The Nobel Prize (Swedish: Nobelpriset) is a set of five different prizes that, according to its benefactor Alfred Nobel, in his 1895 will, must be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". The five prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.[1]
As of 2023, 65 Nobel Prizes and the Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded to 64 women[2] and since 1901, the year wherein the awarding of the prizes began, hundreds of women have already been nominated and shortlisted carefully in each field.[3][4]
The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel.[5][6] Curie is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; in 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Curie's daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making the two the only mother-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes.[5] Of the currently revealed female nominees both in physics and chemistry, the notable scientists Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Astrid Cleve, Harriet Brooks, Alice Ball, Mileva Marić, Inge Lehmann, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Leona Woods and Helen Parsons were not included.
In 1912, Mary Edwards Walker became the first ever woman nominated for prize in physiology or medicine but her nomination was later declared invalid by the Nobel Committee because her nominator was not invited to nominate that year.[7] Hence, Cécile Vogt-Mugnier, nominated first in 1922, became the official first female nominee but never won despite numerous recommendations.[3] She was followed by Maud Slye who was nominated in the year 1923, but again never won. Only in 1947, that the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was finally awarded to a woman, Gerty Cori, sharing with her husband Carl Ferdinand Cori.[8] Of the currently revealed female nominees, the physiologists Nettie Stevens, Frieda Robscheit-Robbins, Rosalind Franklin, Miriam Michael Stimson, Louise Pearce, Virginia Apgar, Hattie Alexander and Alice Catherine Evans were not included.
The most number of female nominees was in the field of literature. The first woman to be nominated was the German memoirist Malwida von Meysenbug for the year 1901.[3] She was nominated by the French historian Gabriel Monod but unfortunately did not win the prize.[9] Her nomination was followed by Émilie Lerou and Selma Lagerlöf for the year 1904. Lagerlöf would later on become the first woman to win the prize in the year 1909.[10] Of the 77 currently revealed female nominees for the literature category, the celebrated authors Kate Chopin, Delmira Agustini, Edith Nesbit, Alfonsina Storni, Marina Tsvetaeva, Virginia Woolf, Simone Weil, Gertrude Stein, Willa Cather, Emma Orczy, Zora Neale Hurston, Edith Hamilton, Flannery O'Connor, Fannie Hurst, Clarice Lispector, Hannah Arendt and Agatha Christie were not included.[11][12][13]
The first women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize were Belva Ann Lockwood and Bertha von Suttner, who would eventually be awarded in 1905.[3] The latter was considered for authoring Lay Down Your Arms! and contributing to the creation of the Prize.[14] Of the 57 currently revealed female nominees, the famous Susan B. Anthony, Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, Mary Harris Jones, Olive Schreiner, Aletta Jacobs, Emmeline Pankhurst, Ida B. Wells, Käthe Kollwitz, Muriel Lester, Katharine Drexel, Helene Schweitzer, Marie Stopes, Vera Brittain, Ava Helen Pauling, Golda Meir, Rachel Carson and Rosa Parks were not included.[15][16]
Physics
[edit]Starting from 1902 to 1970, 11 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics and three of the nominees were subsequently awarded.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1902 | |||||
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Marie Skłodowska Curie | 7 November 1867 Warsaw, Poland |
4 July 1934 Passy, Haute-Savoie, France |
1902, 1903 | Awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henri Becquerel and husband Pierre Curie and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[17] |
1935 | |||||
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Irène Joliot-Curie | 12 September 1897 Paris, France |
17 March 1956 Paris, France |
1934, 1935 | Awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Frédéric Joliot-Curie.[18] |
1937 | |||||
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Lise Meitner | 7 November 1878 Vienna, Austria |
27 October 1968 Cambridge, United Kingdom |
1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1965 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[19] |
1950 | |||||
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Marietta Blau | 29 April 1894 Vienna, Austria |
27 January 1970 Vienna, Austria |
1950, 1956, 1957 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too.[20] |
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Hertha Wambacher[a] | 9 March 1903 Vienna, Austria |
25 March 1950 Vienna, Austria |
1950 | Nominated jointly with Marietta Blau the only time by Erwin Schrödinger.[21] |
1955 | |||||
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Maria Goeppert-Mayer | 28 June 1906 Katowice, Poland |
2 February 1972 San Diego, California, United States |
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963 | Awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics with J. Hans D. Jensen.[22] |
1956 | |||||
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Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | 12 May 1910 Cairo, Egypt |
29 July 1994 Ilmington, England, United Kingdom |
1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961 | Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[23] |
1958 | |||||
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Chien-Shiung Wu | 31 May 1912 Liuhe, Taicang, China |
16 February 1997 New York City, New York, United States |
1958, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965 | [24] |
1964 | |||||
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Margaret Peachey Burbidge | 12 August 1919 Stockport, England, United Kingdom |
5 April 2020 San Francisco, California, United States |
1964 | Nominated jointly with William Alfred Fowler and Fred Hoyle the only time by Harold Urey.[25] |
1970 | |||||
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Jocelyn Bell Burnell | 15 July 1943 Lurgan, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom |
— | 1970[b] | [26][c] |
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Janine Connes | 19 May 1926 France |
— | 1970 | Nominated jointly with Pierre Connes and Robert B. Leighton the only time by Rupert Wildt.[27] |
1971–1972 | |||||
should be revealed by Nobel Committee | |||||
Others[d] | |||||
2018 | |||||
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Donna Strickland | 27 May 1959 Guelph, Ontario, Canada |
— | 2018 | Awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gérard Mourou and Arthur Ashkin. |
2020 | |||||
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Andrea Mia Ghez | 16 June 1965 New York City, New York, United States |
— | 2020 | Awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics with Reinhard Genzel and Roger Penrose. |
2023 | |||||
Anne L'Huillier | 16 August 1958 Paris, France |
— | 2023 | Awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ferenc Krausz and Pierre Agostini. |
Chemistry
[edit]Starting 1911 to 1970, 15 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and 3 of these nominees were subsequently awarded.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1911 | |||||
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Marie Skłodowska Curie | 7 November 1867 Warsaw, Poland |
4 July 1934 Passy, Haute-Savoie, France |
1911 | Awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.[17] |
1924 | |||||
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Lise Meitner | 7 November 1878 Vienna, Austria |
27 October 1968 Cambridge, United Kingdom |
1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1948 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[19] |
1933 | |||||
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Ida Tacke Noddack | 25 February 1896 Wesel, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
24 September 1978 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany |
1933, 1935, 1937 | Nominated jointly with Walter Noddack only.[28] |
1935 | |||||
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Irène Joliot-Curie | 12 September 1897 Paris, France |
17 March 1956 Paris, France |
1935 | Awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Frédéric Joliot and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[18] |
1939 | |||||
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Dorothy Maud Wrinch | 12 September 1894 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina |
11 February 1976 Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States |
1939 | [18] |
1950 | |||||
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Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | 12 May 1910 Cairo, Egypt |
29 July 1994 Ilmington, England, United Kingdom |
1950, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 | Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[23] |
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Thérèse Boyer Tréfouël | 19 June 1892 Paris, France |
9 November 1978 Paris, France |
1950 | Nominated the only time jointly with Jacques Tréfouël and Gladwyn Buttle.[29] |
1952 | |||||
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Marguerite Perey | 19 October 1909 Villemomble, Seine-Saint-Denis, France |
13 May 1975 Louveciennes, Yvelines, France |
1952, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966 | [30] |
1956 | |||||
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Joan Folkes | 1927 Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom |
? | 1956 | Nominated jointly with Ernest Gale the only time by John Howard Northrop.[31] |
1957 | |||||
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Marietta Blau | 29 April 1894 Vienna, Austria |
27 January 1970 Vienna, Austria |
1957 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physics too.[20] |
1958 | |||||
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Maria Goeppert-Mayer | 28 June 1906 Katowice, Poland |
2 February 1972 San Diego, California, United States |
1958 | Awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics.[20] |
1960 | |||||
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Martha Cowles Chase | 30 November 1927 Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States |
