![portrait of Ippolito de' Medici](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tizian_065.jpg/220px-Tizian_065.jpg)
A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,[n 1] including every Renaissance-era pope.[2]
Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members include (legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted) sons and grandsons, brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.[1][2] At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal).[n 2]
Similarly created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and papal relatives made cardinals by other popes.
Notes on symbols
[edit]Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:
, when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or
, when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed.
Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †.
11th century
[edit]![Portrait of Pope Benedict VIII](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/B_Benedikt_VIII.jpg/170px-B_Benedikt_VIII.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benedict VIII (1012–1024) |
Lotario (or Loctarius), seniore | ![]() |
Cousin | [5][6] |
Giovanni | ![]() |
Brother | Future Pope John XIX[5][7] | |
Teofilatto | ![]() |
Nephew[n 3] | Future Pope Benedict IX[5][8] | |
John XIX (1024–1032) |
Pietro | 1024[9] | Cousin | [5][10] |
Benedict IX (1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048) |
Giovanni | before April 1044 | Nephew | [11] |
Alexander II (1061–1073) |
St. Anselm of Lucca | ![]() |
Brother or nephew | [5][n 4] |
Urban II (1088–1099) |
Odon de Châtillon | Circa 1095 | Nephew | [5][n 5] |
12th century
[edit]![Portrait of Pope John XIX](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/B_Johannes_XIX.jpg)
![Portrait of Pope Innocent III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/170px-Innozenz3.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Callixtus II (1119–1124) |
Etienne de Bar | ![]() |
Nephew | [15][n 6] |
Innocent II (1130–1143) |
Gregorio Papareschi | 1134/1137 | ![]() |
[15][n 7] |
Pietro Papareschi | 17 September 1143 | ![]() |
[15][n 8] | |
Lucius II (1144–1145) |
Ubaldo | 19 May 1144 | ![]() |
[15][n 9] |
St. Guarinus of Palestrina | 22 December 1144 | Relative | [21][n 10] | |
Adrian IV (1154–1159) |
Boso Breakspeare | 21 December 1156 | ![]() |
[24][25] |
Lucius III (1181–1185) |
Uberto Allucingoli | ![]() |
Nephew | [15][n 11] |
Gerardo | 18 December 1182 | ![]() |
[n 12] | |
Clement III (1187–1191) |
Lotario de' Conti | 22 September 1190 | ![]() |
Future Pope Innocent III[30][n 13] |
Niccolò Scolari | Nephew | [34][n 14] | ||
Celestine III (1191–1198) |
Bobo | 20 February 1193 | Relative | [37][38] |
Giovanni di San Paolo | ![]() |
[37][n 15] | ||
Innocent III (1198–1216) |
Ugolino dei Conti di Segni | 19 December 1198 | Cousin | Future Pope Gregory IX[40] |
Giovanni dei Conti di Segni | 3 June 1200[41] | Cousin | [40] | |
Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni | 27 May 1206[41] | Cousin | [40] | |
Stefano Conti | 5 March 1216[41] | Unknown | [42] |
13th century
[edit]![Portrait of Pope Alexander IV](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/B_Alexander_IV.jpg/170px-B_Alexander_IV.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gregory IX (1227–1241) |
Rinaldo Conti | 18 September 1227 | Unknown | Future Pope Alexander IV[40][43][n 16] |
Niccolò dei Conti di Segni | ![]() |
Nephew | [46][n 17] | |
Riccardo Annibaldeschi di Molaria | 1238 | Unknown | [48] | |
Innocent IV (1243–1254) |
Guglielmo Fieschi | 28 May 1244 | Nephew | [40][43] |
Ottobono Fieschi | December 1251 | Nephew | Future Pope Adrian V[40][43] | |
Urban IV (1261–1264) |
Anchero Pantaleone | 22 May 1262 | Nephew | [40] |
Gregory X (1271–1276) |
Vicedomino de Vicedominis | 3 June 1273 | Unknown | It is a widely disseminated misconception that he was elected but died before proclamation.[40][49] |
Giovanni Visconti | ![]() |
Unknown | [50][n 18] | |
Nicholas III (1277–1280) |
Latino Malabranca Orsini | 12 March 1278 | Nephew | [40] |
