The governor of Maryland is the head of government of the U.S. state of Maryland and is the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[1] The governor is the highest-ranking official in the state, and the constitutional powers of Maryland's governors make them among the most powerful governors in the United States.[2]
The current governor is Democrat Wes Moore, who took office on January 18, 2023.[3]
Governors
[edit]Maryland was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on April 28, 1788.[4] Before it declared its independence, Maryland was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Under the constitution of 1776, governors were appointed by the General Assembly legislature to one-year terms. They could be reelected for two additional terms, though they must take four years off after leaving office. An 1838 constitutional amendment allowed for popular election of governors to three-year terms, though they could not succeed themselves. The 1851 constitution removed the term limit, and lengthened terms to four years, to commence on the second Wednesday of January following the election. Governors were limited to two consecutive terms beginning in 1948.[5]
The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864, abolished in 1867, and recreated in 1970. The lieutenant governor succeeds to the office of governor should it become vacant. In the original constitution, the first named of the Governor's Council would act as governor if it were vacant, until a new governor was selected; this was changed to the secretary of state in 1837.[6] The 1867 constitution originally called for the General Assembly to immediately elect a new governor; if they were not in session, the president of the Senate would act as governor until one was elected.[7]
No. | Governor | Term in office | Party | Election | Lt. Governor[a][b] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Thomas Johnson (1732–1819) [10][11] |
March 21, 1777[12] – November 12, 1779 (did not run) |
No party[13] | 1777 | Office did not exist | ||
1778 | ||||||||
2 | ![]() |
Thomas Sim Lee (1745–1819) [14][15][16] |
November 12, 1779[17] – November 22, 1782 (term-limited)[c] |
No party[13] | 1779 | |||
1780 | ||||||||
1781 | ||||||||
3 | ![]() |
William Paca (1740–1799) [19][20] |
November 22, 1782[21] – November 26, 1785 (term-limited)[c] |
No party[13] | 1782 | |||
1783 | ||||||||
1784 | ||||||||
4 | ![]() |
William Smallwood (1732–1792) [22] |
November 26, 1785[23] – November 27, 1788 (term-limited)[c] |
No party[13] | 1785 | |||
1786 | ||||||||
1787 | ||||||||
5 | ![]() |
John Eager Howard (1752–1827) [24][25][26] |
November 27, 1788[27] – November 14, 1791 (term-limited)[c] |
Federalist[13] | 1788 | |||
1789 | ||||||||
1790 | ||||||||
6 | ![]() |
George Plater (1735–1792) [28][29][30] |
November 14, 1791[31] – February 10, 1792 (died in office) |
Federalist[13] | 1791 | |||
— | ![]() |
James Brice (1746–1801) [32] |
February 10, 1792[33] – April 5, 1792 (successor took office) |
Federalist[13] | Senior council member acting | |||
2 | ![]() |
Thomas Sim Lee (1745–1819) [14][15][16] |
April 5, 1792[34] – November 17, 1794 (did not run) |
Federalist[13] | 1792 | |||
1793 | ||||||||
7 | ![]() |
John Hoskins Stone (1749–1804) [35][36][37] |
November 17, 1794[38] – November 28, 1797 (term-limited)[c] |
Federalist[39] | 1794 | |||
1795 | ||||||||
1796 | ||||||||
8 | ![]() |
John Henry (1750–1798) [40][41][42] |
November 28, 1797[43] – November 14, 1798 (did not run)[40] |
Federalist[39] | 1797 | |||
9 | ![]() |
Benjamin Ogle (1749–1809) [44][45][46] |
November 14, 1798[47] – November 10, 1801 (term-limited)[c] |
Federalist[39] | 1798 | |||
1799 | ||||||||
1800 | ||||||||