8 August 2003 Lorain, Ohio, United States |
1960 | Nominated jointly with Alfred Hershey, Alfred Gierer, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Gerhard Schramm the only time by John Howard Northrop.[32] |
1963 | |||||
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Alberte Bucher-Pullman | 26 August 1920 Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France |
7 January 2011 Paris, France |
1963, 1965 | Nominated jointly with Bernard Pullman each time.[33] |
1967 | |||||
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Mary Belle Allen | 11, November 1922 Morristown, New Jersey, United States |
1973 Fairbanks, Alaska, United States |
1967 | Nominated jointly with Daniel I. Arnon and Frederick Whatley the only time by John Howard Northrop.[34] |
1968 | |||||
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Erika Cremer | 20 May 1900 Munich, Germany |
21 September 1996 Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Franz Patat.[35] |
1971–1972 | |||||
should be revealed by Nobel Committee | |||||
Others[d] | |||||
1995 | |||||
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Johanna Döbereiner | 28 November 1924 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic |
5 October 2000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
1995, 1997 | [36][37] |
2009 | |||||
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Ada Yonath | 22 June 1939 Jerusalem, Israel |
— | 2009 | Awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz. |
2016 | |||||
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Svetlana Zaginaichenko | 10 August 1957 Kyiv, Ukraine |
23 November 2015 Dnipro, Ukraine |
2016 | [38] |
2018 | |||||
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Frances Arnold | 25 July 1956 Edgewood, Pennsylvania, United States |
— | 2018 | Award the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with George P. Smith and Gregory Winter. |
2020 | |||||
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Emmanuelle Charpentier | 11 December 1968 Juvisy-sur-Orge, Essonne, France |
— | 2020 | Awarded jointly the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. |
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Jennifer Doudna | 19 February 1964 Washington, D.C., United States |
— | 2020 | |
2022 | |||||
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Carolyn Bertozzi | 10 October 1966 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
— | 2022 | Awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Morten Meldal and Karl Barry Sharpless. |
Physiology or Medicine
[edit]Starting from 1922 to 1953, 15 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine wherein one was declared invalid, one was purportedly recommended and one was subsequently awarded.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | |||||
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Mary Edwards Walker[e] | 26 November 1832 Oswego, New York, United States |
21 February 1919 Oswego, New York, United States |
1912[f] | Nominated the only time by A. S. Helton.[7] |
1922 | |||||
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Cécile Vogt-Mugnier[g] | 27 March 1875 Annecy, Haute-Savoie, France |
4 May 1962 Cambridge, United Kingdom |
1922, 1923, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1950, 1951, 1953 | Nominated jointly with Oskar Vogt each time.[39] |
1923 | |||||
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Maud Caroline Slye[h] | 8 February 1879 Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States |
17 September 1954 Chicago, Illinois, United States |
1923 | Nominated the only time by Albert Soiland.[40] |
1925 | |||||
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Gladys Rowena Henry Dick[i] | 18 December 1881 Pawnee City, Nebraska, United States |
21 August 1963 Palo Alto, California, United States |
1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1935 | Nominated jointly with George Frederick Dick each time.[41] |
1930 | |||||
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Alice Bernheim[j] | 28 September 1878 Cincinnati, Ohio, United States |
14 July 1968 Cincinnati, Ohio, United States |
1930 | Nominated the only time by William Cogswell Clarke.[42] |
1939 | |||||
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May Tweedy Mellanby[k] | 9 September 1882 London, United Kingdom |
5 March 1978 London, United Kingdom |
1939 | Nominated jointly with Edward Mellanby each time.[43] |
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Susan Gower Smith[l] | 9 December 1897 Greenville, South Carolina, United States |
3 October 1983 Durham, North Carolina, United States |
1939 | Nominated jointly with David Tillerson Smith and Julian Ruffin the only time by Osvaldo Polimanti.[44] |
1940 | |||||
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Olive Watkins Smith[m] | 29 April 1901 Worcester, Massachusetts, United States |
1983 Brookline, Massachusetts, United States |
1940[n] | Nominated jointly with George Van Siclen Smith the only time by Frank Arthur Pemberton.[45] |
1941 | |||||
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Sona Valikhan [Vəlixan] | 19 June 1883 Kharkiv, Ukraine |
4 April 1982 Baku, Azerbaijan |
1941[n] | Nominated by the Azerbaijan Medical Institute.[o] |
1946 | |||||
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Gerty Theresa Radnitz-Cori[p] | 15 August 1896 Prague, Czechia |
25 October 1957 Glendale, Missouri, United States |
1946, 1947 | Awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Bernardo Houssay.[47] |
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Militsa Nikolaeva Lyubimova-Engelhardt[q] | 26 December 1898 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia |
22 December 1975 Moscow, Russia |
1946 | Nominated jointly with Vladimir Engelgardt the only time by Leon Orbeli.[48] |
1947 | |||||
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Helen Brooke Taussig[r] | 24 May 1898 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
20 May 1986 Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States |
1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 | [49] |
1951 | |||||
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Miriam Friedman Menkin[s] | 8 August 1901 Riga, Latvia |
8 June 1992 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
1951 | Nominated jointly with John Rock and Roger Alfred Auguste Vendrely the only time by Bożydar Szabuniewicz.[50] |
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Madge Thurlow Macklin[t] | 6 February 1893 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
4 March 1962 Columbus, Ohio, United States |
1951 | Nominated the only time by Charles Clifford Macklin.[51] |
1952 | |||||
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Elizabeth Bugie Gregory | 5 October 1920 New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States |
10 April 2001 New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States |
1952 | Nominated jointly with Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz the only time by Jevrem Nedelkovitch.[52] |
1954–1972 | |||||
should be revealed by Nobel Committee | |||||
Others[d] | |||||
1977 | |||||
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Rosalyn Yalow | 19 July 1921 New York City, New York, United States |
30 May 2011 The Bronx, New York, United States |
1977 | Award the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew V. Schally and Roger Guillemin. |
1979 | |||||
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Johanna Budwig | 30 September 1908 Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
19 May 2003 Freudenstadt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
1979 | [53][54] |
1983 | |||||
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Barbara McClintock | 16 June 1902 Hartford, Connecticut, United States |
2 September 1992 Huntington, New York, United States |
1983 | Awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. |
1986 | |||||
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Rita Levi-Montalcini | 22 April 1909 Turin, Italy |
30 December 2012 Rome, Italy |
1986 | Awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Stanley Cohen. |
1988 | |||||
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Gertrude Belle Elion | 23 January 1918 New York City, New York, United States |
21 February 1999 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States |
1988 | Awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings. |
1995 | |||||
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Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard | 20 October 1942 Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
— | 1995 | Awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus. |
1997 | |||||
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Lida Holmes Mattman | 31 July 1912 Denver, Colorado, United States |
6 August 2008 Essexville, Michigan, United States |
1997 | [55] |
2004 | |||||
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Linda Buck | 29 January 1947 Seattle, Washington, United States |
— | 2004 | Awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Axel. |
2008 | |||||
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Françoise Barré-Sinoussi | 30 July 1947 Paris, France |
— | 2008 | Awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Luc Montagnier and Harald zur Hausen. |
2009 | |||||
Elizabeth Blackburn | 26 November 1948 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
— | 2009 | Awarded jointly the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Jack W. Szostak. | |
Carolyn Greider | 15 April 1961 San Diego, California, United States |
— | 2009 | ||
2014 | |||||
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May-Britt Moser | 4 January 1963 Fosnavåg, Norway |
— | 2014 | Awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edvard I. Moser and John O'Keefe. |
2015 | |||||
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Tú Yōuyōu | 30 December 1930 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China |
— | 2015 | Awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura. |
2020 | |||||
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Huda Zoghbi | 20 June 1954 Beirut, Lebanon |
— | 2020 | [56] |
2021 | |||||
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Özlem Türeci Şahin | 6 March 1967 Siegen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
— | 2021 | [57] |
2023 | |||||
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Katalin Karikó | 17 January 1955 Szolnok, Hungary | — | 2023 | Awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Drew Weissman. |
Literature