Giordano Orsini | Brother | [40][52] | ||
Honorius IV (1285–1287) |
Giovanni Boccamazza | 22 December 1285 | Relative | [40] |
Nicholas IV (1288–1292) |
Pietro Colonna | 16 May 1288 | ![]() |
[53][n 19] |
Boniface VIII (1294–1303) |
Benedetto II Caetani | between 23 January and 13 May 1295 | Nephew | [40][57] |
Giacomo Tomasi Caetani (Iacopo Tommasi) | 17 December 1295 | Unknown | [40][57] | |
Francesco Caetani | Unknown | [40][57] | ||
Leonardo Patrasso | 2 March 1300 | Uncle | [40] |
14th century
[edit]![The façade of the Palais des Papes](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg/170px-Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg)
![Portrait of Pope Clement VI](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/01_Cl%C3%A9ment_VI_%28Fresque_de_la_chapelle_Saint-Martial_du_palais_des_papes%29.jpg/170px-01_Cl%C3%A9ment_VI_%28Fresque_de_la_chapelle_Saint-Martial_du_palais_des_papes%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jean_de_Cros.jpg/170px-Jean_de_Cros.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clement V (1305–1314) |
Berengar Fredol the Elder | 15 December 1305 | ![]() |
[58][59] |
Arnaud Frangier de Chanteloup | Close relative, possible nephew | [58] | ||
Arnaud de Pellegrue | Relative, possible nephew | [58] | ||
Raymond de Got | Nephew, son of Arnaud Garcie de Got | [58] | ||
Guillaume Arrufat | Relative, possible nephew | [58] | ||
Raymond Guillaume des Forges | 19 December 1310 | Nephew, son of Marquise de Got | [58] | |
Bernard Jarre (or Garve) | Relative | [58] | ||
Arnaud d'Aux | 23 December 1312 | Relative | [60] | |
Berengar Fredol the Younger | ![]() |
[58][61] | ||
John XXII (1316–1334) |
Jacques de Via | 17 December (or 18), 1316 | Nephew, son of Marie Duese | [58] |
Gauscelin Jean d'Euse | Relative[62] | [58] | ||
Bertrand du Pouget | ![]() |
[58][63] | ||
Arnaud de Via | 20 June 1317 | Nephew, son of Marie Duese | [58] | |
Raymond Le Roux | 19 December (or 20), 1320 | ![]() |
[58][64] | |
Jacques Fournier | 18 December 1327 | ![]() |
Future Pope Benedict XII)[65] | |
Imbert Dupuis | ![]() |
[58][66] | ||
Benedict XII (1334–1342) |
Guillaume Court | 18 December 1338 | ![]() |
[58][67] |
Clement VI (1342–1352) | ||||
Aymeric de Chalus | 20 September 1342 | Cousin | [68] | |
Hugues Roger | Brother | [58][69] | ||
Adhémar Robert | Cousin or nephew | [58] | ||
Gérard Lagarde (or Domar) | Cousin | [58] | ||
Bernard de la Tour | Nephew | [58] | ||
Guillaume de la Jugée (Guillaume II Roger) | Nephew, son of Guillaumette Rogier | [58][69] | ||
Nicolas de Besse | 19 May 1344 | Nephew, son of Dauphine Roger | [70] | |
Pierre-Roger de Beaufort | 28 May (or 29), 1348 | Nephew | Future Pope Gregory XI[58][69][71] | |
Raymond de Canillac | 17 December 1350 | Nephew | [58] | |
Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, seniore | Cousin | [72] | ||
Pierre du Cros | Nephew or cousin | [58] | ||
Innocent VI (1352–1362) |
Andouin Aubert | 15 February 1353 | Nephew, son of Guy Aubert | [58] |
Pierre de Salvete Monteruc | 23 December 1356 | Nephew of mother's side | [58] | |
Etienne Aubert, iuniore | 17 September 1361 | Grandnephew | [58] | |
Urban V (1362–1370) |
Angelic de Grimoard | 18 September 1366 | Brother | [58] |
Pierre d'Estaing | 7 June 1370 | Relative | [73] | |
Gregory XI (1370–1378) |
Jean de Murat de Cros | 30 May 1371 | Nephew or cousin | [58] |
Jean de La Tour | Brother-in-law of niece | [74] | ||
Pierre de la Jugée (or Jugie) | 20 December 1375 | Cousin | [58] | |
Gui de Maillesec | Nephew on mother's side | [75] | ||
Gérard du Puy | Cousin or nephew | [58] | ||
Urban VI (1378–1389) |
Francesco Moricotti Prignani | 18 September 1378 | Nephew | [76] |
Filippo Carafa della Serra | 18 September 1378 | Relative | [77] | |
Francesco Renzio | 21 December 1381 | Distant relative | [77][78] | |
Pietro Tomacelli | Distant relative | Future Pope Boniface IX[77][78] | ||
Tommaso Orsini | ca.1383 | Relative | [77] | |
Rinaldo Brancaccio | 17 December 1384 | Relative | [77] | |