10 | ![]() |
John Francis Mercer (1759–1821) [48][49][50] |
November 10, 1801[51] – November 13, 1803 (did not run)[48] |
Democratic- Republican[39] |
1801 | |||
1802 | ||||||||
11 | ![]() |
Robert Bowie (1750–1818) [52][53][54] |
November 15, 1803[55] – November 12, 1806 (term-limited)[c] |
Democratic- Republican[39] |
1803 | |||
1804 | ||||||||
1805 | ||||||||
12 | ![]() |
Robert Wright (1752–1826) [56][57][58] |
November 12, 1806[59] – May 6, 1809 (resigned)[d] |
Democratic- Republican[39] |
1806 | |||
1807 | ||||||||
1808 | ||||||||
— | ![]() |
James Butcher | May 6, 1809[60] – June 9, 1809 (successor took office) |
Democratic- Republican[61] |
Senior council member acting[58] | |||
13 | ![]() |
Edward Lloyd (1779–1834) [62][63][64] |
June 9, 1809[65] – November 16, 1811 (term-limited)[c] |
Democratic- Republican[39] |
June 1809 (special)[e] | |||
Nov. 1809 | ||||||||
1810 | ||||||||
11 | ![]() |
Robert Bowie (1750–1818) [52][53][54] |
November 16, 1811[66] – November 23, 1812 (lost election) |
Democratic- Republican[39] |
1811 | |||
14 | ![]() |
Levin Winder (1757–1819) [67][68][69] |
November 23, 1812[70] – January 2, 1816 (term-limited)[c] |
Federalist[39] | 1812 | |||
1813 | ||||||||
1814 | ||||||||
15 | ![]() |
Charles Carnan Ridgely (1760–1829) [71][72][73] |
January 2, 1816[74] – January 8, 1819 (term-limited)[c] |
Federalist[39] | 1815 | |||
1816 | ||||||||
1817 | ||||||||
16 | ![]() |
Charles Goldsborough (1765–1834) [75][76][77] |
January 8, 1819[78] – December 20, 1819 (lost election) |
Federalist[39] | 1818 | |||
17 | ![]() |
Samuel Sprigg (1783–1855) [79][80][81] |
December 20, 1819[82] – December 16, 1822 (term-limited)[c] |
Democratic- Republican[39] |
1819 | |||
1820 | ||||||||
1821 | ||||||||
18 | ![]() |
Samuel Stevens Jr. (1778–1860) [83][84][85] |
December 16, 1822[86] – January 9, 1826 (term-limited)[c] |
Democratic- Republican[61] |
1822 | |||
1823 | ||||||||
1824 | ||||||||
19 | ![]() |
Joseph Kent (1779–1837) [87][88][89] |
January 9, 1826[90] – January 15, 1829 (term-limited)[c] |
Democratic- Republican[61] |
1826 | |||
1827 | ||||||||
1828 | ||||||||
20 | ![]() |
Daniel Martin (1780–1831) [91][92][93] |
January 15, 1829[94] – January 15, 1830 (lost election) |
Anti-Jacksonian[39] | 1829 | |||
21 | ![]() |
Thomas King Carroll (1793–1873) [95][96][97] |
January 15, 1830[98] – January 13, 1831 (lost election) |
Jacksonian[39] | 1830 | |||
20 | ![]() |
Daniel Martin (1780–1831) [91][92][93] |
January 13, 1831[99] – July 11, 1831 (died in office) |
Anti-Jacksonian[39] | 1831 | |||
22 | ![]() |
George Howard (1789–1846) [100][101][102] |
July 11, 1831[103] – January 17, 1833 (did not run)[100] |
Anti-Jacksonian[39] | Senior council member acting | |||
1832 | ||||||||
23 | ![]() |
James Thomas (1785–1845) [104][105][106] |
January 17, 1833[107] – January 14, 1836 (term-limited)[c] |
Anti-Jacksonian[39] | 1833 | |||
1834 | ||||||||
1835 | ||||||||
24 | ![]() |
Thomas Veazey (1774–1842) [108][109][110] |
January 14, 1836[111] – January 7, 1839 (term-limited)[f] |
Whig[39] | 1836 | |||
1837 | ||||||||
Jan. 1838 | ||||||||
25 | ![]() |
William Grason (1788–1868) [113][114][115] |
January 7, 1839[116] – January 3, 1842 (term-limited)[f] |
Democratic[39] | Oct. 1838 | |||
26 | ![]() |
Francis Thomas (1799–1876) [117][118][119] |
January 3, 1842[120] – January 6, 1845 (term-limited)[f] |
Democratic[121] | 1841 | |||
27 | ![]() |
Thomas Pratt (1804–1869) [122][123][124] |
January 6, 1845[125] – January 3, 1848 (term-limited)[f] |
Whig[121] | 1844 | |||
28 | ![]() |
Philip Francis Thomas (1810–1890) [126][127][128] |
January 3, 1848[129] – January 6, 1851 (term-limited)[f] |
Democratic[121] | 1847 | |||
29 | ![]() |
Enoch Louis Lowe (1820–1892) [130][131][132] |