[edit]From 1901 to 1972, 77 women have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and 8 of these nominees were subsequently awarded.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | |||||
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Malwida von Meysenbug | 28 October 1816 Kassel, Hesse, Germany |
23 April 1903 Rome, Italy |
1901 | Nominated the only time by Gabriel Monod.[58] |
1904 | |||||
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Selma Lagerlöf | 20 November 1858 Värmland, Sweden |
16 March 1940 Värmland, Sweden |
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 | Awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature.[59] |
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Émilie Lerou | 18 May 1855 Rouen, France |
11 June 1935 Paris, France |
1904 | Nominated the only time by Jules Claretie.[60] |
1905 | |||||
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Eliza Orzeszkowa | 6 June 1841 Mil'kovshchina, Belarus |
18 May 1910 Grodno, Belarus |
1905 | [61] |
1908 | |||||
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche | 10 July 1846 Lützen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
8 November 1935 Weimar, Thuringia, Germany |
1908, 1916, 1917, 1923 | [62] | |
1910 | |||||
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Molly Elliot Seawell | 23 October 1860 Gloucester, United States |
15 November 1916 Washington, D.C., United States |
1910, 1911 | Nominated by Charles W. Kent each time.[63] |
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Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach | 13 September 1830 Troubky-Zdislavice, Czechia |
12 March 1916 Vienna, Austria |
1910, 1911 | Nominated by Emil Reich each time.[64] |
1913 | |||||
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Grazia Deledda Madesani | 28 September 1871 Nuoro, Italy |
15 August 1936 Rome, Italy |
1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927 | Awarded the 1926 Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927.[65] |
1914 | |||||
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Dora Melegari | 27 June 1849 Lausanne, Switzerland |
31 July 1924 Rome, Italy |
1914, 1923 | [66] |
1922 | |||||
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Sigrid Undset Svarstad | 20 May 1882 Kalundborg, Denmark |
10 June 1949 Lillehammer, Norway |
1922, 1925, 1926, 1928 | Awarded the 1928 Nobel Prize in Literature.[67] |
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Matilde Serao Scarfoglio | 7 March 1856 Patras, Greece |
25 July 1927 Naples, Italy |
1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 | [68] |
1926 | |||||
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Sofía Casanova Lutosławski | 30 September 1861 A Coruña, Spain |
16 January 1958 Poznań, Poland |
1926 | [69] |
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Ada Negri Garlanda | 3 February 1870 Lodi, Italy |
11 January 1945 Milan, Italy |
1926, 1927 | [70] |
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Concha Espina de la Serna | 15 April 1869 Santander, Spain |
19 May 1955 Madrid, Spain |
1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1952, 1954 | [71] |
1927 | |||||
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Edith Jones Wharton | 24 January 1862 New York City, New York, United States |
August 11, 1937 Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, Val-d'Oise, France |
1927, 1928, 1930 | [72] |
1928 | |||||
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Anna Elisabeth de Noailles | 15 November 1876 Paris, France |
30 April 1933 Paris, France |
1928 | Nominated the only time by Tor Hedberg.[73] |
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Edith Annie Howes | 29 August 1872 London, England |
14 June 1954 Dunedin, New Zealand |
1928 | Nominated the only time by Francis Prendeville Wilson.[74] |
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Blanca de los Ríos de Lampérez | 15 August 1956 Seville, Spain |
13 April 1956 Madrid, Spain |
1928 | [75] |
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Ricarda Huch | 18 July 1864 Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany |
17 November 1947 Kronberg, Hesse, Germany |
1928, 1935, 1937, 1946 | [76] |
1930 | |||||
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Clotilde Crespo de Arvelo | 19 September 1887 Los Teques, Miranda, Venezuela |
(?) 1959 Caracas, Venezuela |
1930 | Nominated the only time by Manuel María Villalobos.[77] |
1931 | |||||
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Laura Mestre Hevia | 6 April 1867 Havana, Cuba |
11 January 1944 Havana, Cuba |
1931 | Nominated the only time by Juan Miguel Dihigo Mestre.[78] |
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Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić | 18 April 1874 Ogulin, Croatia |
21 September 1928 Zagreb, Croatia |
1931, 1935, 1937, 1938 | [79] |
1934 | |||||
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Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício | 19 April 1884 Lisbon, Portugal |
3 November 1947 Lisbon, Portugal |
1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947 | [80] |
1935 | |||||
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Violet Beauclerk Clifton | 2 November 1883 Rome, Italy |
20 November 1961 Lytham St Annes, England, United Kingdom |
1935[n] | Nominated the only time by Nevill Coghill.[81] |
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Elise Richter | 2 March 1865 Vienna, Austria |
23 June 1943 Theresienstadt Ghetto, Terezín, Czechia |
1935[n] | [82] |
1936 | |||||
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Enrica von Handel-Mazzetti | 20 January 1871 Vienna, Austria |
8 April 1955 Linz, Upper Austria, Austria |
1936 | [83] |
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Cécile Tormay | 8 October 1875 Budapest, Hungary |
2 April 1937 Gyöngyös, Hungary |
1936, 1937 | [84] |
1937 | |||||
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Maria Jotuni Tarkiainen | 9 April 1880 Kuopio, Finland |
30 September 1943 Helsinki, Finland |
1937 | Nominated the only time by Viljo Tarkiainen.[85] |
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Sally Salminen Dürhkop | 25 April 1906 Vårdö, Åland, Finland |
18 July 1976 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1937, 1938, 1939 | [86] |
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Maila Talvio Mikkola | 17 October 1871 Hartola, Finland |
6 January 1951 Helsinki, Finland |
1937, 1939, 1947 | [87] |
1938 | |||||
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Pearl Sydenstricker Buck | 26 June 1892 Hillsboro, West Virginia, United States |
6 March 1973 Danby, Vermont, United States |
1938 | Awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Literature and nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[88] |
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Margaret Mitchell | 8 November 1900 Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
16 August 1949 Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
1938 | Nominated the only time by Sven Hedin.[89] |
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Henriette Charasson | 13 February 1884 Le Havre, Seine-Maritime, France |
29 May 1972 Toulouse, France |
1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1947, 1949, 1954, 1957 | [90] |
1939 | |||||
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Ethel Florence Richardson | 3 January 1870 East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
20 March 1946 Hastings, England, United Kingdom |
1939 | Nominated the only time by Sten Bodvar Liljegren.[91] |
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Henriette Roland Holst-van der Schalk | 24 December 1869 Noordwijk, South Holland, Netherlands |
21 November 1952 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
1939, 1950, 1952 | [92] |
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Maria Szumka Dąbrowska | 6 October 1889 Russów, Kalisz, Poland |
19 May 1965 Warsaw, Poland |
1939, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1965 | [93] |
1940 | |||||
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Gabriela Mistral | 7 April 1889 Vicuña, Chile |
10 January 1957 Hempstead, New York, United States |
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 | Awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature.[94] |
1941 | |||||
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Ruth Comfort Mitchell Young | 21 July 1882 San Francisco, California, United States |
18 February 1954 Los Gatos, California, United States |
1941[n] | [95] |
1943 | |||||
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Elisaveta Bagryana | 16 April 1893 Sofia, Bulgaria |
23 March 1991 Sofia, Bulgaria |
1943, 1944, 1945, 1969 | [96] |
1945 | |||||
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Marie Under Adson | 27 March 1883 Tallinn, Estonia |
25 September 1980 Stockholm, Sweden |
1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955, 1958, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973 | [97] |
1948 | |||||
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Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette | 28 January 1873 Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye, Yonne, France |
3 August 1954 Paris, France |
1948 | Nominated the only time by Claude Farrère.[98] |
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Dorothy Canfield Fisher | 17 February 1879 Lawrence, Kansas, United States |
9 November 1958 Arlington, Vermont, United States |
1948, 1949 | Nominated by David Baumgardt each time.[99] |
1950 | |||||
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Karen von Blixen-Finecke | 17 April 1885 Rungsted, Denmark |
7 September 1962 Rungsted, Denmark |
1950, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962 | [100] |
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Gertrud von Le Fort | 11 October 1876 Minden, North Rhine–Westphalia, Germany |
1 November 1971 Oberstdorf, Bavaria, Germany |
1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963 | [101] |
1951 | |||||
María Enriqueta Camarillo de Monter | 19 February 1872 Coatepec, Mexico |
13 February 1968 Mexico City, Mexico |
1951 | Nominated the only time by Leavitt Olds Wright.[102] | |
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Katharine Susannah Prichard Throssell | 4 December 1883 Levuka, Fiji |
2 October 1969 Greenmount, Western Australia, Australia |
1951 | [103] |
1955 | |||||
![]() |
Edith Louisa Sitwell | 7 September 1887 Scarborough, England, United Kingdom |
9 December 1964 London, United Kingdom |
