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{{Short description|Duke of Guise (1551–1588)}} |
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{{Unreferenced|date=May 2011}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} |
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[[Image:Guise-Henri.jpg|thumb|180px|Henry I, Duke of Guise]] |
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{{More citations needed|date=May 2011}} |
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[[Image:Armoiries Lorraine-Vaudémont.png|150px|right|thumb|Coat of arms of the Duke of Guise]] |
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{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Henry I |
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| title = {{plainlist| |
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*[[Grand Master of France]] |
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*[[Duke of Guise]] |
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*[[Prince of Joinville]] |
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*[[Count of Eu]] |
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}} |
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| image = Guise.jpg |
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| succession = [[Duke of Guise]] |
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| reign = 24 February 1563 – 23 December 1588 |
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| predecessor = [[Francis, Duke of Guise|Francis]] |
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| successor = [[Charles, Duke of Guise|Charles]] |
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| issue = {{ubl|[[Charles, Duke of Guise]]|[[Louis III, Cardinal of Guise]]|[[Claude, Duke of Chevreuse]]|[[Louise Marguerite de Lorraine|Louise Marguerite]]}} |
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| issue-link = #Issue |
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| issue-pipe = among others... |
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| birth_date = 31 December 1550 |
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| death_date = 23 December 1588 (aged 37) |
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| death_place = [[Château de Blois]], [[Blois]], [[France]] |
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| house = [[House of Guise|Guise]] |
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| religion = [[Catholicism]] |
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| father = [[Francis, Duke of Guise]] |
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| mother = [[Anna d'Este]] |
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| spouse = [[Catherine of Cleves]] |
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| signature = Signatur Henri I. de Lorraine, duc de Guise.PNG |
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}} |
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[[File:Joseph Martin Kronheim - Foxe's Book of Martyrs Plate II - Death of Admiral de Coligny.jpg|alt=Coligny being thrown from his window down to where a group of men wait with swords below.|thumb|The murder of Admiral Coligny, Guise stands below in the red plumed hat.]] |
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'''Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu''' (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called {{lang|fr|Le Balafré}} ('Scarface'), was the eldest son of [[Francis, Duke of Guise]], and [[Anna d'Este]]. His maternal grandparents were [[Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]], and [[Renée of France]]. Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of [[Lucrezia Borgia]] and [[Pope Alexander VI]]. |
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A key figure in the [[French Wars of Religion]], he was one of the namesakes of the [[War of the Three Henrys]]. A powerful opponent of the queen mother, [[Catherine de' Medici]], [[Assassination of Henry I, Duke of Guise|Henry was assassinated]] by the bodyguards of her son, [[Henry III of France|King Henry III]]. |
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'''Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu''' (December 31, 1550 – December 23, 1588, [[Château de Blois]]), sometimes called ''Le Balafré'', "the scarred", was the eldest son of [[Francis, Duke of Guise]], and [[Anna d'Este]]. His maternal grandparents were [[Ercole II|Ercole d'Este II]], [[List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena|Duke of Ferrara]] and [[Renée of France]]. |
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== |
== Early life == |
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Henry was born on 31 December 1550, the eldest son of Francis [[Duke of Guise]], one of the leading magnates of France, and Anna d'Este, daughter of the Duke of Ferrara.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=311}} In his youth he was friends with [[Henry III of France|Henry III]], the future king, and at the behest of [[Jacques, Duke of Nemours]] tried to persuade the young prince to run away with him in 1561 to join the arch-Catholic faction, much to the fury of his father and uncle.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=186}} When he was 12 years old, his father [[Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1563)|Francis was assassinated]] and Henry thus inherited the Duke's titles of the Governor of [[Champagne-Ardenne|Champagne]] and [[Grand Maitre de France]] in 1563.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=170}} |
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He succeeded his father in 1563 as [[Duke of Guise]] and [[Grand Maître de France]]. He fought the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] in [[Hungary]] in 1565, and on his return, he became one of the leaders of the Catholic faction in the [[French Wars of Religion]]. He fought at the [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)|Battle of Saint-Denis]] in 1567, and at [[Battle of Jarnac]] and [[Battle of Moncontour]]. His courting of [[Margaret of Valois]] in 1570 offended her brother, [[Charles IX of France]], but his marriage to Catherine of Cleves restored his fortunes. Considering the Huguenot leader [[Gaspard de Coligny|Admiral Coligny]] the architect of his father's assassination during the siege of Orléans in 1563, he is a suspect in the murder of the Admiral in August 1572. Which was quickly followed by the [[St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]]. |