January 6, 1851[133] – January 11, 1854 (did not run)[g] |
Democratic[121] | 1850 | |||
30 | ![]() |
Thomas Watkins Ligon (1810–1881) [134][135][136] |
January 11, 1854[137] – January 13, 1858 (did not run) |
Democratic[138] | 1853 | |||
31 | ![]() |
Thomas Holliday Hicks (1798–1865) [139][140][141] |
January 13, 1858[142] – January 8, 1862 (did not run) |
American[138] | 1857 | |||
32 | ![]() |
Augustus Bradford (1806–1881) [143][144][145] |
January 8, 1862[146] – January 10, 1866 (did not run) |
Union[61] | 1861 | |||
33 | ![]() |
Thomas Swann (1809–1883) [147][148][149] |
January 10, 1866[61] – January 13, 1869 (did not run) |
Union[61] | 1864 | Christopher Christian Cox | ||
34 | ![]() |
Oden Bowie (1826–1894) [150][151][152] |
January 13, 1869[153] – January 10, 1872 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1867 | Office did not exist | ||
35 | ![]() |
William Pinkney Whyte (1824–1908) [154][155][156] |
January 10, 1872[157] – March 4, 1874 (resigned)[h] |
Democratic[61] | 1871 | |||
36 | ![]() |
James Black Groome (1838–1893) [158][159][160] |
March 4, 1874[161] – January 12, 1876 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | Elected governor by legislature | |||
37 | ![]() |
John Lee Carroll (1830–1911) [162][163][164] |
January 12, 1876[165] – January 14, 1880 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1875 | |||
38 | ![]() |
William Thomas Hamilton (1820–1888) [166][167][168] |
January 14, 1880[169] – January 9, 1884 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1879 | |||
39 | ![]() |
Robert Milligan McLane (1815–1898) [170][171][172] |
January 9, 1884[173] – March 27, 1885 (resigned)[i] |
Democratic[61] | 1883 | |||
40 | ![]() |
Henry Lloyd (1852–1920) [174][175][176] |
March 27, 1885[177] – January 11, 1888 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | President of the Senate acting | |||
41 | ![]() |
Elihu Emory Jackson (1837–1907) [178][179][180] |
January 11, 1888[181] – January 13, 1892 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1887 | |||
42 | ![]() |
Frank Brown (1846–1920) [182][183][184] |
January 13, 1892[185] – January 8, 1896 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1891 | |||
43 | ![]() |
Lloyd Lowndes Jr. (1845–1905) [186][187][188] |
January 8, 1896[189] – January 10, 1900 (lost election) |
Republican[61] | 1895 | |||
44 | ![]() |
John Walter Smith (1845–1925) [190][191][192] |
January 10, 1900[193] – January 13, 1904 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1899 | |||
45 | ![]() |
Edwin Warfield (1848–1920) [194][195][196] |
January 13, 1904[197] – January 8, 1908 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1903 | |||
46 | ![]() |
Austin Lane Crothers (1860–1912) [198][199][200] |
January 8, 1908[201] – January 10, 1912 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1907 | |||
47 | ![]() |
Phillips Lee Goldsborough (1865–1946) [202][203][204] |
January 10, 1912[205] – January 12, 1916 (did not run) |
Republican[61] | 1911 | |||
48 | ![]() |
Emerson Harrington (1864–1945) [206][207][208] |
January 12, 1916[209] – January 14, 1920 (did not run) |
Democratic[61] | 1915 | |||
49 | ![]() |
Albert Ritchie (1876–1936) [210][211][212] |
January 14, 1920[213] – January 9, 1935 (lost election) |
Democratic[61] | 1919 | |||
1923 | ||||||||
1926 | ||||||||
1930 | ||||||||
50 | ![]() |
Harry Nice (1877–1941) [214][215][216] |
January 9, 1935[217] – January 11, 1939 (lost election) |
Republican[61] | 1934 | |||
51 | ![]() |
Herbert O'Conor (1896–1960) [218][219][220] |
January 11, 1939[221] – January 3, 1947 (resigned)[j] |
Democratic[61] | 1938 | |||
1942 | ||||||||
52 | ![]() |
William Preston Lane Jr. (1892–1967) [223][224][225] |