1955, 1958, 1959 | [104] |
1956 | |||||
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Melpo Axioti | 15 July 1905 Athens, Greece |
22 May 1973 Athens, Greece |
1956 | Nominated the only time by André Bonnard.[105] |
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Marthe Lahovary Bibesco | 28 January 1886 Bucharest, Romania |
28 November 1973 Paris, France |
1956 | [106] |
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Elizabeth de Beauchamp Goudge | 24 April 1900 Wells, England, United Kingdom |
1 April 1984 Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom |
1956, 1959 | Nominated by Edmond Privat each time.[107] |
1958 | |||||
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Elizabeth Bowen Cameron | 7 June 1899 Dublin, Ireland |
22 February 1973 London, England, United Kingdom |
1958 | Nominated the only time by Roman Jakobson.[108] |
1959 | |||||
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Juana Fernández Morales de Ibarbourou | 8 March 1892 Melo, Uruguay |
15 July 1979 Montevideo, Uruguay |
1959, 1960, 1963 | [109] |
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María Raquel Adler | ca. 1900 Argentine Sea |
28 July 1974 Bernal, Argentina |
1959, 1965 | [110] |
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Anna Seghers | 19 November 1900 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany |
1 June 1983 East Berlin, Germany |
1959, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972 | [111] |
1960 | |||||
![]() |
Marie Noël | 16 February 1883 Auxerre, Yonne, France |
23 December 1967 Auxerre, Yonne, France |
1960 | Nominated the only time by Maurice Bemol.[112] |
1961 | |||||
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Cora Sandel | 20 December 1880 Oslo, Norway |
3 April 1974 Uppsala, Sweden |
1961 | Nominated the only time by Harald Ofstad.[113] |
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Giulia Scappino Murena | 1902 Ferrara, Italy |
1982 Bologna, Italy |
1961, 1962 | Nominated by Alfredo Galletti each time and for the Nobel Peace Prize too.[114] |
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Simone Lucie de Beauvoir | 9 January 1908 Paris, France |
14 April 1986 Paris, France |
1961, 1969, 1973 | [115] |
1963 | |||||
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Nelly Sachs | 10 December 1891 Berlin, Germany |
12 May 1970 Stockholm, Sweden |
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature with Shmuel Yosef Agnon.[116] |
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Ingeborg Bachmann | 25 June 1926 Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria |
17 October 1973 Rome, Italy |
1963 | Nominated the only time by Harald Patzer.[117] |
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Kate Roberts-Williams | 13 February 1891 Rhosgadfan, Wales, United Kingdom |
4 April 1985 Denbigh, Wales, United Kingdom |
1963 | Nominated the only time by Idris Foster.[118] |
1964 | |||||
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Ina Seidel | 15 September 1885 Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
2 October 1974 Schäftlarn, Bavaria, Germany |
1964 | Nominated the only time by Günther Jachmann.[119] |
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Judith Wright McKinney | 31 May 1915 Armidale, New South Wales, Australia |
25 June 2000 Canberra, Australia |
1964, 1965, 1967 | [120] |
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Katherine Anne Porter | 15 May 1890 Indian Creek, Texas, United States |
18 September 1980 Silver Spring, Maryland, United States |
1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 | [121] |
1965 | |||||
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Marguerite Yourcenar | 8 June 1903 Brussels, Belgium |
17 December 1987 Northeast Harbor, Maine, United States |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Ida-Marie Frandon.[122] |
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Anna Akhmatova | 28 June 1889 Odesa, Ukraine |
5 March 1966 Moscow, Russia |
1965, 1966 | [123] |
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Marie Luise Kaschnitz | 31 January 1901 Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
10 October 1974 Rome, Italy |
1965, 1967 | Nominated by the Hermann Tiemann each time.[124] |
1967 | |||||
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Lina Kostenko | 19 March 1930 Rzhyshchiv, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine |
— | 1967 | Nominated jointly with Pavlo Tychyna and Ivan Drach the only time by Omeljan Pritsak.[125] |
1968 | |||||
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Marianne Moore | 15 November 1887 Kirkwood, Missouri, United States |
5 February 1972 New York City, New York, United States |
1968 | Nominated the only time by Erik Lindegren.[126] |
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Mildred Matthews Breedlove | 27 May 1904 Coal Hill, Arkansas, United States |
14 August 1994 Ferron, Utah, United States |
1968 | Nominated the only time by United Poets Laureate International.[127] |
1969 | |||||
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Nathalie Sarraute | 18 July 1900 Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Russia |
19 October 1999 Paris, France |
1969 | Nominated the only time by Lars Gyllensten.[128] |
1970 | |||||
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Victoria Ocampo | 7 April 1890 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
27 January 1979 Béccar, Argentina |
1970 | Nominated the only time by Miguel Alfredo Olivera.[129] |
1972 | |||||
Nadine Gordimer | 20 November 1923 Springs, Gauteng, South Africa |
13 July 2014 Johannesburg, South Africa |
1972, 1973 | Awarded the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature.[130] | |
Doris Lessing | 22 October 1919 Kermanshah, Iran |
17 November 2013 London, England, United Kingdom |
1972, 1973 | Awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.[131] | |
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Astrid Lindgren | 14 November 1907 Vimmerby, Kalmar, Sweden |
28 January 2002 Stockholm, Sweden |
1972 | [132] |
1973 | |||||
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Indira Devi Dhanrajgir | 17 August 1930 Hyderabad, Telangana, India |
— | 1973 | Nominated the only time by Krishna Srinivas.[133] |
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Zenta Mauriņa | 15 December 1897 Lejasciems, Latvia |
25 April 1978 Basel, Switzerland |
1973 | Nominated the only time by Mārtiņš Zīverts.[134] |
1974 | |||||
to be revealed in 2025 | |||||
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Argentina Díaz Lozano | 5 December 1909 Santa Rosa de Copán, Honduras |
13 August 1999 Tegucigalpa, Honduras |
1974 | |
Others[d] | |||||
1976 | |||||
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Anaïs Nin | 21 February 1903 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France |
14 January 1977 Los Angeles, California, United States |
1976 | [135] |
1979 | |||||
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Joyce Carol Oates | 16 June 1938 Lockport, New York, United States |
— | 1979, 1999 | [136] |
1981 | |||||
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Mary Kawena Pukui | 20 April 1895 Kau, Hawaii, United States |
21 May 1986 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
1981 | [137] |
1984 | |||||
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Kamala Surayya–Das | 31 March 1934 Punnayurkulam, Kerala, India |
31 May 2009 Pune, Maharashtra, India |
1984 | [138] |
1988 | |||||
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Christa Wolf | 18 March 1929 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Lubusz, Poland |
1 December 2011 Berlin, Germany |
1988 | [139] |
1990 | |||||
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Maria Luisa Spaziani | 7 December 1922 Turin, Italy |
30 June 2014 Rome, Italy |
1990, 1992, 1997 | |
1991 | |||||
Patricia Highsmith | 19 January 1921 Fort Worth, Texas, United States |
4 February 1995 Locarno, Switzerland |
1991 | [140] | |
1992 | |||||
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Matilde Alba Swann | 24 February 1912 Berisso, Argentina |
13 September 2000 La Plata, Argentina |
1992 | [141] |
1993 | |||||
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Toni Morrison | 18 February 1931 Lorain, Ohio, United States |
5 August 2019 New York City, New York, United States |
1993 | Awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
1996 | |||||
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Wisława Szymborska | 2 July 1923 Kórnik, Poznań, Poland |
1 February 2012 Kraków, Poland |
1996 | Awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
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Inger Christensen | 16 January 1935 Vejle, Denmark |
2 January 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1996 | [142] |
Alda Merini | 21 March 1931 Milan, Italy |
1 November 2009 Milan, Italy |
1996, 2001 | [143] | |
1997 | |||||
Alicia Ghiragossian | 13 July 1936 Córdoba, Argentina |
22 May 2014 Los Angeles, California, United States |
1997 | [144] | |
1998 | |||||
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Janet Frame | 28 August 1924 Dunedin, New Zealand |
29 January 2004 Dunedin, New Zealand |
1998, 2003 | [145] |
1999 | |||||
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Simin Behbahani | 20 July 1927 Tehran, Iran |
19 August 2014 Tehran, Iran |
1999, 2002 | [146] |
2000 | |||||
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Vizma Belševica | 30 May 1931 Riga, Latvia |
6 August 2005 Riga, Latvia |
2000 | [147] |
2002 | |||||
Leyla Erbil | 12 January 1931 Istanbul, Türkiye |
19 July 2013 Istanbul, Türkiye |
2002 | [148] | |
2003 | |||||
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Giovanna Mulas | 6 May 1969 Nuoro, Sardinia, Italy |
— | 2003 | [149] |
2004 | |||||
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Elfriede Jelinek | 20 October 1946 Mürzzuschlag, Styria, Austria |
— | 2004 | Awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
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Friederike Mayröcker | 20 December 1924 Vienna, Austria |
4 June 2021 Vienna, Austria |
2004 | [150] |
2007 | |||||
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Luz Pozo Garza | 21 July 1922 Ribadeo, Lugo, Spain |
20 April 2020 A Coruña, Spain |
2007 | [151] |
2008 | |||||
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Marjorie Boulton | 7 May 1924 Teddington, Greater London, United Kingdom |
30 August 2017 London, United Kingdom |
2008 | [152][153] |
2009 | |||||