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The Guise family and Henry craved vengeance against [[Gaspard II de Coligny]], whom they considered responsible for the assassination.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=168}} As such, he and his uncle [[Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine]] would attempt to make a show of force in entering Paris in 1564, but their entry ended with both besieged in their residence and forced to concede.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=173}} When in 1566 the crown forced Charles at Moulins to make the kiss of peace with Coligny to end their feud, Henry refused to attend.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=187}} He would also challenge Coligny and [[Anne de Montmorency]] to duels, but they rebuffed his attempts.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=187}} |
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Henry was wounded at the [[Battle of Dormans]] (October 10, 1575), and was thereafter known, like his father, as "Le Balafré". With a charismatic and brilliant public reputation, he rose to heroic stature among the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] population of France as an opponent of the [[Huguenot]]s. |
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No longer welcome at court, he and his brother [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne]] decided to crusade against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[Hungary]], serving under [[Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara|Alfonso II d'Este]], with a retinue of 350 men.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=187}} In September 1568 he reached his majority, just as the Guise returned to the centre of French politics with his uncle's readmission to the Privy Council.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=187}} |
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In 1576 he formed the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] to keep the new heir, the Protestant [[Henry IV of France|Henry of Navarre]], off the throne. The talent and dash of Guise contrasted favorably with the vacillation and weakness of [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]. He was said to have claimed a [[Carolingian]] descent and cast eyes on the throne. This led to the stage of the Wars of Religion known as the ''[[War of the Three Henries]]'' (1584–1588). |
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==Entry into politics== |
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[[File:Le duc de Guise lors de la journee des barricades by Paul Lehugeur 19th century.jpg|thumb|left|The Duke of Guise during the [[Day of the Barricades]], by Paul Lehugeur, 19th century.]] |
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Henry took an active military role in the second and third wars of the [[French Wars of Religion]], fighting at the [[Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)|Battle of Saint-Denis]] in 1567, the [[Battle of Jarnac]] in 1569, and successfully defending [[Poitiers]] during a siege by Admiral Coligny.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=187}} He was wounded at the [[Battle of Moncontour]].{{sfn|Thompson|1915|pp=388-389}} |
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However, at the death in 1584 of [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]], the king's brother (which left [[Henry IV of France|Henry of Navarre]], the [[Protestant]] champion, as heir-male), Guise concluded the [[Treaty of Joinville]] with [[Philip II of Spain]]. This compact declared that the [[Cardinal de Bourbon]] should succeed Henry III, in preference to Henry of Navarre. Henry III now sided with the Catholic League (1585), which made war with great success on the Protestants. Guise sent his cousin [[Charles, Duke of Aumale]] to lead a rising in [[Picardy]] (which could also support the retreat of the [[Spanish Armada]]). Alarmed, Henry III ordered Guise to remain in [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]]; he defied the king and on May 9, 1588 Guise entered [[Paris]], bringing to a head his ambiguous challenge to royal authority in the [[Day of the Barricades]] and forcing King Henry to flee. |
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In 1570 the third war of religion was brought to an end with the [[Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], part of which stipulated a marriage between the Protestant [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV of Navarre]] and the King's sister [[Margaret of Valois]] as a means of ensuring stability.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=189}} Around this time Henry began a romance with the King's sister, apparently with pretensions to her hand in marriage,{{sfn|Goyau|1911|p=701}} which quickly became known around court.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=189}} Upon discovering this, Margaret's brothers [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] and [[Henry III of France|Henry]], were furious, assaulting Margaret in anger.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=280}} While some suggested Henry be punished with assassination, it was settled on banishing him from court for his indiscretions.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=189}} On 3 October he married [[Catherine of Cleves]], thus assuming the title of [[Count of Eu]] from her inheritance.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|page=190}} |
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[[File:Légended'Henri_III.jpg|thumb|Assassination of Henry I, Duke of Guise by Henry III, in 1588.]] |
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The League now controlled France; the king was forced to accede to its demands and created Guise [[Lieutenant-General]] of France. But Henry III refused to be treated as a mere cipher by the League, and decided upon a bold stroke. On December 23, 1588, at the [[Château de Blois]], Guise was summoned to attend the king, and was at once assassinated. His brother [[Louis II, Cardinal of Guise]] was assassinated by "[[The forty-five guards|the Forty-five]]", the king's bodyguard, the next day. The deed aroused such outrage among the remaining relatives and allies of Guise that Henry III was forced to take refuge with Henry of Navarre. (Henry III was assassinated the next year by [[Jacques Clément]], an agent of the Catholic League.) |
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The August 1572 marriage between Henry IV and Margaret necessitated the presence of the majority of the Protestant leadership in Paris.{{sfn|Thompson|1915|p=449}} Shortly after the wedding, Coligny, who had made a rare visit to the capital for the occasion, was shot in the shoulder in an attempted assassination. Henry was a chief suspect of having ordered the attempt, due to his long running feud.{{sfn|Sutherland|1973|p=312}} |