Marino Bulcani | Distant relative, nephew of cardinal Francesco Renzio | [77][79] | ||
Boniface IX (1389–1404) |
Enrico Minutoli | 18 December 1389 | Distant relative | [80] |
Cosimo Migliorati | Distant relative | Future Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)[80] | ||
Baldassare Cossa | 27 February 1402 | Relative | Future Antipope John XXIII[80][81] |
15th century
[edit]![Portrait of Pope Paul II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietrobarbo.jpg/170px-Pietrobarbo.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PiusIIcardinalnephew.jpg/170px-PiusIIcardinalnephew.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Innocent VII (1404–1406) |
Giovanni Migliorati | 12 June 1405 | Nephew | [82] |
Gregory XII (1406–1415) |
Antonio Correr | 9 May 1408 | Nephew, son of Filippo Correr | [82] |
Gabriele Condulmer | Nephew, son of Beriola Correr | Future Pope Eugene IV[83] | ||
Angelo Barbarigo | 19 September 1408 | Nephew, son of Caterina Correr | [83] | |
Martin V (1417–1431) |
Prospero Colonna | 24 May 1426 published 8 November 1430 |
Nephew, son of Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna | [82] |
Eugene IV (1431–1447) |
Francesco Condulmer | 19 September 1431 | Nephew | [83] |
Pietro Barbo | 1 July 1440 | Nephew, son of Polissena Condulmer | Future Pope Paul II[83] | |
Nicholas V (1447–1455) |
Filippo Calandrini | 20 December 1448 | Half-brother | [82] |
Callixtus III (1455–1458) |
Luis Juan del Mila y Borja | 20 February 1456 published 17 September 1456 |
Nephew | [82] |
Rodrigo Borja | Nephew | Future Pope Alexander VI[82] | ||
Pius II (1458–1464) |
Francesco Piccolomini | 5 March 1460 | Nephew | Future Pope Pius III[82] |
Niccolò Fortiguerra | Relative on mother's side | [82] | ||
Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini | 18 December 1461 | Adopted | [82] | |
Paul II (1464–1471) |
Marco Barbo | 18 September 1467 | Unknown | [82] |
Giovanni Battista Zeno | 21 November 1468 | Unknown | [82] | |
Giovanni Michiel | Unknown | [82] | ||
Sixtus IV (1471–1484) |
Pietro Riario | 16 December 1471 | Unknown | [82] |
Giuliano della Rovere | Unknown | Future Pope Julius II[82] | ||
Girolamo Basso della Rovere | 10 December 1477 | Unknown | [82] | |
Raffaele Riario | Unknown | [82] | ||
Cristoforo della Rovere | Unknown | [82] | ||
Domenico della Rovere | 10 February 1478 | Unknown | [82] | |
Innocent VIII (1484–1492) |
Lorenzo Cybo de Mari | 9 March 1489 | Unknown | [82] |
Giovanni de' Medici | Relative | Future Pope Leo X[84] | ||
Pantaleone Cybo | 9 March 1489 Never published |
Nephew | [85] | |
Niccolò Cybo | Nephew | [85] | ||
Alexander VI (1492–1503) |
Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor | 31 August 1492 | Son of cousin | [82] |
Cesare Borgia | 20 September 1493 | Son | Resigned 18 August 1498[86] | |
Giuliano Cesarini, iuniore | Brother-in-law of daughter, Gerolama Borgia | [87] | ||
Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor | 19 February 1496 | Grandnephew | [82] | |
Amanieu d'Albret | 20 March 1500 | Brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia | [88] | |
Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romaní | Grandnephew | [82] | ||
Francisco de Borja | 28 September 1500 | Disputed relationship | [89] | |
Juan de Vera | Relative | [89] | ||
Juan Castellar y de Borja | 31 May 1503 | Cousin of Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor | [90] | |
Francisco Lloris y de Borja | Grandnephew | [90] |
16th century
[edit]![Portrait of Pope Leo X with future Pope Clement VII and Cardinal Luigi de' Rossi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg)
![Portrait of Giovanni Salviati](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Giovanni_Salviati.jpg/170px-Giovanni_Salviati.jpg)
![Portrait of Pope Paul III with Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tizian_068.jpg/170px-Tizian_068.jpg)
![Portrait of RAnuccio Farnese](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Titian_-_Ranuccio_Farnese_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Titian_-_Ranuccio_Farnese_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