January 3, 1947[j] – January 10, 1951 (lost election) |
Democratic[61] | Elected by legislature[j] | |||
1946 | ||||||||
53 | ![]() |
Theodore McKeldin (1900–1974) [226][227][228] |
January 10, 1951[229] – January 14, 1959 (term-limited)[k] |
Republican[61] | 1950 | |||
1954 | ||||||||
54 | ![]() |
J. Millard Tawes (1894–1979) [231][232][233] |
January 14, 1959[234] – January 25, 1967 (term-limited)[k] |
Democratic[61] | 1958 | |||
1962 | ||||||||
55 | ![]() |
Spiro Agnew (1918–1996) [235][236][237] |
January 25, 1967[238] – January 7, 1969 (resigned)[l] |
Republican[61] | 1966 | |||
56 | ![]() |
Marvin Mandel (1920–2015) [239][240][241] |
January 7, 1969[242] – January 17, 1979 (term-limited)[k] |
Democratic[61] | 1969 (special)[m] |
Blair Lee III | ||
1970 | ||||||||
1974 | ||||||||
— | ![]() |
Blair Lee III (1916–1985) [243][244][245] |
June 4, 1977[n] – January 15, 1979 (did not run) |
Democratic[244] | Lieutenant governor acting[n] |
Acting as governor | ||
57 | ![]() |
Harry Hughes (1926–2019) [247][248] |
January 17, 1979[249] – January 21, 1987 (term-limited)[k] |
Democratic[247] | 1978 | Samuel Bogley | ||
1982 | J. Joseph Curran Jr. | |||||||
58 | ![]() |
William Donald Schaefer (1921–2011) [250][251] |
January 21, 1987[252] – January 18, 1995 (term-limited)[k] |
Democratic[250] | 1986 | Melvin Steinberg | ||
1990 | ||||||||
59 | ![]() |
Parris Glendening (b. 1942) [253][254] |
January 18, 1995[255] – January 15, 2003 (term-limited)[k] |
Democratic[253] | 1994 | Kathleen Kennedy Townsend | ||
1998 | ||||||||
60 | ![]() |
Bob Ehrlich (b. 1957) [256][257] |
January 15, 2003[258] – January 17, 2007 (lost election) |
Republican[256] | 2002 | Michael Steele | ||
61 | ![]() |
Martin O'Malley (b. 1963) [259][260] |
January 17, 2007[261] – January 21, 2015 (term-limited)[k] |
Democratic[259] | 2006 | Anthony Brown | ||
2010 | ||||||||
62 | ![]() |
Larry Hogan (b. 1956) [262][263] |
January 21, 2015[264] – January 18, 2023 (term-limited)[k] |
Republican[262] | 2014 | Boyd Rutherford | ||
2018 | ||||||||
63 | ![]() |
Wes Moore (b. 1978) [265][266] |
January 18, 2023[267] – Incumbent[o] |
Democratic[265] | 2022 | Aruna Miller |
Notes
[edit]- ^ The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864, abolished in 1867, and recreated in 1970.[8][9]
- ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Under the 1776 constitution, governors were limited to no more than three years successively, and ineligible until four years after they had been out of office.[18]
- ^ Wright resigned due to a loss of popularity,[56] and to secure a seat on the Maryland Court of Appeals, though he was not appointed to it.[57]
- ^ Special election to fill the remainder of Robert Wright's term.
- ^ a b c d e Under an 1837 amendment to the constitution, elected governors were ineligible to succeed themselves.[112]
- ^ Sobel says Lowe was limited from succeeding himself due to an 1846 amendment, but this appears to be in error.[130]
- ^ Whyte resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[154]
- ^ McLane resigned, having been confirmed as United States Minister to France.[170]
- ^ a b c O'Conor resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate. Lane, who won the election, was elected by the legislature to succeed O'Conor immediately, five days before he would have taken office.[222]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Under a 1948 amendment to the constitution, governors who have served two consecutive elected terms are ineligible for the next term.[230]
- ^ Agnew resigned, having been elected Vice President of the United States.[235]
- ^ Mandel was elected by the Maryland General Assembly to fill the vacancy left by Agnew's resignation.