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According to [[Baltasar Gracian]] in ''A Pocket Mirror for Heroes'', it was once said of him to Henry III, "Sire, he does good wholeheartedly: those who do not receive his good influence directly receive it by reflection. When deeds fail him, he resorts to words. There is no wedding he does not enliven, no baptism at which he is not godfather, no funeral he does not attend. He is courteous, humane, generous, the honorer of all and the detractor of none. In a word, he is a king by affection, just as Your Majesty is by law." |
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As the situation in Paris deteriorated over the next several days, the royal council planned and executed a targeted elimination of the Protestant leadership in Paris, which would spiral into the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]].{{sfn|Knecht|2010|p=49}} During the massacre Henry would oversee the murder of Coligny, and attempted but failed to capture several other targets, but was displeased at the situation descending into a general massacre, shielding fleeing Protestants in his residence.{{sfn|Carroll|2011}}{{Rp|pages=217–218}}{{sfn|Knecht|2010|p=49}} |
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[[File:CLOUET MARGUERITE DE VALOIS.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Margaret of Valois]] |
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[[File:DowagerduchessofGuise.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Catherine of Cleves]] |
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When the wars of religion subsequently resumed Henry was wounded at the [[Battle of Dormans]], and was thereafter known, like his father, as {{lang|fr|Le Balafre}}.{{sfn|Richards|2016|pp=176-177}} With a charismatic and brilliant public reputation, he rose to heroic stature among the militant [[Catholic]] population of France as an opponent of the [[Huguenot]]s. |
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== Catholic League == |
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In 1576 he formed the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]].{{sfn|Goyau|1911|p=701}} His rapidly deteriorating relations with the new King [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] created further conflict, known as the [[War of the Three Henries]] (1584–1588). |
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[[File:Le duc de Guise lors de la journee des barricades by Paul Lehugeur 19th century.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Duke of Guise]] during the [[Day of the Barricades]], by Paul Lehugeur, 19th century]] |
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At the death in 1584 of [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]], the king's brother (which left [[Henry IV of France|Henry of Navarre]], the [[Protestant]] champion, as heir-male), Guise concluded the [[Treaty of Joinville]] with [[Philip II of Spain]]. This compact declared that the [[Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon|Cardinal de Bourbon]] should succeed Henry III, in preference to Henry of Navarre. Henry III now sided with the Catholic League (1585), which made war with great success on the Protestants. Guise sent his cousin, [[Charles, Duke of Aumale]], to lead a rising in [[Picardy]] (which could also support the retreat of the [[Spanish Armada]]). Alarmed, Henry III ordered Guise to remain in [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]]; he defied the king and on 9 May 1588 Guise entered Paris, bringing to a head his ambiguous challenge to royal authority in the [[Day of the Barricades]] and forcing King Henry to flee. |
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==Assassination== |
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{{main|Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)}} |
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[[File:CharlottedeBeauneSemblancay.jpg|thumb|left|Charlotte de Sauve]] |
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[[File:Légended'Henri III.jpg|thumb|Assassination of Henry I, Duke of Guise, by Henry III, in 1588. Painting by Charles Durupt in the [[Château de Blois]], where the attack took place.]] |
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The League now controlled France; the king was forced to accede to its demands and created Guise [[Lieutenant-General]] of France. But Henry III refused to be treated as a mere puppet by the League, and decided upon a bold stroke. On 22 December 1588, Guise spent the night with his current mistress [[Charlotte de Sauve]], the most accomplished and notorious member of [[Catherine de' Medici]]'s group of female spies known as the "Flying Squadron".{{sfn|Strage|1976}}{{Rp|page=277}} The following morning at the [[Château de Blois]], Guise was summoned to attend the king, and was at once assassinated by "[[The forty-five guards|the Forty-five]]", the king's bodyguard, as Henry III looked on.{{sfn|Strage|1976}}{{Rp|pages=277–278}} Guise's brother, [[Louis II, Cardinal of Guise]], was likewise assassinated the next day. The deed aroused such outrage among the remaining relatives and allies of Guise that Henry III was forced to take refuge with Henry of Navarre. Henry III was assassinated the following year by [[Jacques Clément]], an agent of the Catholic League. |
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According to [[Baltasar Gracián]] in ''A Pocket Mirror for Heroes'', it was once said of him to Henry III, "Sire, he does good wholeheartedly: those who do not receive his good influence directly receive it by reflection. When deeds fail him, he resorts to words. There is no wedding he does not enliven, no baptism at which he is not godfather, no funeral he does not attend. He is courteous, humane, generous, the honorer of all and the detractor of none. In a word, he is a king by affection, just as Your Majesty is by law." |
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==Issue== |
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He married on 4 October 1570 in Paris to [[Catherine of Cleves]] (1548–1633), [[Countess of Eu]],{{sfn|Carroll|1998}}{{Rp|page=27}} by whom he had fourteen children: |
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# [[Charles, Duke of Guise]] (1571–1640), who succeeded him{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} |
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# Henri (30 June 1572, Paris – 3 August 1574) |
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# Catherine (3 November 1573) (died at birth) |
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# [[Louis III, Cardinal of Guise]] (1575–1621), [[Archbishop of Reims]]{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} |
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# Charles (1 January 1576, Paris) (died at birth) |
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# Marie (1 June 1577 – 1582) |