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Herta Müller | 17 August 1953 Nițchidorf, Romania |
— | 2009 | Awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
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Dương Thu Hương | 1947 Thái Bình, Vietnam |
— | 2009 | [154] |
2011 | |||||
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Nawal El Saadawi | 22 October 1931 Kafr Tahla, Qalyubiyya, Egypt |
21 March 2021 Cairo, Egypt |
2011, 2012, 2021 | [155][156] |
2012 | |||||
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Mahasweta Devi | 14 January 1926 Dhaka, Bangladesh |
28 July 2016 Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
2012 | [157] |
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Dacia Maraini | 13 November 1936 Florence, Italy |
— | 2012 | [158] |
2013 | |||||
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Alice Munro | 10 July 1931 Wingham, Ontario, Canada |
13 May 2024 Port Hope, Ontario, Canada |
2013 | Awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
2014 | |||||
Svetlana Alexievich | 31 May 1948 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine |
— | 2014, 2015 | Awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature. | |
2015 | |||||
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Anna Nerkagi | 15 February 1951 Yamalo-Nenets, Russia |
— | 2015, 2018, 2020 | [159][160] |
2016 | |||||
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Lygia Fagundes Telles | 19 April 1918 São Paulo, Brazil |
3 April 2022 São Paulo, Brazil |
2016 | [161] |
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Tess Osonye Onwueme | 8 September 1955 Ogwashi Ukwu, Delta, Nigeria |
— | 2016 | [162] |
2018 | |||||
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Olga Tokarczuk | 29 January 1962 Sulechów, Zielona Góra, Poland |
— | 2018, 2019 | Awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature in 2019. |
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Agustina Bessa-Luís | 15 October 1922 Amarante, Portugal |
3 June 2019 Porto, Portugal |
2018 | [163] |
2020 | |||||
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Louise Glück | 22 April 1943 New York City, New York, United States |
13 October 2023 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
2020 | Awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
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Giovanna Giordano | 12 November 1961 Milan, Italy |
— | 2020 | [164][165] |
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Scholastique Mukasonga | 20 December 1956 Gikongoro, Rwanda |
— | 2020, 2021, 2022 | [166][167] |
2022 | |||||
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Annie Ernaux | 1 September 1940 Lillebonne, Seine-Maritime, France |
— | 2022 | Awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature. |
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Edwidge Danticat | 19 January 1969 Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
— | 2022 | [168] |
2024 | |||||
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Maria Tedeschi | 3 January 1972 Naples, Italy |
— | 2024 | [169] |
Peace
[edit]From 1901 to 1973, 57 women have been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and five of these nominees were subsequently awarded. Currently, the Nobel archives has revealed nominations from 1901 to 1973, the other enlisted women were verified nominations based on public and private news agencies.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | |||||
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Bertha Sophie von Suttner[u] | 9 June 1843 Prague, Czechia |
21 June 1914 Vienna, Austria |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 | Awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize.[170] |
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Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood[v] | 24 October 1830 Royalton, New York, United States |
19 May 1917 Washington, D.C., United States |
1901, 1914 | [171] |
1903 | |||||
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Priscilla Hannah Peckover[w] | 27 October 1833 Wisbech, England, United Kingdom |
8 September 1931 Wisbech, England, United Kingdom |
1903, 1905, 1911, 1913 | [172] |
1905 | |||||
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Henriette Verdier Winteler de Weindeck[x] | 9 January 1832 London, United Kingdom |
20 March 1910 London, United Kingdom |
1905, 1907, 1910 | [173] |
1910 | |||||
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Ángela de Oliveira Cézar de Costa[y] | ca. 1860 Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina |
25 June 1940 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
1910, 1911 | [174] |
1913 | |||||
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Anna Bernhardine Eckstein | 14 June 1868 Coburg, Bavaria, Germany |
16 October 1947 Coburg, Bavaria, Germany |
1913 | Nominated the only time by Nils August Nilsson.[175] |
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Lucia True Ames Mead[z] | 5 May 1856 Boscawen, New Hampshire, United States |
1 November 1936 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
1913 | Nominated jointly with her husband Edwin Doak Mead the only time by Samuel Train Dutton.[176] |
1916 | |||||
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Jane Addams[aa] | 6 September 1860 Cedarville, Illinois, United States |
21 May 1935 Chicago, Illinois, United States |
1916, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931 | Awarded the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.[177] |
1917 | |||||
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Rosika Bédy-Schwimmer[ab] | 11 September 1877 Budapest, Hungary |
3 August 1948 New York City, New York, United States |
1917, 1948 | [178] |
1918 | |||||
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Mary Shapard[ac] | c. 1882 Mississippi, United States |
c. 1950s Texas, United States |
1918 | Nominated the only time by Morris Sheppard.[179][180] |
1920 | |||||
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Caroline Rémy de Guebhard | 27 April 1855 Paris, France |
24 April 1929 Pierrefonds, Oise, France |
1920, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1929 | Nominated by Lucien Le Foyer each time.[181] |
1922 | |||||
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Eglantyne Jebb | 25 August 1876 Ellesmere, England, United Kingdom |
17 December 1928 Geneva, Switzerland |
1922 | [182] |
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Elsa Brändström Ulich[ad] | 26 March 1888 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
4 March 1948 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
1922, 1923, 1928, 1929 | [183] |
1931 | |||||
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Annie Wood Besant[ae] | 1 October 1847 Clapham, England, United Kingdom |
20 September 1933 Adyar, Chennai, India |
1931 | Nominated the only time by Peter Freeman.[184] |
![]() |
Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair[af] | 15 March 1857 London, England, United Kingdom |
18 April 1939 Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom |
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | [185] |
1933 | |||||
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Margit Antonia Bárczy[ag] | 29 November 1877 Budapest, Hungary |
26 March 1934 Paris, France |
1933 | Nominated the only time by Charles Dupuis.[186] |
1935 | |||||
![]() |
Janet Miller (prob. Janet Morison Miller (1891–1946)) |
— | — | 1935 | [187] |
![]() |
Julie Bikle | 8 January 1871 Lucerne, Switzerland |
11 May 1962 Winterthur, Switzerland |
1935, 1936, 1937 | Nominated by Otto Pfister each time.[188] |
1936 | |||||
![]() |
Moina Belle Michael[ah] | 15 August 1869 Good Hope, Georgia, United States |
10 May 1944 Athens, Georgia, United States |
1936 | [189] |
![]() |
Irma Schweitzer-Meyer[ai] | 30 January 1882 Baden, Switzerland |
4 July 1967 Zürich, Switzerland |
1936, 1937 | Nominated by Nils August Nilsson each time.[190] |
1937 | |||||
![]() |
Henrietta Szold[aj] | 21 December 1860 Baltimore, Maryland, United States |
13 February 1945 Jerusalem, Israel |
1937 | Nominated the only time by Royal S. Copeland.[191] |
1938 | |||||
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Princess Henriette of Belgium | 30 November 1870 Brussels, Belgium |
28 March 1948 Sierre, Switzerland |
1938 | [192] |
1939 | |||||
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Carrie Chapman Catt[ak] | 9 January 1859 Ripon, Wisconsin, United States |
9 March 1947 New Rochelle, New York, United States |
1939 | [193] |
1940 | |||||
![]() |
Helene Stöcker | 13 November 1869 Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
24 February 1943 New York City, New York, United States |
1940[n] | Nominated with Théodore Ruyssen the only time by Ludwig Quidde.[194] |
1946 | |||||
![]() |
Emily Greene Balch[al] | 8 January 1867 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
9 January 1961 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1946 | Awarded the 1946 Nobel Peace Prize with John Mott.[195] |
![]() |
Alexandra Kollontai[am] | 31 March 1872 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
9 March 1952 Moscow, Russia |
1946, 1947 | [196] |
1947 | |||||
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Anna Eleanor Roosevelt[an] | 11 October 1884 New York City, New York, United States |
7 November 1962 Manhattan, New York, United States |
1947, 1949, 1955, 1959, 1962 | [197] |
1948 | |||||
![]() |
Katharine Bruce Glasier[ao] | 25 September 1867 Stoke Newington, London, United Kingdom |
14 June 1950 Earby, England, United Kingdom |
1948 | Nominated the only time by Gilbert McAllister.[198] |
1949 | |||||
María Eva Duarte Perón[ap] | 7 May 1919 Los Toldos, Argentina |
26 July 1952 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
1949 | Nominated jointly with her husband Juan Perón the only time by Virgilio Filippo.[199] | |
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Maria Tecla Montessori[aq] | 31 August 1870 Chiaravalle, Ancona, Italy |
6 May 1952 Noordwijk, South Holland, Netherlands |
1949, 1950, 1951 | [200] |
1951 | |||||
![]() |
Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands[ar] | 31 August 1880 Noordeinde Palace, South Holland, Netherlands |
28 November 1962 Paleis Het Loo, Apeldoorn, Netherlands |
1951 | [201] |
1952 | |||||
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Ada Barbara Waylen[as] | 1906 Oxford, United Kingdom |
1980 ? |
1952 | Nominated the only time by Norman Bentwich.[202] |
![]() |
Elisabeth Friederike Rotten[at] | 15 February 1882 Berlin, Germany |
2 May 1964 London, United Kingdom |
