRW) Aveni (28 February 2011). Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy. Springer. pp. 163–. ISBN 9781441976239. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  6. ^ A. Thom (1976). Megalithic sites in Britain, p. 43. Clarendon. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  7. ^ John Neal (15 June 2007). Measuring the Megaliths: An Enquiry Into the Myth of the Megalithic Yard. Secret Academy. ISBN 9780953900022. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  8. ^ Margaret Ponting (13 February 2003). "Megalithic Callanish". In Clive Ruggles (ed.). Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom. Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–441. ISBN 9780521531306. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  9. ^ John David North (1996). Stonehenge: Neolithic man and the cosmos, p. 302. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780002557733. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  10. ^ Keith Critchlow (1979). Time stands still: new light on megalithic science, p. 37. Gordon Fraser. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Euan Wallace MacKie (1977). The megalith builders, p. 192. Phaidon. Retrieved 22 April 2011. Cite error: The named reference "MacKie1977" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ John Michell (1978). City of Revelation: On the Proportion and Symbolic Numbers of the Cosmic Temple. Abacus. ISBN 9780349123219. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  13. ^ a b Jay Kappraff (2002). Beyond measure: a guided tour through nature, myth, and number. World Scientific. pp. 237–. ISBN 9789810247027. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  14. ^ Anne Macaulay; Richard A. Batchelor (July 2006). Megalithic measures and rhythms: sacred knowledge of the ancient Britons. Floris. ISBN 9780863155543. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  15. ^ Society of Antiquaries of London (1981). The Antiquaries journal: being the journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London, The Greek Metrological Relief in Oxford by Eric J. Fernie, p. 255. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  16. ^ a b David George Kendall; F. R. Hodson; Royal Society (Great Britain) (1974). The Place of astronomy in the ancient world: a joint symposium of the Royal Society and the British Academy. Oxford University Press for the British Academy. Retrieved 19 April 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "KendallHodson1974" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ Colin Renfrew (1973). Before civilization: the radiocarbon revolution and prehistoric Europe, p. 237. Cape. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  18. ^ Ruggles, Clive (1999). Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland. Yale University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0300078145.
  19. ^ Heggie, Douglas C. (1981). Megalithic Science: Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy in North-west Europe. Thames and Hudson. p. 58. ISBN 0-50005036-8.

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megalithic_Yard&diff=426139311&oldid=426128533

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