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# [[Claude, Duke of Chevreuse]] (1578–1657) married [[Marie de Rohan]],{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} daughter of [[Hercule de Rohan, duc de Montbazon]] |
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# Catherine (b. 29 May 1579), died young |
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# Christine (21 January 1580) (died at birth) |
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# François (14 May 1581 – 29 September 1582) |
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# Renée (1585 – 13 June 1626, [[Reims]]), Abbess of St. Pierre{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} |
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# Jeanne (31 July 1586 – 8 October 1638, [[Jouarre]]), Abbess of Jouarre{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} |
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# [[Louise Marguerite de Lorraine|Louise Marguerite]], (1588 – 30 April 1631, [[Château d'Eu]]), married on 24 July 1605 [[François, Prince of Conti]]{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} |
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# François Alexandre (7 February 1589 – 1 June 1614, [[Château des Baux]]-de-Provence),{{sfn|Spangler|2016|p=272}} a Knight of the [[Order of Malta]] |
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==In literature and the arts== |
==In literature and the arts== |
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===Literature=== |
===Literature=== |
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The |
The Duke of Guise appears as an archetypal [[Machiavelli]]an schemer in [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s play ''[[The Massacre at Paris]]'', which was written about 20 years after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.<ref>{{Cite book |title=OUP Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe |last=Christopher |first=Marlowe |year=1998 |pages=294–295}}</ref> The death of the duke is also mentioned, by the ghost of Machiavelli himself, in the opening lines of ''[[The Jew of Malta]]''. He appears (as The Guise) in [[George Chapman]]'s ''[[Bussy D'Ambois]]'' and its sequel, ''[[The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois]]''. |
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[[John Dryden]] and [[Nathaniel Lee]] wrote ''The Duke of Guise'' (1683),<ref>Dryden, John. The works, vol 14: Plays, 1993. Los Angeles: University of California, {{cite web |url=http://www.english.ucla.edu/news/pub/worksdj.asp |title=The Works of John Dryden |access-date=21 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222124323/http://www.english.ucla.edu/news/pub/worksdj.asp |archive-date=22 February 2008 }}.</ref> based on events during the reign of [[Henry III of France]]. |
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He is one of the characters in [[Alexandre Dumas, père|Alexandre Dumas]]'s novel ''[[La Reine Margot (novel)|La Reine Margot]]'' and its sequel, ''[[La Dame de Monsoreau]]''. |
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He appears in the short novel ''[[The Princess of Montpensier (novella)|The Princess of Montpensier]]'', by [[Madame de La Fayette]]. |
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[[Stanley Weyman]]'s novel ''A Gentleman of France'' includes the Duke of Guise in its tale about the War of the Three Henries. |
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He appears in Voltaire's epic poem "La Henriade" (1723). |
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He is one of the characters in [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s novel ''[[La Reine Margot (novel)|La Reine Margot]]'' and its sequels, ''[[La Dame de Monsoreau]]'' and ''The Forty-Five Guardsmen''. He also appears prominently in Heinrich Mann's novel ''Young Henry of Navarre'' (1935). |
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[[Stanley J. Weyman|Stanley Weyman]]'s novel ''A Gentleman of France'' includes the Duke of Guise in its tale about the War of the Three Henries. |
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[[Ken Follett]]'s 2017 novel ''[[A Column of Fire]]'' features Henry, Duke of Guise as a prominent character, and explores his involvement with the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]]. |
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===Film=== |
===Film=== |
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In the 2010 film ''[[The Princess of Montpensier]]'', he was portrayed by actor [[Gaspard Ulliel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Brian |date=April 13, 2011 |title=Gaspard Ulliel Talks The Princess of Montpensier [Exclusive] |url=https://movieweb.com/exclusive-gaspard-ulliel-talks-the-princess-of-montpensier/ |website=Movieweb}}</ref> |
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''[[The Assassination of the Duke of Guise|L'Assassinat du Duc de Guise]]'', Op. 128, first shown at the Salle Charras in Paris on 16 November 1908, was the first film to include a score written by a well-known classical composer, [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]. |
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==Literature== |
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The duke also has a role in [[D.W. Griffith]]'s 1916 film ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'', part of which covers the lead-up to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. |
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*[[Pierre Matthieu]], ''[[La Guisiade]]'' (1589) |
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*[[Christopher Marlowe]], ''The Massacre at Paris'' (1593) |
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*[[George Chapman]], ''The Tragedy of [[Bussy D'Ambois]]'' (1607) |
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*George Chapman, ''[[The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois]]'' (1613) |
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*[[John Dryden]] & [[Nathaniel Lee]], ''The Duke of Guise'' (1683) |
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==See also== |
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The Duke of Guise plays a significant role in the French movie ''[[The Princess of Montpensier]]''. He also appears in the both the [[La Reine Margot (1954 film)|1954 version]] |
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* [[House of Guise]] |
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and [[La Reine Margot (1994 film)|1994 version]] of ''La Reine Margot''. |
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== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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|1= 1. '''Henry I, Duke of Guise''' |