![Portrait of Charles Borromeo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Carlo_Borromeo.jpg/170px-Carlo_Borromeo.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Julius II (1503–1513) |
Clemente Grosso della Rovere | 29 November 1503 | Unknown | [91] |
Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere | Unknown | [91] | ||
Marco Vigerio della Rovere | 1 December 1505 | Distant relative | [91] | |
Leonardo Grosso della Rovere | Cousin | [91] | ||
Sisto Gara della Rovere | 11 September 1507 | Unknown | [91] | |
Leo X (1513–1521) |
Giulio de' Medici | 23 September 1513 | Cousin | Future Pope Clement VII[86] |
Innocenzo Cybo | Unknown | [91] | ||
Luigi de' Rossi | 1 July 1517 | Cousin | [92] | |
Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici | Adopted as son | [92] | ||
Franciotto Orsini | Son of Orso Orsini di Monteredondo | [92] | ||
Giovanni Salviati | Son of Lucrezia de' Medici | [92] | ||
Niccolò Ridolfi | Son of Contessina de' Medici | [92] | ||
Clement VII (1523–1534) |
Niccolò Gaddi | 3 May 1527 | Related through Catherine de' Medici | [93] |
Ippolito de' Medici | 10 January 1529 | Illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici | [94] | |
Paul III (1534–1549) |
Alessandro Farnese | 18 December 1534 | Grandson | [86][91] |
Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora | Grandson | [91] | ||
Niccolò Caetani | 22 December 1536 published 13 March 1538 |
Son of cousin | [91] | |
Tiberio Crispo | 19 December 1544 | Brother, on his mother's side, of pope's daughter Costanza Farnese, possibly natural son of Paul III | [95] | |
Ranuccio Farnese | 16 December 1545 | Grandson | [91] | |
Giulio Feltre della Rovere | 27 July 1547 | Relative | [96] | |
Julius III (1550–1555) |
Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte | 30 May 1550 | Adopted | [91] |
Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte | 20 November 1551 | Cousin | [91] | |
Fulvio della Corgna | Nephew on his mother's side | [97] | ||
Roberto de Nobili | 22 December 1553 | Grandnephew | [91] | |
Girolamo Simoncelli | Grandnephew | [91] | ||
Paul IV (1555–1559) |
Carlo Carafa | 7 June 1555 | Unknown | [98] |
Diomede Carafa | 20 December 1555 | Relative | [91] | |
Alfonso Carafa | 15 March 1557 | Grandnephew | [99] | |
Pius IV (1559–1565) |
Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni | 31 January 1560 | Cousin of Charles Borromeo | [100] |
St. Charles Borromeo | Nephew | [91][101] | ||
Mark Sittich von Hohenems (or Marco Sittico d'Altemps | 26 February 1561 | Nephew | [91][102] | |
Alfonso Gesualdo | Brother-in-law of Charles Borromeo | [103] | ||
Gianfrancesco Gàmbara | Stepbrother of Charles Borromeo | [103] | ||
Francesco Alciati | 12 March 1565 | Relative | [104] | |
Guido Luca Ferrero | Cousin of Charles Borromeo | [104] | ||
Gianfrancesco Commendone | Relative | [104] | ||
Pius V (1566–1572) |
Michele Bonelli† | 6 March 1566 | Grandnephew | [105] |
Girolamo Rusticucci | 17 May 1570 | Relative | [106] | |
Gregory XIII (1572–1585) |
Filippo Boncompagni† | 2 June 1572 | Unknown | [107] |
Filippo Guastavillani | 5 July 1574 | Unknown | [91] | |
Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora | 12 December 1583 | Relative through his sister Costanza, wife of pope's son | [108] | |
Sixtus V (1585–1590) |
Alessandro Peretti di Montalto† | 13 May 1585 | Unknown | [91][109] |
Gregory XIV (1590–1591) |
Paolo Emilio Sfondrati† | 19 December 1590 | Unknown | [110] |
Flaminio Piatti | 6 March 1591 | Relative | [111] | |
Innocent IX (1591) |
Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce† | 18 December 1591 | Grandnephew | [91] |
Clement VIII (1592–1605) |
Pietro Aldobrandini† | 17 September 1593 | Nephew | [112][113] |
Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini† | Nephew | [114] | ||
Silvestro Aldobrandini | 17 September 1603 | Grandnephew | [91] | |
Giovanni Battista Deti | 3 March 1599 | Relative | [115] | |
