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{{Short description|Type of Brassica plants}}
⚫
The '''acephala group''' refers to any type of ''[[Brassica]]'' which grows without the central 'head' typical of many varieties of [[cabbage]]. These are included within the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as ''capitata'' or "with a head". This group includes a number of species, both wild and cultivated, many of which are grown for their edible leafs and flowers.
{{Infobox cultivar
| image = Collards in container.jpg
| image_alt = Three young plants of non-heading collard greens growing in a small office wastebasket with a water reservoir at the bottom
| image_caption = Three young plants of non-heading [[Collard (plant)|collard greens]] growing in a small office [[wastebasket]] with a water reservoir at the bottom
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = Acephala Group
| origin = unknown
| subdivision = Many; see text.
}}

⚫
The '''acephala group''' refers to any type of ''[[Brassica]]'' which grows without the central 'head' typical of many varieties of [[cabbage]]. These are included within the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', such as [[kale]] (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''acephala'').<ref>''Random House Webster's College Dictionary'', New York 1992, p. 736 (s.v. kale)</ref> The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as ''capitata'' or "with a head". This group includes a number of species, both wild and cultivated, many of which are grown for their edible leaves and flowers.


==Groups of cultivars==
==Groups of cultivars==
{{Split portions|section=y|Brassica oleracea#Cultivars|date=March 2023}}
Different sources break down the ''Brassica'' [[genus]] into different grouping as shown below:
Different sources break down the ''Brassica'' [[genus]] into different grouping as shown below:


Line 8: Line 20:


===Royal Botanic Gardens Kew===
===Royal Botanic Gardens Kew===
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew<ref>{{cite web|title=Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)|url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/brassica-oleracea-wild-cabbage|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens|website=kew.org}} </ref> has eight groups: Acephala Group (kale, borecole, collards) / Alboglabra Group (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai laan, kai lan) / Botrytis Group (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese) / Capitata Group (cabbage, savoy cabbage, red cabbage) / Gemmifera Group (sprouts, Brussels sprouts) / Gongylodes Group (kohlrabi, knol-kohl) / Italica Group (purple sprouting, sprouting broccoli) / Tronchuda Group (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage)
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew<ref>{{cite web|title=Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279435-1|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens|website=kew.org}}</ref> has eight cultivar groups: Acephala Group (kale, borecole, collards) / Alboglabra Group (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai lan, kai lan) / Botrytis Group (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese) / Capitata Group (cabbage, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage) / Gemmifera Group (sprouts, Brussels sprouts) / Gongylodes Group (kohlrabi, knol-kohl) / Italica Group (purple sprouting, sprouting broccoli) / Tronchuda Group (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage)