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|2= 2. [[Francis, Duke of Guise]] |
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|3= 3. [[Anna d'Este]] |
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|4= 4. [[Claude, Duke of Guise]] |
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|5= 5. [[Antoinette de Bourbon]] |
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|6= 6. [[Ercole II d'Este]] |
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|7= 7. [[Renée of France]] |
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|8= 8. [[René II, Duke of Lorraine]] |
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|9= 9. Philippine of Guelders |
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|10= 10. [[François, Count of Vendôme]] |
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|11= 11. [[Marie de Luxembourg]] |
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|12= 12. [[Alfonso I d'Este]] |
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|13= 13. [[Lucrezia Borgia]] |
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|14= 14. [[Louis XII of France]] |
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|15= 15. [[Anne of Brittany]] |
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|16= 16. [[Frederick, Count of Vaudémont|Frederick VI, Count of Vaudémont]] |
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|17= 17. [[Yolande de Bar|Yolande of Anjou]] |
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|18= 18. Adolf, Duke of Guelders |
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|19= 19. Catherine de Bourbon |
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|20= 20. [[Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme]] |
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|21= 21. Isabelle de Beauveau |
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|22= 22. [[Pierre II de Luxembourg|Peter II de Luxembourg, Count of St. Pol]] |
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|23= 23. [[Marguerite of Savoy]] |
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|24= 24. [[Ercole d'Este I]] |
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|25= 25. [[Leonora of Naples]] |
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|26= 26. [[Pope Alexander VI]] |
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|27= 27. [[Vannozza dei Cattanei]] |
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|28= 28. [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]] |
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|29= 29. [[Marie de Clèves (1426–1487)|Marie de Clèves]] |
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|30= 30. [[Francis II, Duke of Brittany]] |
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|31= 31. [[Margaret of Foix]] |
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}}</center> |
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== |
==Sources== |
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*{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Carroll |title=Noble Power During French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 }} |
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He married on October 4, 1570 in Paris to [[Catherine of Cleves]] (1548–1633), [[Countess of Eu]], by whom he had fourteen children: |
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*{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Carroll |title=Martyrs and Murderers:The Guise Family and the Making of Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 }} |
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# [[Charles, Duke of Guise]] (1571–1640), who succeeded him |
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*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Guise, House of|last=Goyau|first=Georges|volume=12}} |
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# Henri (June 30, 1572, Paris – August 13, 1574) |
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*{{Cite book|last=Knecht|first=Robert|title=The French Wars of Religion 1559–98 |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=9781408228197 }} |
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# [[Louis III, Cardinal of Guise]] (1575–1621), [[Archbishop of Reims]] |
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*{{cite book |chapter=Warriors of God: History, Heritage and the Reputation of the Guise |first=Penny |last=Richards |pages=169–182 |title=Aspiration, Representation and Memory: The Guise in Europe, 1506–1688 |editor-first1=Jessica |editor-last1=Munns |editor-first2=Penny |editor-last2=Richards |editor-first3=Jonathan |editor-last3=Spangler |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 }} |
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# Charles (January 1, 1576, [[Paris]]) (died at birth) |
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*{{cite book |title=The Society of Princes: The Lorraine-Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth-Century France |first=Jonathan |last=Spangler |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 }} |
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# [[Claude, Duke of Chevreuse]] (1578–1657) married [[Marie de Rohan]], daughter of [[Hercule de Rohan, duc de Montbazon]] |
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*{{cite book |last=Strage |first=Mark |year=1976 |title=Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici |url=https://archive.org/details/womenofpowerlife00stra |url-access=registration |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=9780151983704 }} |
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# François (May 14, 1581 – September 29, 1582) |
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*{{Cite book|last=Sutherland|first=Nicola|title=The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict 1559–72|publisher=Macmillan|year=1973|isbn=0064966208 }} |
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# François Alexandre (February 7, 1589 – June 1, 1614, [[Château]] des [[Baux]]), a Knight of the [[Order of Malta]] |
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*{{cite book |title=The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576 |first=James Westfall |last=Thompson |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. |year=1915 }} |
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# Catherine (November 3, 1573) (died at birth) |
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*{{cite book |last=Wellman |first=Katherine |year=2013 |title=Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France |publisher=Yale University Press }} |
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# Marie (June 1, 1577–1582) |
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# Catherine (b. May 29, 1579), d. young |