Bonifazio Bevilacqua Aldobrandini | Adopted while already a cardinal on 3 April 1601 | [115] |
17th century
[edit]![The tomb of Pope Gregory XV](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre_legros%2C_monumento_a_gregorio_XV_e_al_cardinale_ludovico_ludovisi%2C_1709-1717%2C_02.jpg/170px-Pierre_legros%2C_monumento_a_gregorio_XV_e_al_cardinale_ludovico_ludovisi%2C_1709-1717%2C_02.jpg)
![Portrait of Camillo Pamphili](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Camillo_Astalli_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_1650.jpg/170px-Camillo_Astalli_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_1650.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paul V (1605–1621) |
Scipione Borghese Caffarelli† | 18 July 1605 | Nephew | [116] |
Giambattista Leni | 24 November 1608 | Distant relative | [117] | |
Tiberio Muti | 2 December 1615 | Unknown | [118] | |
Gregory XV (1621–1623) |
Ludovico Ludovisi† | 15 February 1621 | Nephew | [116] |
Marcantonio Gozzadini | 21 July 1621 | Cousin | [116] | |
Urban VIII (1623–1644) |
Francesco Barberini† | 2 October 1623 | Nephew | [116] |
Lorenzo Magalotti | 7 October 1624 | Brother-in-law of Brother | [116] | |
Antonio Marcello Barberini | Brother | [116] | ||
Antonio Barberini | 30 August 1627 | Nephew | [116] | |
Francesco Maria Macchiavelli | 6 December 1641 | Relative | [119] | |
Innocent X (1644–1655) |
Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili† | 14 November 1644 | Son of Innocent X's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini | Resigned 21 January 1647[116] |
Francesco Maidalchini† | 7 October 1647 | Nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini | [120] | |
Camillo Astalli† | 19 September 1650 | Cousin of Olimpia Maidalchini | Deprived of the title of nipote in February 1654[121] | |
Alexander VII (1655–1667) |
Flavio Chigi† | 9 April 1657 | Nephew | [116] |
Antonio Bichi | Unknown | [122] | ||
Clement IX (1667–1669) |
Giacomo Rospigliosi† | 12 December 1667 | Nephew | [116] |
Clement X (1670–1676) |
Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni† | 24 January 1664 (by Pope Alexander VII) |
Adopted while already a cardinal | [123][124][125] |
Vincenzo Maria Orsini | 22 February 1672 | Relative | Future Pope Benedict XIII[126] | |
Innocent XI (1676–1689) |
Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri | 2 September 1686 | Distant relative | [127] |
Alexander VIII (1689–1691) |
Pietro Ottoboni† | 7 November 1689 | Grandnephew | [128] |
Giovanni Battista Rubini | 13 February 1690 | Unknown | [116] |
18th century
[edit]![Portrait of Romualdo Braschi-Onesti](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Branschi-onesti.jpg/170px-Branschi-onesti.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clement XI (1700–1721) |
Annibale Albani | 23 December 1711 | Unknown | [129] |
Fabio Olivieri | 6 May 1715 | Cousin | [130] | |
Innocent XIII (1721–1724) |
Bernardo Maria Conti | 16 June 1721 | Brother | [131] |
Clement XII (1730–1740) |
Neri Maria Corsini | 14 August 1730 | Nephew | [132] |
Giovanni Antonio Guadagni | 24 September 1731 | Nephew on mother's side, son of Maddalena Corsini | [133] | |
Clement XIII (1758–1769) |
Carlo Rezzonico | 11 September 1758 | Nephew[134] | [135] |
Pius VI (1775–1799) |
Giovanni Carlo Bandi | 29 May 1775 | Uncle | [132] |
Barnaba Chiaramonti | 14 February 1785 | Relative on his mother's side | Future Pope Pius VII[136] | |
Romualdo Braschi-Onesti | 18 December 1786 | Nephew | [137] |
19th century
[edit]![Portrait of Giuseppe Pecci](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/GiuseppePecciLeoXIII.jpg/170px-GiuseppePecciLeoXIII.jpg)
Elevating pope | Cardinal-nephew | Date of elevation | Relationship | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leo XIII (1878–1903) |
Giuseppe Pecci | 12 May 1879 | Brother | [138] |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Until Pope Innocent XII, the only exceptions were popes who did not appoint the cardinals at all (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed only one cardinal).