1952, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961 | [203] |
1953 | |||||
![]() |
Margaret Higgins Sanger[au] | 14 September 1879 Corning, New York, United States |
6 September 1966 Tucson, Arizona, United States |
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1960, 1963 | [204] |
1954 | |||||
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Helen Adams Keller[av] | 27 June 1880 Tuscumbia, Alabama, United States |
1 June 1968 Easton, Connecticut, United States |
1954, 1958 | [205] |
1955 | |||||
![]() |
Gertrud Baer[aw] | 25 November 1890 Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
15 December 1981 Geneva, Switzerland |
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 | [206] |
1959 | |||||
![]() |
Olave St. Clair Baden-Powell[ax] | 22 February 1889 Chesterfield, England, United Kingdom |
25 June 1977 Bramley, England, United Kingdom |
1959 | [207] |
1961 | |||||
![]() |
Marie-Elisabeth Lüders[ay] | 25 June 1878 Berlin, Germany |
23 March 1966 Berlin, Germany |
1961 | Nominated the only time by Erich Mende.[208] |
![]() |
Lotta Hitschmanova[az] | 28 November 1909 Prague, Czechia |
1 August 1990 Ottawa, Canada |
1961, 1962 | Nominated by Arthur Ryan Smith each time.[209] |
![]() |
Gertrud Kurz-Hohl[ba] | 15 March 1890 Lutzenberg, Switzerland |
26 June 1972 Lutzenberg, Switzerland |
1961, 1962 | [210] |
![]() |
Giulia Scappino Murena[bb] | 1902 Italy |
1970s (or prob. 1967) Riccione, Rimini, Italy |
1961, 1962 | Nominated by Udo Redano each time and for the Nobel Prize in Literature too.[114] |
1962 | |||||
![]() |
Maude Miner Hadden[bc] | 29 June 1880 Leyden, Massachusetts, United States |
14 April 1967 Palm Beach, Florida, United States |
1962 | Nominated the only time by Åke Sandler.[211] |
1963 | |||||
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Catherine Devilliers (LEBLANC, Marie - Catherine)[bd] | 30 December 1923 Montpellier, Hérault, France |
— | 1963 | [212] |
![]() |
Stella Monk[be] | — | — | 1963 | Nominated the only time by Mohammed Sanusi Mustapha.[213] |
1967 | |||||
![]() |
Margaret Susan Cheshire[bf] | 3 July 1924 Leeds, England, United Kingdom |
2 November 2000 Bury St Edmunds, England, United Kingdom |
1967, 1968 | [214] |
1969 | |||||
![]() |
Kaoru Hatoyama[bg] | 21 November 1888 Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan |
15 August 1982 Tokyo, Japan |
1969 | [215] |
1970 | |||||
![]() |
Alva Reimer-Myrdal[bh] | 31 January 1902 Uppsala, Sweden |
1 February 1986 Stockholm, Sweden |
1970 | Awarded the 1982 Nobel Peace Prize with Alfonso García Robles.[216] |
![]() |
Britta Holmström[bi] | 8 April 1911 Jönköping, Sweden |
4 October 1992 Lund, Sweden |
1970 | [217] |
1971 | |||||
![]() |
Louise Weiss | 25 January 1893 Arras, Pas-de-Calais, France |
26 May 1983 Paris, France |
1971 | [218] |
1972[219] | |||||
![]() |
Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, M.C. | 26 August 1910 Skopje, North Macedonia |
5 September 1997 Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
1972 | Awarded the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. |
![]() |
Isabelle Grant | 3 July 1896 Lossiemouth, Moray, United Kingdom |
1 June 1977 London, United Kingdom |
1972 | Nominated the only time by Harold T. Johnson.[219] |
![]() |
Elise Ottesen-Jensen | 2 January 1886 Høyland, Norway |
4 September 1973 Stockholm, Sweden |
1972 | [219] |
![]() |
Annie Skau Berntsen | 29 May 1911 Oslo, Norway |
26 November 1992 Horten, Norway |
1972 | Nominated the only time by Henrik Bahr.[219] |
![]() |
Helen Suzman | 7 November 1917 Germiston, Transvaal, South Africa |
1 January 2009 Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa |
1972 | Nominated the only time by Richard Luyt.[219] |
1973[219] | |||||
![]() |
Pearl Sydenstricker Buck | June 26, 1892 Hillsboro, West Virginia, United States |
March 6, 1973 Danby, Vermont, United States |
1973 | Awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Literature.[88][219] |
![]() |
Indira Gandhi | 19 November 1917 Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India |
31 October 1984 New Delhi, India |
1973 | Nominated the only time by Buddha Priya Maurya.[219] |
![]() |
Jeannette Rankin[a] | 11 June 1880 Missoula, Montana, United States |
18 May 1973 Carmel, California, United States |
1973 | Nominated the only time by Mike Mansfield.[219] |
1974 | |||||
will be revealed in 2025 | |||||
Others[d] | |||||
1976 | |||||
![]() |
Betty Williams | 22 May 1943 Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom |
17 March 2020 Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom |
1976, 1977 | Awarded the 1976 Nobel Peace Prize in 1977.[220] |
![]() |
Mairead Maguire | 27 January 1944 Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom |
— | ||
1978 | |||||
![]() |
Dorothy Day | 8 November 1897 Brooklyn Heights, New York, United States |
29 November 1980 Manhattan, New York, United States |
1978, 1979 | [221] |
![]() |
Imelda Romualdez-Marcos | 2 July 1929 in San Miguel, Manila, Philippines | — | 1978 | [222][223] |
1979 | |||||
![]() |
Doris Twitchell Allen | 8 October 1901 Old Town, Maine, United States |
7 March 2002 Sterling, Virginia, United States |
1979 | [224] |
![]() |
Hildegard Goss-Mayr | 22 January 1930 Vienna, Austria |
— | 1979, 1987, 2005[bj] | [225] |
1981 | |||||
![]() |
Geraldyn "Jerrie" Cobb | 5 March 1931 Norman, Oklahoma, United States |
18 March 2019 Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States |
1981 | [226] |
1984 | |||||
![]() |
Patricia Montandon | 26 December 1928 Merkel, Texas, United States |
— | 1984, 1985, 1986 | [227] |
1987 | |||||
![]() |
Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino | 25 January 1933 in Paniqui, Tarlac, Philippines | 1 August 2009 in Makati, Philippines | 1987 | [228][229] |
1988 | |||||
![]() |
Emmanuelle Cinquin, N.D.S. | 16 November 1908 Brussels, Belgium |
20 October 2008 Callian, Var, France |
1988 | [230] |
![]() |
Inga Thorsson | 3 July 1915 in Malmö, Sweden | 15 January 1994 in Stockholm, Sweden | 1988 | [231] |
![]() |
Scilla Elworthy | 3 June 1943 Galashiels, Scotland, United Kingdom |
— | 1988, 1989, 1991 | [232] |
![]() |
Dulce de Souza Pontes, S.M.I.C. | 26 May 1914 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
13 March 1992 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
1988, 1992 | [233][234] |
1989 | |||||
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Aung San Suu Kyi | 19 June 1945 Yangon, Myanmar |
— | 1989, 1990, 1991 | Awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize.[235] |
1990 | |||||
![]() |
Anne, Princess Royal | 15 August 1950 London, United Kingdom |
— | 1990 | [236] |
![]() |
Elise M. Boulding | 6 July 1920 in Oslo, Norway | 24 June 2010 in Needham, Massachusetts, United States | 1990, 2005[bj] | [231] |
1992 | |||||
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Rigoberta Menchú | 9 January 1959 Laj Chimel, Uspantán, El Quiché, Guatemala |
— | 1992 | Awarded the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize.[237][238] |
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Elisa Molina de Stahl | 24 March 1918 Quetzaltenango, Guatemala |
3 November 1996 Guatemala City, Guatemala |
1992 | [237] |
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Shulamit Katznelson | 17 August 1919 Geneva, Switzerland |
6 August 1999 Netanya, Israel |
1992, 1993 | [239] |
1997 | |||||
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Jody Williams | 9 October 1950 Rutland, Vermont, United States |
— | 1997 | Awarded the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICPBL). |
1999 | |||||
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Helen Prejean, C.S.J. | 21 April 1939 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States | — | 1999 | [231][240] |
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Catherine Hamlin | 24 January 1924 Sydney, Australia |
18 March 2020 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
1999, 2014 | [241] |
2000 | |||||
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Kathy Kelly | 10 December 1972 in Chicago, Illinois, United States | — | 2000 | [231] |
2002 | |||||
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Maria Pearson | 12 July 1932 Springfield, South Dakota, United States |
23 May 2003 Ames, Iowa, United States |
2002 | [242] |
2003 | |||||
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Shirin Ebadi | 21 June 1947 Hamadan, Iran |
— | 2003 | Awarded the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize. |
![]() |
Lois Gibbs | 25 June 1951 Grand Island, New York, United States |
— | 2003 | [243] |
![]() |
Irena Sendler | 15 February 1910 Warsaw, Poland |
12 May 2008 Warsaw, Poland |
2003, 2007 | [244] |
2004 | |||||
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Wangarĩ Maathai | 1 April 1940 Tetu, Nyeri, Kenya |
25 September 2011 Nairobi, Kenya |
2004 | Awarded the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize. |
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Nelsa Curbelo | 1 November 1941 Montevideo, Uruguay |
— | 2004, 2009 | [245] |
2005 | |||||
![]() |
1000 PeaceWomen Across the Globe | a collective nomination of 1000 women from over 150 different countries for the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize. | 2005 | [246] | |
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Zilda Arns Neumann | 25 August 1934 Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil |
12 January 2010 Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
2005[bj], 2006 | [234] |
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Meaza Ashenafi | 25 July 1964 Asosa, Ethiopia |
— | 2005[bj], 2015 | [247] |
![]() |
Medea Benjamin | 10 September 1952 Freeport, New York, United States |
— | 2005[bj], 2017 | [248] |
2006 | |||||
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Rebiya Kadeer | 15 November 1946 Altay City, Xinjiang, China |
— | 2006 | [249] |
2007 | |||||
![]() |
Sheila Watt-Cloutier | 2 December 1953 Kuujjuaq, Quebec, Canada |
— | 2007 | [248][250] |
![]() |
Oprah Winfrey | 29 January 1954 Kosciusko, Mississippi, United States |
— | 2007 | [251] |
2008 | |||||
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Íngrid Betancourt | 25 December 1961 Bogotá, Colombia |
— | 2008 | [252] |
![]() |
Inge Genefke | 6 July 1938 Frederiksberg, Denmark |
— | 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013 | [253][254] |
2009 | |||||
![]() |
Piedad Córdoba | 25 January 1955 Medellín, Colombia |
20 January 2024 Medellín, Colombia |
2009 | [255][256][257] |
![]() |
Sima Samar | 3 February 1957 Jaghori, Afghanistan |
— | 2009, 2010, 2011 | [258][259] |
![]() |
Hawa Abdi | 17 May 1947 Mogadishu, Somalia |