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# Christine (January 21, 1580) (died at birth) |
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# Renée (1585 – June 13, 1626, [[Reims]]), Abbess of St. Pierre |
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# Jeanne (July 31, 1586 – October 8, 1638, [[Jouarre]]), Abbess of Jouarre |
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# [[Louise Marguerite de Lorraine|Louise Marguerite]], (1588 – April 30, 1631, Château d'[[Eu]]), married at the Château de [[Meudon]] on July 24, 1605 [[François, Prince of Conti]] |
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==External links== |
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*{{Commons category-inline|Henry I, Duke of Guise}} |
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Prince of Joinville]]|years=1563–1588}} |
{{S-ttl|title=[[Prince of Joinville]]|years=1563–1588}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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==Literature== |
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*[[Pierre Matthieu]] , ''[[La Guisiade]]'' (1589). |
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*[[Christopher Marlowe]], ''The Massacre at Paris'' (1593). |
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*[[George Chapman]], ''The Tragedy of [[Bussy D'Ambois]]'' (1607). |
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*George Chapman, ''[[The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois]]'' (1613). |
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*[[John Dryden]] & [[Nathaniel Lee]], ''The Duke of Guise'' (1683). |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Kingdom of France}} |
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* [[French Wars of Religion]] |
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* [[House of Guise]] |
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* [[St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Princes of Lorraine}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Guise, Henry I, Duke of |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Duke of Guise |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1550 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 1588 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Guise, Henry I, Duke Of}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guise, Henry I, Duke Of}} |
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[[Category:1550 births]] |
[[Category:1550 births]] |
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[[Category:1588 deaths]] |
[[Category:1588 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Assassinated French politicians]] |
[[Category:Assassinated French politicians]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Counter-Reformation]] |
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[[Category:Counts of Eu]] |
[[Category:Counts of Eu]] |
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[[Category:Dukes of Guise|103]] |
[[Category:Dukes of Guise|103]] |
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[[Category:French generals]] |
[[Category:French generals]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:French people of the French Wars of Religion]] |
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[[Category:French Roman Catholics]] |
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[[Category:Princes of Joinville]] |
[[Category:Princes of Joinville]] |
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[[Category:People murdered in France]] |
[[Category:People murdered in France]] |
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[[Category:Generalissimos]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit]] |
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[[Category:Grand Masters of France]] |
[[Category:Grand Masters of France]] |
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[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 16th century]] |
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[[bg:Анри дьо Гиз]] |
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[[cs:Jindřich I. de Guise]] |
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[[da:Henrik af Guise]] |
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[[de:Henri I. de Lorraine, duc de Guise]] |
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[[es:Enrique I de Guisa]] |
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[[eu:Henrike I.a Guisakoa]] |
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[[fr:Henri Ier de Guise]] |
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[[it:Enrico di Guisa]] |
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[[he:אנרי הראשון, דוכס גיז]] |
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[[hu:I. Henri de Guise]] |
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[[nl:Hendrik de Guise]] |
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[[ja:アンリ1世 (ギーズ公)]] |
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[[no:Henrik, 3. hertug av Guise]] |
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[[pl:Henri I de Guise]] |
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[[pt:Henrique I de Guise]] |
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[[ro:Henric I, Duce de Guise]] |
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[[ru:Генрих I де Гиз]] |
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[[fi:Henri Guise]] |
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[[sv:Henrik av Guise]] |
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[[th:อองรีที่ 1 ดยุคแห่งกีส]] |
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[[zh:吉斯公爵 (第三)]] |
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Revision as of 16:53, 19 May 2024
| Henry I | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Duke of Guise | |
| Reign | 24 February 1563 – 23 December 1588 |
| Predecessor | Francis |
| Successor | Charles |
| Born | 31 December 1550 |
| Died | 23 December 1588 (aged 37) Château de Blois, Blois, France |
| Spouse | Catherine of Cleves |
| Issue among others... | |
| House | Guise |
| Father | Francis, Duke of Guise |
| Mother | Anna d'Este |
| Religion | Catholicism |
| Signature |  |
Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called Le Balafré ('Scarface'), was the eldest son of Francis, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este. His maternal grandparents were Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and Renée of France. Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of Lucrezia Borgia and Pope Alexander VI.
A key figure in the French Wars of Religion, he was one of the namesakes of the War of the Three Henrys. A powerful opponent of the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, Henry was assassinated by the bodyguards of her son, King Henry III.