- ^ Miranda, citing older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II;[3] however, modern scholars are in agreement that Corrado was created by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.[4]
- ^ Nephew to both Benedict VIII and John XIX
- ^ Several modern sources do not mention his cardinalate.[12]
- ^ The source for the statement that Odon was nephew of Urban II is Ferdinando Ughelli (1594–1670), considered reliable by Klewitz because he was able to verify Ughelli's other statements concerning that cardinal.[13] Date of his promotion is given according to Hüls, who does not mention this relationship.[14]
- ^ Etienne de Bar, who was nephew of Callixtus II and bishop of Metz 1120–1163, is commonly identified with cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria Cosmedin, who appears in the papal bulls between 1120–1128, but Ganzer considers it erroneous that de Bar was a cardinal.[16] Hüls also reject this identification and adds that cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria in Cosmedin was probably brother of cardinal Giovanni of Crema.[17]
- ^ Brixius and Zenker say nothing of his origins, including any relationship to Innocent II[18]
- ^ His relationship with Innocent II is not attested in the contemporary sources and nothing is known about his life except his first name (Petrus) and cardinalatial title (bishop of Albano).[19]
- ^ Others deny his relationship with Lucius II.[20]
- ^ There is a consensus that he was related to Lucius II,[22] with the exception of Maleczek, who says that this is not attested in the contemporary sources.[23]
- ^ Several sources doubt his promotion to the cardinalate indicating that he is confused with Cardinal Uberto Crivelli, future Pope Urban III, since they both are listed as cardinals of the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso at the same time (1182–1185).[26] Cardella[27] affirms his cardinalate, but raises the possibility of confusion with Uberto Crivelli.
- ^ Both Maleczek[28] and Miranda[29] say that although many sources consider him a kinsman of Lucius III, this relationship is not proven.
- ^ The tradition of identifying Innocent III as nephew of Clement III may result from an onomastic confusion.[31][32] Maleczek does not mention a relationship.[33]
- ^ In older historiography, he is listed as Niccolò Boboni, nephew of Celestine III, created by this pope in 1191,[35][36] but Kartusch and Maleczek cite two contemporary documents in which pope Celestine III explicitly calls him nephew of his predecessor Clement III.
- ^ Maleczek says that the theory that Giovanni di San Paolo was nephew of Celestine III is based on the very uncertain identification of the future cardinal with a papal subdeacon who served as legate in France ca. 1191 and is attested as nephew of Celestine III; therefore, the status of Giovanni di San Paolo as cardinal-nephew remains uncertain.[39]
- ^ More recent genealogical research has cast the doubts on the tradition identifying him as nephew of Gregory IX.[44] Maleczek indicates that he was "probably" a relative of Gregory IX.[45]
- ^ Miranda adds that his promotion to the cardinalate is disputed. Paravicini Bagliani says that he was never promoted to the cardinalate.[47]
- ^ Miranda adds that his promotion is dubious. Eubel explicitly denies that he was ever a cardinal.[51]
- ^ Gihon[54] and Miranda[55][56] do not mention this relationship.
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "Cardinal Nephew." The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6.