5 August 2020 Mogadishu, Somalia |
2009, 2012 | [260][261] |
2010 | |||||
![]() |
Svetlana Gannushkina | 6 March 1942 Moscow, Russia |
— | 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 | [262][263] |
2011 | |||||
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Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | 29 October 1938 Monrovia, Liberia |
— | 2011 | Awarded jointly the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize. |
![]() |
Leymah Gbowee | 1 February 1972 Monrovia, Liberia |
— | 2011 | |
![]() |
Tawakkol Karman | 7 February 1979 Shara'b As Salam, Taiz, Yemen |
— | 2011 | |
![]() |
Yulia Tymoshenko | 27 November 1960 Dnipro, Ukraine |
— | 2011 | [264] |
2012 | |||||
![]() |
Angie Zelter | 5 June 1951 London, United Kingdom |
— | 2012 | [265] |
![]() |
Maggie Gobran | 1949 Cairo, Egypt |
— | 2012, 2020, 2023 | [266][267][268][269] |
2013 | |||||
![]() |
Malala Yousafzai | 12 July 1997 Mingora, Swat, Pakistan |
— | 2013, 2014 | Awarded the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize with Kailash Satyarthi.[270][271] |
![]() |
Lyudmila Alexeyeva | 20 July 1927 Yevpatoria, Ukraine |
8 December 2018 Moscow, Russia |
2013 | [271][272] |
![]() |
Claudia Paz y Paz | 7 June 1966 Guatemala City, Guatemala |
— | 2013 | [271] |
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Susana Trimarco | 25 May 1954 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina |
— | 2013 | [273] |
2014 | |||||
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Agnes Mariam de la Croix, O.Carm | 1952 Beirut, Lebanon |
— | 2014 | [274] |
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Catherine Ashton | 25 March 1956 Up Holland, West Lancashire, United Kingdom |
— | 2014 | [275] |
![]() |
Anne Merriman | 1935 Liverpool, United Kingdom |
— | 2014 | [276] |
2015 | |||||
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Kathryn Bolkovac | c. 1960 Ohio, United States |
— | 2015 | [277] |
![]() |
Evelin Lindner | 13 May 1954 Hameln, Lower Saxony, Germany |
— | 2015, 2016, 2017 | [278] |
![]() |
Aminetou Mint El-Moctar | 13 December 1956 Nouakchott, Mauritania |
— | 2015 | [279] |
![]() |
Leyla Yunus | 21 December 1955 Baku, Azerbaijan |
— | 2015 | [280] |
2016 | |||||
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Nadia Murad | 10 March 1993 Kocho, Iraq |
— | 2016, 2017, 2018 | Awarded the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize with Denis Mukwege.[281] |
![]() |
Luz Marina Bernal | 1960 Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colomboa |
— | 2016 | [282] |
![]() |
Emilia Kamvysi | c. 1930 Lesbos, Greece |
12 March 2023 Lesbos, Greece |
2016 | [283][284] |
![]() |
Angela Merkel | 17 July 1954 Hamburg, Germany |
— | 2016 | [285] |
![]() |
Susan Sarandon | 4 October 1946 Jackson Heights, New York, United States |
— | 2016 | [286] |
2017 | |||||
![]() |
Maria da Penha | 1 February 1945 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil |
— | 2017 | [234][287] |
![]() |
Marianne Stöger | 24 April 1934 Matrei am Brenner, Tyrol, Austria |
— | 2017, 2020 | [288][289] |
![]() |
Margaritha Pissarek | 1935 Austria |
— | ||
2018 | |||||
![]() |
Anna Alboth | 1984 Warsaw, Poland |
— | 2018 | [290] |
![]() |
Lidija Doroņina-Lasmane | 28 July 1925 Ulmale, Aizpute, Latvia |
— | 2018 | [291] |
![]() |
Jaha Dukureh | 1989 Gambia |
— | 2018 | [292] |
![]() |
Agnes Chow Ting | 3 December 1996 Hong Kong |
— | 2018, 2019 | [293] |
![]() |
Nataša Kandić | 16 December 1946 Belgrade, Serbia |
— | 2018, 2022 | [294][295] |
2019 | |||||
![]() |
Ilwad Elman | 22 December 1989 Mogadishu, Somalia |
— | 2019 | [296][297] |
![]() |
Amanda Nguyen | 10 October 1991 Corona, California, United States |
— | 2019 | [298] |
![]() |
Yvonne Ridley | 23 April 1958 Stanley, Durham, United Kingdom |
— | 2019 | [299] |
![]() |
Hajer Sharief | 1994 Libya |
— | 2019 | [297] |
![]() |
Sevgül Uludağ | 15 October 1958 Nicosia, Cyprus |
— | 2019 | [300] |
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Loujain al-Hathloul | 31 July 1989 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |
— | 2019, 2020 | [301][302] |
![]() |
Jacinda Ardern | 26 July 1980 Hamilton, New Zealand |
— | 2019, 2020 | [303][304][305] |
![]() |
Greta Thunberg | 3 January 2003 Stockholm, Sweden |
— | 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 | [306][307][308][309] |
2020 | |||||
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Leila de Lima | 27 August 1959 Iriga, Camarines Sur, Philippines |
— | 2020 | [310] |
2021 | |||||
![]() |
Maria Ressa | 2 October 1963 Manila, Philippines |
— | 2021 | Awarded the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize with Dmitry Muratov.[311][312] |
![]() |
Stacey Abrams | 9 December 1973 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
— | 2021 | [313][314] |
![]() |
Zineb El Rhazoui | 19 January 1982 Casablanca, Morocco |
— | 2021 | [315] |
![]() |
Aminatou Haidar | 24 July 1966 Akka, Morocco |
— | 2021 | [316][317] |
![]() |
Jane Goodall | 3 April 1934 Hampstead, London, United Kingdom |
— | 2021 | [311][312] |
![]() |
Veronika Tsepkalo | 7 September 1976 Mogilev, Belarus |
— | 2021 | [311][312][318] |
![]() |
Maria Kalesnikava | 24 April 1982 Minsk, Belarus |
— | 2021 | [311][312][318] |
![]() |
Juliana Taimoorazy | 23 April 1973 Tehran, Iran |
— | 2021 | [319] |
![]() |
Marilyn Waring | 7 October 1952 Ngaruawahia, New Zealand |
— | 2021 | [311][312] |
![]() |
Alexandra Wong Fung-yiu | 16 May 1956 Sham Shui Po, Hong Kong |
— | 2021 | [320][321] |
![]() |
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya | 11 September 1982 Mikashevichy, Belarus |
— | 2021, 2022 | [311][312][318][322] |
2022 | |||||
![]() |
Maria Elena Bottazzi | 1966 Genoa, Italy |
— | 2022 | [323][324] |
![]() |
Dee Dawkins-Haigler | 31 January 1970 Lithonia, Georgia, United States |
— | 2022 | [325] |
![]() |
Opal Lee | 7 October 1926 Marshall, Texas, United States |
— | 2022 | [326] |
![]() |
Miriam Were | 12 April 1940 Kakamega, Western Province, Kenya |
— | 2022 | [327] |
![]() |
Masih Alinejad | 11 September 1976 Qomi Kola, Iran |
— | 2022, 2023 | [328][329] |
![]() |
Gwyneth Ho Kwai-lam | 24 August 1990 Hong Kong |
— | 2022, 2023 | [330][331] |
![]() |
Chow Hang-tung | 24 January 1985 Hong Kong |
— | 2022, 2023, 2024 | [330][331][332] |
2023 | |||||
![]() |
Narges Mohammadi | 21 April 1972 Zanjan, Iran |
— | 2023 | Awarded the 2023 Nobel Peace Prize.[333] |
![]() |
Vanessa Nakate | 15 November 1996 Kampala, Uganda |
— | 2023 | [309][334] |
![]() |
Mahbouba Seraj | 1948 Kabul, Afghanistan |
— | 2023 | [335] |
![]() |
Jani Silva | c. 1968 Colombia |
— | 2023 | [336][337] |
![]() |
Victoria Tauli-Corpuz | 19 October 1952 Besao, Mt. Province, Philippines |
— | 2023 | [338][339] |
2024 | |||||
![]() |
Yasmina Cánovas | El Vendrell, Spain | — | 2024 | [340][341] |
![]() |
Heidi Kühn | 1958 United States |
— | 2024 | [342] |
Economic Sciences
[edit]From 1969 to 1971, 3 women have been nominated for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences but none of them were subsequently awarded.
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | |||||
![]() |
Anna Schwartz | 11 November 1915 The Bronx, New York, United States |
21 June 2012 Manhattan, New York, United States |
1969, 1971 | Nominated by Bertil Gotthard Ohlin each time.[343] |
![]() |
Joan Robinson | 31 October 1903 Surrey, United Kingdom |
5 August 1983 Cambridge, United Kingdom |
1969, 1970, 1971 | [343] |
1971 | |||||
![]() |
Barbara Bergmann | 20 July 1927 The Bronx, New York, United States |
5 April 2015 Bethesda, Maryland, United States |
1971 | [343] |
1972 | |||||
should be revealed in 2023 | |||||
1973 | |||||
will be revealed in 2024 | |||||
Others[d] | |||||
2009 | |||||
![]() |
Elinor Ostrom | 7 August 1933 Los Angeles, California, United States |
12 June 2012 Bloomington, Indiana, United States |
2009 | Awarded the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson. |
2019 | |||||
![]() |
Esther Duflo | 25 October 1972 Paris, France |
— | 2019 | Awarded the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer. |
2023 | |||||
![]() |
Claudia Goldin | 14 May 1946 New York City, New York, United States |
— | 2023 | Awarded the 2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. |
Motivations
[edit]- ^ a b Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
- ^ "Nomination 20866 to J.Bell has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences."
- ^ “Data of Jocelyn Bell (id 15505) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
- ^ a b c d e f The following nominations, though verified and features their respective years, are yet still to be organized as they may have been nominated in earlier years.
- ^ "for the discovery of preventative of heart failure."
- ^ Nomination was declared invalid by the Nobel Committee, as A. S. Helton had not been invited to make a nomination for the Prize of 1912.[7]
- ^ "Work on the architectonics of the cerebral cortex, cortex localization and on the function of corpus striatum"
- ^ "Work on cancer"
- ^ "Work on the etiology, prevention and cure of scarlet fever"
- ^ "Studies on the functional relations of calcium and the Parathyroids in normal and deranged metabolism of man"
- ^ "Work on the relation of dietary deficiencies to human diseases. (Dental structure and dental disease.)"
- ^ "Work on the use of nicotinic acid in the pellagra therapy"
- ^ "Investigation of a possible hormonal cause of toxemia of pregnancy"
- ^ a b c d e f No Nobel Prize has been awarded this year.
- ^ In 1941, the Nobel Prize Committee purportedly presented Valikhan to the Nobel Prize in Medicine for outstanding achievements in the development of ophthalmology and the fight against trachoma, but because of the start of the World War II, the annual Nobel Prize was suspended.[46]
- ^ "Enzymatic synthesis of glycogen and starch, effect of the anterior pituitary extract and of insulin on the hexokinase reaction"
- ^ "The chemistry of muscle; discovery of the enzymatic properties of myosin"
- ^ "The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart"
- ^ "Fertilization and cell division of human ova in vitro"
- ^ "The inheritance of deafness and the proband method of analysis of human pedigree for inheritance of recessive traits"
- ^ "Suttner was the author of the novel Die Waffen nieder! ("Lay Down Your Arms!"), the most important antiwar novel of the period. She was the founder and president of the Austrian Peace Society (1891), and she contributed to the foundation of the Permanent International Peace Bureau (1891). Suttner was nominated for her contribution to the international peace movement."