Early life
Henry was born on 31 December 1550, the eldest son of Francis Duke of Guise, one of the leading magnates of France, and Anna d'Este, daughter of the Duke of Ferrara.[1]: 311 In his youth he was friends with Henry III, the future king, and at the behest of Jacques, Duke of Nemours tried to persuade the young prince to run away with him in 1561 to join the arch-Catholic faction, much to the fury of his father and uncle.[1]: 186 When he was 12 years old, his father Francis was assassinated and Henry thus inherited the Duke's titles of the Governor of Champagne and Grand Maitre de France in 1563.[1]: 170
The Guise family and Henry craved vengeance against Gaspard II de Coligny, whom they considered responsible for the assassination.[1]: 168 As such, he and his uncle Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine would attempt to make a show of force in entering Paris in 1564, but their entry ended with both besieged in their residence and forced to concede.[1]: 173 When in 1566 the crown forced Charles at Moulins to make the kiss of peace with Coligny to end their feud, Henry refused to attend.[1]: 187 He would also challenge Coligny and Anne de Montmorency to duels, but they rebuffed his attempts.[1]: 187
No longer welcome at court, he and his brother Charles, Duke of Mayenne decided to crusade against the Ottoman Empire in Hungary, serving under Alfonso II d'Este, with a retinue of 350 men.[1]: 187 In September 1568 he reached his majority, just as the Guise returned to the centre of French politics with his uncle's readmission to the Privy Council.[1]: 187
Entry into politics
Henry took an active military role in the second and third wars of the French Wars of Religion, fighting at the Battle of Saint-Denis in 1567, the Battle of Jarnac in 1569, and successfully defending Poitiers during a siege by Admiral Coligny.[1]: 187 He was wounded at the Battle of Moncontour.[2]
In 1570 the third war of religion was brought to an end with the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, part of which stipulated a marriage between the Protestant Henry IV of Navarre and the King's sister Margaret of Valois as a means of ensuring stability.[1]: 189 Around this time Henry began a romance with the King's sister, apparently with pretensions to her hand in marriage,[3] which quickly became known around court.[1]: 189 Upon discovering this, Margaret's brothers Charles IX and Henry, were furious, assaulting Margaret in anger.[1]: 280 While some suggested Henry be punished with assassination, it was settled on banishing him from court for his indiscretions.[1]: 189 On 3 October he married Catherine of Cleves, thus assuming the title of Count of Eu from her inheritance.[1]: 190
The August 1572 marriage between Henry IV and Margaret necessitated the presence of the majority of the Protestant leadership in Paris.[4] Shortly after the wedding, Coligny, who had made a rare visit to the capital for the occasion, was shot in the shoulder in an attempted assassination. Henry was a chief suspect of having ordered the attempt, due to his long running feud.[5]
As the situation in Paris deteriorated over the next several days, the royal council planned and executed a targeted elimination of the Protestant leadership in Paris, which would spiral into the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.[6] During the massacre Henry would oversee the murder of Coligny, and attempted but failed to capture several other targets, but was displeased at the situation descending into a general massacre, shielding fleeing Protestants in his residence.[1]: 217–218 [6]
When the wars of religion subsequently resumed Henry was wounded at the Battle of Dormans, and was thereafter known, like his father, as Le Balafre.[7] With a charismatic and brilliant public reputation, he rose to heroic stature among the militant Catholic population of France as an opponent of the Huguenots.
Catholic League
In 1576 he formed the Catholic League.[3] His rapidly deteriorating relations with the new King Henry III created further conflict, known as the War of the Three Henries (1584–1588).
At the death in 1584 of Francis, Duke of Anjou, the king's brother (which left Henry of Navarre, the Protestant champion, as heir-male), Guise concluded the Treaty of Joinville with Philip II of Spain. This compact declared that the Cardinal de Bourbon should succeed Henry III, in preference to Henry of Navarre. Henry III now sided with the Catholic League (1585), which made war with great success on the Protestants. Guise sent his cousin, Charles, Duke of Aumale, to lead a rising in Picardy (which could also support the retreat of the Spanish Armada). Alarmed, Henry III ordered Guise to remain in Champagne; he defied the king and on 9 May 1588 Guise entered Paris, bringing to a head his ambiguous challenge to royal authority in the Day of the Barricades and forcing King Henry to flee.
Assassination
The League now controlled France; the king was forced to accede to its demands and created Guise Lieutenant-General of France. But Henry III refused to be treated as a mere puppet by the League, and decided upon a bold stroke. On 22 December 1588, Guise spent the night with his current mistress Charlotte de Sauve, the most accomplished and notorious member of Catherine de' Medici's group of female spies known as the "Flying Squadron".[8]: 277 The following morning at the Château de Blois, Guise was summoned to attend the king, and was at once assassinated by "the Forty-five", the king's bodyguard, as Henry III looked on.[8]: 277–278 Guise's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, was likewise assassinated the next day. The deed aroused such outrage among the remaining relatives and allies of Guise that Henry III was forced to take refuge with Henry of Navarre. Henry III was assassinated the following year by Jacques Clément, an agent of the Catholic League.