- ^ a b Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1127". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ (Brixius, p. 36 and 78; Klewitz, p. 128; Hüls, p. 128 and 201; Zenker, p. 46–48)
- ^ a b c d e f Miranda, S. 1998. "11th Century (999–1099)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Authors which affirm his cardinalate do not mention any documentary proof to attest his existence and promotion (cf. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistory of 1015; retrieved 15 September 2009; and Cardella, vol. I pt 1, p. 93). His name does not appear in the papal registers of that time (cf. Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911–1024) and Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ; retrieved 15 September 2009; Ph. Jaffè: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I, Leipzig 1885, p. 506-529; P. F. Kehr: Italia Pontificia, vol. I, Berlin 1906; J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina, vol. 139 col. 1577–1638, vol. 141 col. 1115–1156 and 1343–1370) and is not mentioned in the genealogies of the family of Pope Benedict VIII; L.Brook, Popes and Pornocrats:Rome in the early middle ages Foundations (Vol. 1, no. 1, Jan 2003), p. 5-17; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 4 pt. 1, London 1905, p. 6 and 19. Therefore, the existence of this cardinal remains uncertain.
- ^ According to his biography in Udo Tavares (1992). "Johannes XIX., Papst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 3. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 220–224. ISBN 3-88309-035-2.; and Kirsch, J. P. (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. he was a layman at the time of his election to the papacy
- ^ According to Genealogie-Mittelalter Archived 24 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 1 September 2009; he was a layman when elected pope. Biographical entries by Mann, Horace (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. and Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Benedikt IX., Papst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 484–485. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.; do not mention his cardinalate
- ^ For the date of promotion see Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung III. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) nr 71 Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ; retrieved 15 September 2009
- ^ Genealogie-Mittelalter: Petrus von Silva Candida; retrieved 15 September 2009
- ^ Hüls, p. 138 no. 1
- ^ Hüls, Ganzer, Klewitz, Robinson.
- ^ Klewitz, p. 115 no. 4 and pp. 159–160.
- ^ Hüls, pp. 103–104.
- ^ a b c d e Miranda, S. 1998. "12th Century (1099–1198)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Ganzer, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Hüls, pp. 232–233.
- ^ Brixius, p. 42, and Zenker, p. 49.
- ^ Brixius, pp. 45 and 93, and Zenker, p. 49.
- ^ Brixius, p. 103, and Maleczek, p. 248 note 283.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1144". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Brixius, p. 51; Zenker, pp. 41 and 218; and Robinson, p. 51.
- ^ Maleczek, p. 248 note 283.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Zenker, pp. 149–150; Robinson, pp. 254–255; c.f. Brixius, pp. 113–114
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (note 6)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. Kartusch, p. 198 note 4, concluded that he should be removed from the list of the cardinals promoted by Lucius III. See also Ganzer, p. 174
- ^ L. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Maleczek, p. 78.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "consistory of 1182". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Michele Maccarrone, "Innocenzo III prima del pontificato," Archivo della R. Deputatazione romana di Storia patria, 1943, p. 66.
- ^ H. Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo", II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana", Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 1975, p. 371.
- ^ Maleczek, pp. 101–104.
- ^ Kartusch, pp. 284–28; Maleczek, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Cardella, L. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, p. 189.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1191". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1193". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Maleczek, p. 111
- ^ Maleczek, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Miranda, S. 1998. "13th Century (1198–1303)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c Maleczek, pp. 289–290
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1216 (X)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5. p. 32.
- ^ Paravicini Bagliani, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Maleczek, p. 132 note 43.
- ^ Eubel, Vol. I, pp. 6 and 43; Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1228". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Paravicini Bagliani, pp. 98, 531–532.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1237". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Levillain, 2002, p. 657.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1275". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Eubel, Vol. I, p. 9.
- ^ Williams, 2004, p. 37.
- ^ DeCormenin, Louis Marie, and de Lahaye, vicomte de Louis-Marie. 1857. A Complete History of the Popes of Rome (PDF link).
- ^ James L. Gihon. p. 25. Eubel, vol. I, p. 11.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Masci". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Colonna". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c Williams, 2004, p. 38.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Miranda, S. 1998. "14th Century (1303–1404)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Contemporary accounts edited by G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, I, Paris 1914, pp. 25 and 55, say that out of ten new cardinals created on the first consistory of Clement V only four were papal relatives and do not mention Berengar among them. Sophia Menache: Clement V, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 41–42 and 50, does not consider him a relative of Clement V.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1312 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ He was nephew of Berenger Fredol, whose relationship with Clement V is disputed.
- ^ According to Guillaume Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 720 note 2, there was no blood relationship between Cardinal Gauscelin de Jean and John XXII but cardinal's uncle was married with pope's sister. See also Genealogies of John XXII and of the family de Jean Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (pp. 4 and 14).