- ^ a b Mandel named Lieutenant Governor Lee acting governor on June 4, 1977, as he was dealing with charges of mail fraud and racketeering, and citing health reasons;[246] he would be found guilty in August, and sentenced to four years in prison in October. He rescinded the designation on January 15, 1979, two days before the end of the term; he then made Lee acting governor again for a time on January 16 so he could preside at the installation of a judge on the Court of Appeals.[245][239]
- ^ Moore's first term will expire January 20, 2027.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- General
- "Former Maryland Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. II. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- Dubin, Michael J. (2003). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1439-0.
- Dubin, Michael J. (2014). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5646-8.
- Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Glashan, Roy R. (1979). American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Meckler Books. ISBN 978-0-930466-17-6.
- "Governors of Maryland". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- "Our Campaigns - Governor of Maryland - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
- Specific
- ^ "Maryland Governor – Origin & Functions". Maryland Manual Online. Maryland State Archives. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Prah, Pamela (March 9, 2007). "Massachusetts gov rated most powerful (archived)". Stateline.Org. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- ^ Cox, Erin; Wiggins, Ovetta (January 18, 2023). "Wes Moore to be sworn in, making history as Md.'s first Black governor". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
- ^ "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Maryland; April 28, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
- ^ "Governor". Guide to Government Records. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Maryland Lieutenant Governor". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ 1867 Const, original, art. II, § 2, accessed March 4, 2023
- ^ Dayhoff, Kevin (December 7, 2005). "Why We Have a Lieutenant Governor". The Tentacle. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
- ^ Papenfouse, Edward. The Archives of Maryland, new series, An Historical List of Public Officials of Maryland. Vol. I. Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Archives: 1990.
- ^ "Thomas Johnson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Thomas Johnson". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the House of Delegates. Feb. 1777 sess., 44, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ a b c d e f g h Glashan 1979, p. 130.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 646–647.
- ^ a b "Thomas Sim Lee". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ a b "Thomas Sim Lee". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1779 sess., 4, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ "1776 Md. Const. art. 31". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
- ^ "William Paca". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "William Paca". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1782 sess., 6, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ "William Smallwood". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1785 sess., 10, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 645.
- ^ "John Eager Howard". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "John Eager Howard". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1788 sess., 7, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 646.
- ^ "George Plater". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "George Plater". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1791 sess., 5, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ "James Brice". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "A Proclamation". Maryland Gazette. February 16, 1792. p. 2. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Apr. 1792 sess., 63, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 647–648.
- ^ "John Hoskins Stone". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "John Hoskins Stone". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1794 sess., 3, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Dubin 2003, p. 96.
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 648–649.
- ^ "John Henry". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "John Henry". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1797 sess., 10, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 649.
- ^ "Benjamin Ogle". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Benjamin Ogle". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1798 sess., 4, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 650.
- ^ "John Francis Mercer". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "John Francis Mercer". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1801 sess., 8, accessed September 18, 2023
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 650–651.
- ^ a b "Robert Bowie". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ a b "Robert Bowie". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1803 sess., 6, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 651–652.
- ^ a b "Robert Wright". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ a b "Robert Wright". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1806 sess., 6, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ "A Proclamation". Maryland Gazette. May 24, 1809. p. 4. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Kallenbach 1977, pp. 254–256.
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 652–653.
- ^ "Edward Lloyd". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Edward Lloyd". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. June 1809 sess., 10, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1811 sess., 295, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 653–654.
- ^ "Levin Winder". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Levin Winder". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1812 sess., 136, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 654.
- ^ "Charles Carnan Ridgely". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Charles Ridgely of Hampton". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1815 sess., 123, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, p. 655.
- ^ "Charles Goldsborough". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Charles Goldborough". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1818 sess., 14, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 655–656.
- ^ "Samuel Sprigg". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Samuel Sprigg". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1819 sess., 11, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 656–657.
- ^ "Samuel Stevens". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ "Samuel Stevens, Jr". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the House of Delegates. Dec. 1822 sess., 30, accessed September 19, 2023
- ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 657–658.
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