===Acephala group===
== Members ==
The Acephala group of [[cultivars]] or variety for the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' includes:<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Finder|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants|website=rhs.org.uk|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref>
The Acephala group of [[cultivars]] or variety for the [[species]] ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' includes:<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Finder|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants|website=rhs.org.uk|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[kale]], or [[borecole]], or [[colewort]]<ref>''(Quote.)'' "Originally, a general name for any plant of the cabbage kind, genus ''Brassica'' (of which the varieties were formerly less distinct than now)." ("colewort, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2014. Web. 26 November 2014.)</ref>
* [[kale]], or [[borecole]], or [[colewort]]<ref>''(Quote.)'' "Originally, a general name for any plant of the cabbage kind, genus ''Brassica'' (of which the varieties were formerly less distinct than now)." ("colewort, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2014. Web. 26 November 2014.)</ref>
* [[curly kale]]
* [[curly kale]]
* [[Lacinato kale|Tuscan kale]] (cavolo nero), also known as black kale, Lacinato kale, or palm tree kale
* American English [[collard greens]], or collard
* U.K. English [[spring greens]]
* American English [[Collard (plant)|collard]] greens, or collard
* U.K. English [[Spring greens (Brassica oleracea)]]
* decorative kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Plants for the Front Porch|url=http://www.gardening-guy.com/tag/decorative-kale|publisher=Henry Homeyer|website=Henry Homeyer: The Gardening Guy}} </ref> ornamental kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ornamental Kale/Ornamental Cabbage|url=http://www.walterreeves.com/landscaping/ornamental-kaleornamental-cabbage/|publisher=Walter Reeves / The Simple Gardener, Inc|website=The Georgia Gardener}}</ref> flowering kale,<ref> {{cite web|title=Flowering kale|url=http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/annual/flowering-kale/|website=Better Homes & Gardens|publisher=Meredith Corporation}}</ref> flowering cabbage,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Flowering Cabbage Plants|url=http://www.gardenguides.com/70082-flowering-cabbage-plants.html|publisher=Demand Media|website=Gardenguides.com}}</ref> or ornamental cabbage<ref>{{cite web|title=The ornamental cabbage|url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/blogs/plants/the-ornamental-cabbage/2897.html|author=James Alexander-Sinclair|publisher=Immediate Media Company Ltd|website=Gardenersworld.com}} </ref>
* giant Jersey cabbage,<ref name="BBC History"> {{cite web|title=BBC History Domesday: Cabbage Walking Sticks|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/CI-554000-5452000/page/7|website=bbc.co.uk|publisher=BBC}} </ref> long jack,<ref name="BBC History" /> walking-stick cabbage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kale 'Walking Stick' Brassica oleracea (Acephala Group), Borecole, Walking Stick Cabbage|url=http://www.thompson-morgan.com/vegetables/vegetable-seeds/brassica-and-leafy-green-seeds/kale-walking-stick/779TM|website=Thompson & Morgan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111825/http://www.thompson-morgan.com/vegetables/vegetable-seeds/brassica-and-leafy-green-seeds/kale-walking-stick/779TM|archivedate=14 December 2013}}</ref> cow cabbage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Giant cabbage|url=http://jerseyeveningpost.com/island-life/history-heritage/giant-cabbage/|website=Jersey Evening Post}}</ref> Jérriais ''lé grand chour à vaque'' [i.e., big cabbage for cows],<ref> {{cite web|title=How to Grow Giant Walking Stick Cabbage|url=http://homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-giant-walking-stick-cabbage-76144.html|author=A.J. Andrews|publisher=Hearst Communications Inc.|website=homeguides.sfgate.com}} </ref> Jérriais ''lé chour'' [i.e., cabbage],<ref>{{cite web|website=Freelang|title=Jérriais to English dictionary|url=http://www.freelang.net/online/jerriais.php?lg=gb}}</ref> [[tree cabbage]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Perennial vegetables: Tree cabbage|website=The Cottage Smallholder|url=http://www.cottagesmallholder.com/perennial-vegetables-tree-cabbage-7321/}}</ref> or Jersey kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jersey Kale, Walking Stick Cabbage, Cow Cabbage, Tree Cabbage, Chou Cavalier
* decorative kale,<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants for the Front Porch |url=http://www.gardening-guy.com/tag/decorative-kale |website=Henry Homeyer: The Gardening Guy |publisher=[[Henry Homeyer]]}}</ref> ornamental kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ornamental Kale/Ornamental Cabbage|url=http://www.walterreeves.com/landscaping/ornamental-kaleornamental-cabbage/|publisher=Walter Reeves / The Simple Gardener, Inc|website=The Georgia Gardener|date=18 August 2010 }}</ref> flowering kale,<ref>{{cite web|title=Flowering kale|url=http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/annual/flowering-kale/|website=Better Homes & Gardens|publisher=Meredith Corporation}}</ref> flowering cabbage,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Flowering Cabbage Plants|url=http://www.gardenguides.com/70082-flowering-cabbage-plants.html|publisher=Demand Media|website=Gardenguides.com}}</ref> or ornamental cabbage<ref>{{cite web|title=The ornamental cabbage|url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/blogs/plants/the-ornamental-cabbage/2897.html|author=James Alexander-Sinclair|publisher=[[Immediate Media Company Ltd]]|website=Gardenersworld.com|access-date=2014-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711101414/http://www.gardenersworld.com/blogs/plants/the-ornamental-cabbage/2897.html|archive-date=2014-07-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|website=Chiltern Seeds|url=http://www.chilternseeds.co.uk/item_1360c_jersey_kale_or_walking_stick_cabbage_seeds}}</ref> or ''Brassica oleracea longata''<ref>{{cite web|author=Jodi Torpey|title=Walking stick kale really works.|website=Vegetable Gardener|date=8 September 2012|url=http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/12690/walking-stick-kale-really-works}}</ref> The long woody stems are used for walking-sticks and the foliage for cow-fodder.<ref>Mabberley, D. (1997) ''Mabberley's plant-book : A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses''. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
* [[Jersey cabbage]], ''Brassica oleracea longata''. The long woody stems are used for walking sticks and the foliage for cow-fodder.<ref>Mabberley, D. (1997) ''Mabberley's plant-book : A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses''. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
* Scotch kale<ref>{{cite web|website=Oxford Dictionaries|title=Definition of Scotch kale in English:|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Scotch-kale}}</ref>
* Scotch kale<ref>{{cite web|website=Oxford Dictionaries|title=Definition of Scotch kale in English|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Scotch-kale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728232104/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Scotch-kale|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref>