- ^ G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 725, says that the statement about his relationship with John XXII resulted from an error.
- ^ G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 751 note 1, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven.
- ^ G. Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni vol V, p. 5, says that he was son of Guillaume and of the sister of John XXII, and therefore, his nephew on his mother side, but this is certainly erroneous, see Genealogy of John XXII Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (p. 4). Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 December 1327 (IV)." Florida International University; retrieved 25 June 2009; says that he was relative of John XXII but gives this information with a question mark.
- ^ G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 768 note 2, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven and that documents from the register of John XXII attest only that he was born at Montpellier.
- ^ According to G. Mollat (ed.), Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 816-817, his relationship with Benedict XII is not proven and is unlikely because pope Benedict XII legislated against nepotism and forbade his family to live at Avignon. Karsten Plöger: England and the Avignon popes: the practice of diplomacy in late medieval Europe, MHRA, 2005, p. 27, also say that Benedict XII opposed nepotism and did not promote any of his relatives to the cardinalate.
- ^ Miranda, S. "Consistory of 20 September 1342". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c Williams, 2004, p. 42.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 May 1344". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Biraben, Jean-Noël. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Plague." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 1222.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 December 1350". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 7 June 1370". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 30 May 1371". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 December 1375". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 September 1378". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 22
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 21 December 1381". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 December 1384". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 51
- ^ Michael Hanst (1992). "Johannes XXIII. (Baldassare Cossa), Gegenpapst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 3. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 233–237. ISBN 3-88309-035-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Miranda, S. 1998. "15th Century (1404–1503)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d Williams, 2004, p. 47.
- ^ Williams, 2004, p. 71.
- ^ a b Thomson, 1980, pp. 62–64.
- ^ a b c Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84154-2. p. 102.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 September 1493 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 March 1500 (VIII)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998 "Consistory of 28 September 1500 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 May 1503 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Miranda, S. 1998. "16th Century (1503–1605)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1 July 1517 (V)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 May 1527 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 10 January 1529 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 December 1544". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Trollope, 1876, p. 51.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 November 1551 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Williams, 2004, p. 83.
- ^ Williams, 2004, p. 86.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 January 1560". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 26 February 1561 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 March 1565". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Lemaitre, Nicole. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Pius V." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 1178.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 May 1570 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 142.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 December 1583 (VII)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 92.
- ^ Tizon-Germe, Anne-Cécile. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Gregory XIV." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 666.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 March 1591 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Levillain, 1981, p. 1129.
- ^ Trollope, 1876, p. 52.
- ^ Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 81.
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 March 1599". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Miranda, S. 1998. "17th Century (1605–1700)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 24 November 1608". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 December 1615". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 December 1641 (VII)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 7 October 1647 (IV)". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 September 1650". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Levillain, 2002, p. 467.
- ^ Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 153.
- ^ Williams, 2004, p. 119.
- ^ Levillain, 2002, p. 468.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 22 February 1672 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 September 1686". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Standen, Edith A. 1981. "Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's 'Gerusalemme Liberata'." Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1711 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 May 1715". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 June 1721 (I)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b Miranda, S. 1998. "18th Century (1700–1799)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 24 September 1731". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of September 11, 1758 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Levillain, 1981, p. 1179.
- ^ Kazimierz Dopierała, Księga papieży, Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, pp. 373–374; Damian Hungs: Papst Pius VII Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Levillain, 1981, p. 1184.
- ^ Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 May 1879". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
References
[edit]- (in German) Brixius, Johannes M. 1912. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181. Berlin.
- (in Latin) Eubel, Konrad 1913. Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-IX. Münster.
- (in German) Ganzer, Klaus 1963. Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater. Tübingen.
- (in German) Hüls, Rudolf 1977. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130. Tübingen.
- (in German) Kartusch, Elfriede 1984. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Vienna.
- (in German) Klewitz, Hans-Walter. 1957. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg. Darmstadt.
- (in German) Maleczek, Werner 1984. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Vienna.
- (in Italian) Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. 1972. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, 2 vols. Padova.
- Robinson, I.S. 1990. The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press.
- Thomson, John A. F. 1980. Popes and Princes, 1417–1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-901027-1.
- Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.
- Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.
- (in German) Zenker, Barbara. 1964. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159. Würzburg.