- ^ "Lockwood attended several international peace conferences. She supported Bajer in his work to found the Permanent International Peace Bureau, and she founded a branch of the Bureau in Washington. She was for a long time associated with the Universal Peace Union in Philadelphia and an ardent promoter of arbitration."
- ^ "Peckover founded the Wisbech Local Peace Association. She was editor and publisher of the journal Peace and Goodwill and supported peace work in and outside of Great Britain, especially in the Nordic countries."
- ^ "Author of the book De la paix, du desarmement, et de la solution du probleme social."
- ^ "Nominated for her efforts to end the conflict between Argentina and Chile."
- ^ "Lucia Mead rendered Edwin Mead great assistance in his peace work both through speeches and writings, and she attended most of the conferences and congresses her husband participated in. She was also a peace worker in her own right. President of the peace and arbitration department of the National Women Suffrage Association, vice-president of the American Peace Society and member of the Council of the World Peace Foundation."
- ^ "Addams was the co-founder and president of the Women's Peace Party (1915). In 1915 she attended the Women's Peace Conference at The Hague, and she was elected president of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. After the conference Addams and several of the delegates went on a peace mission to the European political leaders and to the American president. Addams was elected president of the newly formed Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) at the second Women's Peace Conference in 1919. She presided over the 4th regular peace conference held by the WILPF in Washington in 1924. It adopted a manifesto stating that civilization can only be rebuilt on international justice, renouncing the Treaty of Versailles. It furthermore demanded democratic control over foreign policy, social peace and a stronger international organization."
- ^ "Schwimmer initiated the Ford Neutral Conference in 1915, and she was one of the founding members of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1919). She started peace missions to both neutral and belligerent countries (adopted by the peace conference). She committed the last part of her life to the movement to create a federal world government."
- ^ "Mary Shapard was nominated for her World War I-era recommendation that a nonpartisan "league of nations" be established by world leaders to reduce the likelihood of future armed conflicts between countries engaged in international disputes."
- ^ "Brändström worked as delegate, advisor and co-organizer for the Swedish Red Cross. She traveled extensively throughout Russia and contributed greatly to the relief work for prisoners of war in Russia and Siberia (1914-1920). She visited prison camps, escorted prisoners home, and she organized the repatriation of German and Austrian prisoners after the war."
- ^ "Besant was actively involved in educational and humanitarian work in India. She established the Indian Home Rule League in 1916, and she was elected leader of the Indian nationalist congress in 1917. The nominator stressed her efforts to solve the Indian "problem", and thereby secure world peace by uniting East and West. Besant was the international president of the Theosophical Society (1907-1933)."
- ^ "Lady Aberdeen advocated peace and understanding through her work as president of the International Council of Women."
- ^ "Princess Djabadary had written the libretto to an opera that carried a peaceful message. The opera was composed by her husband."
- ^ "Michael had initiated the use of a poppy as a symbol of remembrance and hope in the aftermath of World War I. It was adopted as the National Emblem in commemoration of American soldiers who perished in France, and in 1920 the American Legion adopted the poppy as the National American Legion Memorial Flower."
- ^ "Irma Schweitzer was the author of the book Sur le chemin de la Paix, which the nominator considered to be eminently suitable for teaching."
- ^ "Szold had established a home in Palestine for Jewish people, and after 1933 she helped numerous German Jews to a new life in Palestine."
- ^ "Catt was president of the International Female Suffrage Alliance. She initiated the Women's Peace Party in Washington in 1915, and she was one of the delegates to the International Women's Peace Congress at The Hague in 1915. Catt was chairman of the Committee on the Cause and Cure of War 1925-1932. She worked to create greater understanding between persons from different countries."
- ^ "Balch had actively worked for peace since 1915, and she had been one of the leaders of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom since 1919. She promoted disarmament, and she opposed US isolationism and neutrality, claiming that neutrality was selfish. Balch strongly advocated the need to resist fascism and aggression through non-violent methods and international co-operation. She also established summer schools to promote peace. During the 1930s she aided Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany. Initially she opposed WWII because she opposed all war in general, but she supported US entry into the war in 1941. Balch saw Nazism as the personification of evil and a threat to humanity that had to be stopped."
- ^ "Kollontai was nominated for her diplomatic efforts to end war and hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland during the negotiations in 1940-44, and for her work for the benefit of the Nordic countries."
- ^ "Roosevelt was nominated for her work to further understanding between people of different races and between people from different nations, especially while serving as Chairman of the UN Commission on Human Rights."
- ^ "Glasier was nominated for her humanitarian work in England and elsewhere."
- ^ "Evita Perón was nominated for her humanitarian efforts in Argentina particularly on promoting labor rights, championing women's suffrage, eliminating poverty and establishing charities to the working-class Argentines."
- ^ "Montessori furthered international understanding through her educational work."
- ^ "Queen Wilhelmina was nominated for her involvement in the summoning of the two peace conferences at The Hague in 1897 and 1907. She was also nominated for her philanthropic effort during World War I, her strong opposition to Nazism and her contribution to the liberation of colonial areas."
- ^ "Nominated for her book Creators of the modern Spirit."
- ^ "For her work for reconciliation and work in Pestalozzi Children Village in Switzerland."
- ^ "Margaret Sanger was nominated for her outstanding ability to see the serious consequences of uncontrolled increase of population."
- ^ "Nominated for the international importance of her work for deaf and blind people, and for showing the stimulating effect of The International Brotherhood Idea."
- ^ "Gertrude Baer was nominated for her able and devoted service to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom."
- ^ "Lady Baden-Powell was nominated for her international contribution as a founder of the Scout movement for girls."
- ^ "Marie Elisabeth Lüders was nominated for her work with understanding between peoples."
- ^ "Lotta Hitchmanova was nominated for her opposition to the Nazi regime during the second world war, her work with refugees, and organizing the small beginnings of the Unitarian Service Committee."
- ^ "Gertrud Kurz-Hohl was nominated for her consistent work for refugees, and initiating the Austrian Peace Service, one of three branches within the organization Austrian Service Abroad. She has tirelessly worked for peace through reconciliation and understanding between the people of the World."
- ^ "Giulia Scappino Murena was nominated in the hope that her voice, singing about human brotherhood, will become a sign of harmony for the divided humanity."
- ^ "Mrs. Alexander Hadden was nominated for her co-founding of the Institute of World Affairs."
- ^ "Catherine Devilliers was nominated for her book Lieutanant Katia describing events under the Second World War."
- ^ "Stella Monk was nominated because of her achievements as director of the Commonwealth Friendship Movement. Her dedication to creating friendship, mutual understanding, and respect among people in the Commonwealth has contributed to unity and friendly co-operation between the nations of the World."
- ^ "Susan Ryder was nominated for her personal dedication and inspiring example and leadership to encourage the forces of mercy and compassion against those of brutality and aggression, leading to war."
- ^ "Kaoru Hatoyama was nominated for her contribution to the reopening of diplomatic relations between Japan and the U.S.S.R., and Japan's entry into the United Nations, for her contribution to the Yuai (fraternity) movement and for her achievements as an educator."
- ^ "Alva Myrdal was nominated for her many services to the international community and their promotion of international understanding."
- ^ "Britta Holmström was nominated for her pioneering work with refugees, initiating Praghjälpen (Prague Aid) and contributing greatly to the possibility of world peace."
- ^ a b c d e "As part of the 1000 PeaceWomen Across the Globe
See also
[edit]- List of Nobel laureates
- List of female Nobel laureates
- List of women writers
- List of women's rights activists
- List of female scientists in the 20th century
- Matilda effect
References
[edit]- ^ "The Nobel Prize". www.nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nobel Prize awarded women". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Nomination Archive - Nominated Women". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination archive – List of female nominees". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Nobel Laureates Facts - Women". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Nomination was declared invalid by the Nobel Committee". nobelprize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Asaid, Alan (26 September 2009). "This is how the Academy misjudged the women". Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1909". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "10 great writers snubbed by the Nobel Prize". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Fleming, Donald (October 1966). "Nobel's Hits and Misses". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Crittenden, Ann. "A Comedy of Errors at the Nobel Prize". American Heritage. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Geir Lundestad (15 March 2003). ""The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000"". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Have you heard of these 20 women who changed the world?". girlguiding.org.uk. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Irwin Abrams (22 September 1997). "Heroines of peace – the nine Nobel women, 1901-1992". Nobel Prize.org. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Marie Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Nomination Archive – Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Nomination Archive – Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hertha Wambacher". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Maria Goeppert-Mayer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Chien-Shiung Wu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Margaret Burbridge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Jocelyn Bell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive - Janine Connes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ida Noddack". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Thérèse Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marguerite Perey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joan Folkes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martha Chase". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alberte Pullman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M B Allen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erika Cremer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Johanna Dobereiner (1924 - 2000) - a cientista que revolucionou a agricultura brasileira". Unicentro (in Portuguese). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Bernardo França and Camila Mazzotto (5 October 2021). "Indicada ao Nobel, Johanna Döbereiner revolucionou a agronomia". globo.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Загінайченко Світлана Юріївна — Енциклопедія Сучасної України. ISBN 9789660220744. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Cécile Vogt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maud Slye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gladys Dick". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alice Bernheim". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lady May Mellanby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
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External links
[edit]- Alan Asaid (26 September 2009). "Så ratade Akademien kvinnorna" [How the Academy Rejected the Women]. SvD (in Swedish).