Robert Anderson may refer to:

• Robert Anderson (editor and biographer) (1750–1830), Scottish literary scholar and editor
• Robert Anderson (poet) (1770–1833), English poet
• Robert Rowand Anderson (1834–1921), Scottish architect
• Robert Anderson (silent film actor) (1890–1963), Danish-born American actor
• Robert Alexander Anderson (composer) (1894–1995), American composer
• Robert Anderson (filmmaker) (1913–1997), Canadian filmmaker
• Robert Anderson (playwright) (1917–2009), American playwright and screenwriter
• Robert Anderson (singer) (1919–1995), African-American gospel singer and composer
• Bobby Anderson (actor) (1933–2008), American actor and television producer
• Robert Theodore Anderson (1934–2009), American organist, composer, and pedagogue
• Robert G. W. Anderson (born 1944), historian, former director of the British Museum
• Robert Anderson (artist) (born 1946), American portrait artist
• Robert Mailer Anderson (born 1968), American novelist

• Robert Anderson (mayor) (fl. 1810s–1820s), mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia
• Robert Stirling Hore Anderson (1821–1883), Irish-born Australian colonial politician
• Robert M. Anderson (politician) (1824–1878), lieutenant governor of California
• Robert H. Anderson (politician) (c. 1831–1879), American politician in New York
• Sir Robert Anderson, 1st Baronet (1837–1921), Irish businessman and Lord Mayor of Belfast
• Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard official) (1841–1918), lawyer, British intelligence officer and London CID chief, in charge during the Jack the Ripper murders
• Robert Alexander Anderson (politician) (1858–1916), Canadian politician in British Columbia
• Robert King Anderson (1861–1950), Canadian politician, physician and teacher
• Rob Anderson (politician) (born 1977), Canadian politician in Alberta
• Robert Newton Anderson (1871–1948), MP in the Northern Ireland Parliament for Londonderry
• Robert P. Anderson (1906–1978), United States judge in Connecticut
• Robert B. Anderson (1910–1989), businessman, politician, and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
• Robert B. Anderson (South Carolina politician), member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
• Robert Banneka Anderson Sr., member of the South Carolina General Assembly
• Robert Anderson (diplomat) (1922–1996), United States ambassador to Morocco
• Robert A. Anderson (1932–2006), American politician and businessman
• Robert Anderson (New Zealand politician) (1936–1996), New Zealand politician
• Robert T. Anderson (born 1945), American politician, lieutenant governor of Iowa
• Robert Anderson (Australian Aboriginal elder) (born 1929), Australian Aboriginal elder and union official

• Robert Anderson (Revolutionary War) (1741–1813), Revolutionary general and Lt. Governor of South Carolina
• Robert Anderson (Civil War) (1805–1871), Union commander at Fort Sumter at the start of the American Civil War
• Robert H. Anderson (1835–1888), Confederate officer (brigadier general) in the American Civil War
• Robert Anderson (Medal of Honor) (1843–1900), U.S. Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
• Robert Anderson (Australian general) (1865–1940), Australian World War I brigadier general

• Robert Anderson (MCC cricketer) (1811–1891), English cricketer, played for Hertfordshire 1835–36 and MCC 1837–41
• Robert Anderson (American cricketer) (1893–?), American cricketer
• Robert Anderson (New Zealand cricketer) (born 1948), New Zealand cricketer, played nine Tests and two One Day Internationals for New Zealand
• Robert Anderson (rugby union) (c. 1900 – c. 1979), Australian rugby player
• Robert Anderson (Australian rules footballer) (born 1959), Australian rules footballer
• Robert Kiplagat Andersen (born 1972), Kenyan-born middle-distance runner who ran internationally for Denmark
• Robbie Anderson (American football) (born 1993), American football wide receiver
• Robbie Anderson (footballer) (1936–1996), English footballer

• Robert Anderson (mathematician) (fl. 1668–1696), English mathematician and silk-weaver
• Robert Anderson (inventor) (fl. 1830s), Scottish inventor
• Robert Anderson (Hollywood, Florida community leader) (1912–1998), banker and community leader in Hollywood, Florida
• Robert Anderson (New Zealand philanthropist), New Zealand businessman and philanthropist (knighted 1934)
• Robert Orville Anderson (1917–2007), American businessman and philanthropist
• Robert Marshall Anderson (1933–2011), Episcopal bishop of Minnesota
• Robert Charles Anderson (born 1944), American biochemist and genealogist
• Robert Anderson (murderer) (1966–2006), American executed for killing a 5-year-old girl in Texas
• Robert M. Anderson (mathematician) (born 1951), professor of economics and of mathematics
• Robert Henry Anderson (1899–1969), Australian botanist
• Robert Wherry Anderson (1864–1937), British journalist
• Robert S. Anderson (born 1952), American geomorphologist
• Robert J. Anderson (public health administrator) (1914–1999), director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Robert Anderson (sex offender) (1928–2008), American sex offender

• Bob Anderson (disambiguation)
• Bobby Anderson (disambiguation)
• Robert Andersson (disambiguation)
• Joni Mitchell, born Roberta Anderson