According to Baltasar Gracián in A Pocket Mirror for Heroes, it was once said of him to Henry III, "Sire, he does good wholeheartedly: those who do not receive his good influence directly receive it by reflection. When deeds fail him, he resorts to words. There is no wedding he does not enliven, no baptism at which he is not godfather, no funeral he does not attend. He is courteous, humane, generous, the honorer of all and the detractor of none. In a word, he is a king by affection, just as Your Majesty is by law."
Issue
He married on 4 October 1570 in Paris to Catherine of Cleves (1548–1633), Countess of Eu,[9]: 27 by whom he had fourteen children:
- Charles, Duke of Guise (1571–1640), who succeeded him[10]
- Henri (30 June 1572, Paris – 3 August 1574)
- Catherine (3 November 1573) (died at birth)
- Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (1575–1621), Archbishop of Reims[10]
- Charles (1 January 1576, Paris) (died at birth)
- Marie (1 June 1577 – 1582)
- Claude, Duke of Chevreuse (1578–1657) married Marie de Rohan,[10] daughter of Hercule de Rohan, duc de Montbazon
- Catherine (b. 29 May 1579), died young
- Christine (21 January 1580) (died at birth)
- François (14 May 1581 – 29 September 1582)
- Renée (1585 – 13 June 1626, Reims), Abbess of St. Pierre[10]
- Jeanne (31 July 1586 – 8 October 1638, Jouarre), Abbess of Jouarre[10]
- Louise Marguerite, (1588 – 30 April 1631, Château d'Eu), married on 24 July 1605 François, Prince of Conti[10]
- François Alexandre (7 February 1589 – 1 June 1614, Château des Baux-de-Provence),[10] a Knight of the Order of Malta
In literature and the arts
Literature
The Duke of Guise appears as an archetypal Machiavellian schemer in Christopher Marlowe's play The Massacre at Paris, which was written about 20 years after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.[11] The death of the duke is also mentioned, by the ghost of Machiavelli himself, in the opening lines of The Jew of Malta. He appears (as The Guise) in George Chapman's Bussy D'Ambois and its sequel, The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois.
John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee wrote The Duke of Guise (1683),[12] based on events during the reign of Henry III of France.
He appears in the short novel The Princess of Montpensier, by Madame de La Fayette. He appears in Voltaire's epic poem "La Henriade" (1723). He is one of the characters in Alexandre Dumas's novel La Reine Margot and its sequels, La Dame de Monsoreau and The Forty-Five Guardsmen. He also appears prominently in Heinrich Mann's novel Young Henry of Navarre (1935).
Stanley Weyman's novel A Gentleman of France includes the Duke of Guise in its tale about the War of the Three Henries.
Ken Follett's 2017 novel A Column of Fire features Henry, Duke of Guise as a prominent character, and explores his involvement with the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
Film
In the 2010 film The Princess of Montpensier, he was portrayed by actor Gaspard Ulliel.[13]
Literature
- Pierre Matthieu, La Guisiade (1589)
- Christopher Marlowe, The Massacre at Paris (1593)
- George Chapman, The Tragedy of Bussy D'Ambois (1607)
- George Chapman, The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois (1613)
- John Dryden & Nathaniel Lee, The Duke of Guise (1683)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Carroll 2011.
- ^ Thompson 1915, pp. 388–389.
- ^ a b Goyau 1911, p. 701.
- ^ Thompson 1915, p. 449.
- ^ Sutherland 1973, p. 312.
- ^ a b Knecht 2010, p. 49.
- ^ Richards 2016, pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b Strage 1976.
- ^ Carroll 1998.
- ^ a b c d e f g Spangler 2016, p. 272.
- ^ Christopher, Marlowe (1998). OUP Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe. pp. 294–295.
- ^ Dryden, John. The works, vol 14: Plays, 1993. Los Angeles: University of California, "The Works of John Dryden". Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2010..
- ^ Gallagher, Brian (13 April 2011). "Gaspard Ulliel Talks The Princess of Montpensier [Exclusive]". Movieweb.
Sources
- Carroll, Stuart (1998). Noble Power During French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy. Cambridge University Press.
- Carroll, Stuart (2011). Martyrs and Murderers:The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press.
- Goyau, Georges (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Knecht, Robert (2010). The French Wars of Religion 1559–98. Routledge. ISBN 9781408228197.
- Richards, Penny (2016). "Warriors of God: History, Heritage and the Reputation of the Guise". In Munns, Jessica; Richards, Penny; Spangler, Jonathan (eds.). Aspiration, Representation and Memory: The Guise in Europe, 1506–1688. Routledge. pp. 169–182.
- Spangler, Jonathan (2016). The Society of Princes: The Lorraine-Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth-Century France. Routledge.
- Strage, Mark (1976). Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151983704.
- Sutherland, Nicola (1973). The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict 1559–72. Macmillan. ISBN 0064966208.
- Thompson, James Westfall (1915). The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
- Wellman, Katherine (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press.
External links
Media related to Henry I, Duke of Guise at Wikimedia Commons
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