The ''Acephala'' means "no head"<ref>{{cite web|website=Merriam-Webster|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acephala|title=Merriam-Webster :Acephala}}{{subscription|date=August 2016}}</ref> as the plants have leaves with no central head; the opposite arrangement of [[white cabbage]], or [[Savoy cabbage]]. Each cultivar has a different genome owing to mutation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bio.cmu.edu/|title=Courses: "Genome evolution and mutation".|accessdate=25 November 2014}} {{closed access}}{{Password-protected}}</ref> evolution, the ecological niche,<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207012742|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.033|volume=17|title=Coupling Genetic and Ecological-Niche Models to Examine How Past Population Distributions Contribute to Divergence|journal=Current Biology|pages=940–946}}</ref> and intentional plant-breeding by man. Mabberley (1997, p.&nbsp;120) has the Acephala group in three sub-groups: kale, borecole, and collards.<ref>Mabberley, q.v.</ref>
''Acephala'' means "no head"<ref>{{cite web|website=Merriam-Webster|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acephala|title=Merriam-Webster :Acephala}}{{subscription required|date=August 2016}}</ref> as the plants have leaves with no central head; the opposite arrangement of [[Cabbage|white cabbage]], or [[Savoy cabbage]]. Each cultivar has a different genome owing to mutation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bio.cmu.edu/|title=Courses: "Genome evolution and mutation".|accessdate=25 November 2014}} {{closed access}}{{Password-protected}}</ref> evolution, ecological niche,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.033|volume=17|issue=11|title=Coupling Genetic and Ecological-Niche Models to Examine How Past Population Distributions Contribute to Divergence|journal=Current Biology|pages=940–946|pmid=17475496 | last1 = Knowles | first1 = LL | last2 = Carstens | first2 = BC | last3 = Keat | first3 = ML|date=2007-06-05|s2cid=13891478|doi-access=free}}</ref> and intentional plant-breeding by humans. Mabberley (1997, p.&nbsp;120) has the Acephala group in three sub-groups: kale, borecole, and collards.<ref>Mabberley, q.v.</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 27: Line 39:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Brassica oleracea var. sabellica}}


{{Brassica oleraca}}
{{Brassica oleraca}}

Latest revision as of 23:11, 11 September 2023

Acephala group
Three young plants of non-heading collard greens growing in a small office wastebasket with a water reservoir at the bottom
Three young plants of non-heading collard greens growing in a small office wastebasket with a water reservoir at the bottom
SpeciesBrassica oleracea
Cultivar groupAcephala Group
Originunknown
Cultivar group membersMany; see text.

The acephala group refers to any type of Brassica which grows without the central 'head' typical of many varieties of cabbage. These are included within the species Brassica oleracea, such as kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala).[1] The name literally means "without a head" in contrast to those varieties known as capitata or "with a head". This group includes a number of species, both wild and cultivated, many of which are grown for their edible leaves and flowers.

Groups of cultivars[edit]

Different sources break down the Brassica genus into different grouping as shown below:

Mabberley[edit]

Mabberley (q.v.) has these groups: Napobrassica Group / Pabularia Group / Acephala Group / Alboglabra Group / Botrytis Group / Capitata Group / Gemmifera Group / Gongylodes Group / Italica Group / Tronchuda Group / Chinensis Group / Japonica Group / Pekinensis Group / Perviridis Group / Rapifera Group

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew[edit]

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew[2] has eight cultivar groups: Acephala Group (kale, borecole, collards) / Alboglabra Group (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai lan, kai lan) / Botrytis Group (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese) / Capitata Group (cabbage, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage) / Gemmifera Group (sprouts, Brussels sprouts) / Gongylodes Group (kohlrabi, knol-kohl) / Italica Group (purple sprouting, sprouting broccoli) / Tronchuda Group (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage)

Members[edit]

The Acephala group of cultivars or variety for the species Brassica oleracea includes:[3]

Acephala means "no head"[12] as the plants have leaves with no central head; the opposite arrangement of white cabbage, or Savoy cabbage. Each cultivar has a different genome owing to mutation,[13] evolution, ecological niche,[14] and intentional plant-breeding by humans. Mabberley (1997, p. 120) has the Acephala group in three sub-groups: kale, borecole, and collards.[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Random House Webster's College Dictionary, New York 1992, p. 736 (s.v. kale)
  2. ^ "Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)". kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens.
  3. ^ "RHS Plant Finder". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  4. ^ (Quote.) "Originally, a general name for any plant of the cabbage kind, genus Brassica (of which the varieties were formerly less distinct than now)." ("colewort, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2014. Web. 26 November 2014.)
  5. ^ "Plants for the Front Porch". Henry Homeyer: The Gardening Guy. Henry Homeyer.
  6. ^ "Ornamental Kale/Ornamental Cabbage". The Georgia Gardener. Walter Reeves / The Simple Gardener, Inc. 18 August 2010.
  7. ^ "Flowering kale". Better Homes & Gardens. Meredith Corporation.
  8. ^ "About Flowering Cabbage Plants". Gardenguides.com. Demand Media.
  9. ^ James Alexander-Sinclair. "The ornamental cabbage". Gardenersworld.com. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Archived from the original on 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  10. ^ Mabberley, D. (1997) Mabberley's plant-book : A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ "Definition of Scotch kale in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013.
  12. ^ "Merriam-Webster :Acephala". Merriam-Webster.(subscription required)
  13. ^ "Courses: "Genome evolution and mutation"". Retrieved 25 November 2014. Closed access icon(password-protected)
  14. ^ Knowles, LL; Carstens, BC; Keat, ML (2007-06-05). "Coupling Genetic and Ecological-Niche Models to Examine How Past Population Distributions Contribute to Divergence". Current Biology. 17 (11): 940–946. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.033. PMID 17475496. S2CID 13891478.
  15. ^ Mabberley, q.v.

External links[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acephala_group&diff=1174974388&oldid=757683979

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