![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/NobelPrize1.jpg/220px-NobelPrize1.jpg)
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in intermediary metabolism.[3] In 1939 Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.[6] As of 2021, the prize has been awarded to 224 individuals, twelve of them were women (Gerty Cori being the first to be awarded in 1947).[7]
There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Robert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded to Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923,[9] the 1926 prize awarded to Johannes Fibiger in 1927,[10] the 1938 prize awarded to Corneille Heymans in 1939,[11] and the 1943 prize awarded to Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.[12]
Laureates
[edit]Year | Image | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | ![]() |
Emil von Behring (1854–1917) | ![]() |
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" | [13] |
1902 | ![]() |
Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) | ![]() |
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" | [14] |
1903 | ![]() |
Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904) | ![]() |
"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" | [15] |
1904 | ![]() |
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) | ![]() |
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" | [16] |
1905 | ![]() |
Robert Koch (1843–1910) | ![]() |
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" | [17] |
1906 | ![]() |
Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) | ![]() |
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" | [18] |
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) | ![]() | |||
1907 | ![]() |
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922) | ![]() |
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" | [19] |
1908 | ![]() |
Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) | ![]() |
"in recognition of their work on immunity" | [20] |
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Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) | ![]() | |||
1909 | ![]() |
Emil Theodor Kocher (1841–1917) | ![]() |
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" | [21] |
1910 | ![]() |
Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927) | ![]() |
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" | [22] |
1911 | ![]() |
Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930) | ![]() |
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" | [23] |
1912 | ![]() |
Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) | ![]() |
"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" | [24] |
1913 | ![]() |
Charles Richet (1850–1935) | ![]() |
"[for] his work on anaphylaxis" | [25] |
1914 | ![]() |
Robert Bárány (1876–1936) | ![]() |
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" | [8] |
1915 | Not awarded | ||||
1916 | |||||
1917 | |||||
1918 | |||||
1919 | ![]() |
Jules Bordet (1870–1961) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries relating to immunity" | [26] |
1920 | ![]() |
August Krogh (1874–1949) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" | [27] |
1921 | Not awarded | ||||
1922 | ![]() |
Archibald Hill (1886–1977) | ![]() |
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" | [9] |
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Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1884–1951) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" | [9] | |
1923 | ![]() |
Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of insulin" | [28] |
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John Macleod (1876–1935) | ![]() | |||
1924 | ![]() |
Willem Einthoven (1860–1927) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" | [29] |
1925 | Not awarded | ||||
1926 | ![]() |
Johannes Fibiger (1867–1928) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" | [10] |
1927 | ![]() |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" | [30] |
1928 | ![]() |
Charles Nicolle (1866–1936) | ![]() |
"for his work on typhus" | [31] |
1929 | ![]() |
Christiaan Eijkman (1868–1930) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" | [32] |
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Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" | [32] | |
1930 | ![]() |
Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of human blood groups" | [33] |
1931 | ![]() |
Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" | [34] |
1932 | ![]() |
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" | [35] |
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Edgar Adrian (1889–1977) | ||||
1933 | ![]() |
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" | [36] |
1934 | ![]() |
George Whipple (1878–1976) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" | [37] |
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George Minot (1885–1950) | ||||
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William P. Murphy (1892–1987) | ||||
1936 | ![]() |
Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" | [38] |
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Otto Loewi (1873–1961) | ![]() | |||
1937 | ![]() |
Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" | [39] |
1938 | ![]() |
Corneille Heymans (1892–1968) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" | [11] |
1939 | ![]() |
Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" | [40] |
1940 | Not awarded | ||||
1941 | |||||
1942 | |||||
1943 | ![]() |
Henrik Dam (1895–1976) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of vitamin K" | [12] |
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Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" | [12] | |
1944 | ![]() |
Joseph Erlanger (1874–1965) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" | [41] |
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Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888–1963) | ||||
1945 | ![]() |
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" | [42] |
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Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906–1979) | ||||
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Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968) | ![]() | |||
1946 | ![]() |
Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" | [43] |
1947 | ![]() |
Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" | [44] |
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Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896–1957) | ||||
Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" | [44] | ||
1948 | ![]() |
Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" | [45] |
1949 | ![]() |
Walter Rudolf Hess (1881–1973) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" | [46] |
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António Caetano Egas Moniz (1874–1955) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses" | [46] | |
1950 | ![]() |
Philip Showalter Hench (1896–1965) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" | [47] |
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Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972) | ||||
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Tadeusz Reichstein (1897–1996) | ![]() | |||
1951 | ![]() |
Max Theiler (1899–1972) | ![]() ![]() |
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" | [48] |
1952 | ![]() |
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" | [49] |
1953 | ![]() |
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" | [50] |
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Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" | [50] | |
1954 | ![]() |
John Franklin Enders (1897–1985) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" | [51] |
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Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916–2003) | ||||
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Thomas Huckle Weller (1915–2008) | ||||
1955 | ![]() |
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903–1982) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" | [52] |
1956 | ![]() |
André Frédéric Cournand (1895–1988) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" | [53] |
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Werner Forssmann (1904–1979) | ![]() | |||
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Dickinson W. Richards (1895–1973) | ![]() | |||
1957 | ![]() |
Daniel Bovet (1907–1992) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" | [54] |
1958 | ![]() |
George Wells Beadle (1903–1989) | ![]() |
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" | [55] |
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Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909–1975) | ||||
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Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008) | "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" | [55] | ||
1959 | ![]() |
Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" | [56] |
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Severo Ochoa (1905–1993) | ![]() | |||
1960 | ![]() |
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985) | ![]() |
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" | [57] |
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Sir Peter Brian Medawar (1915–1987) | ![]() | |||
1961 | ![]() |
Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" | [58] |
1962 | ![]() |
Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916–2004) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" | [59] |
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James Dewey Watson (b. 1928) | ![]() | |||
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Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916–2004) | ![]() ![]() | |||
1963 | ![]() |
Sir John Carew Eccles (1903–1997) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" | [60] |
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Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914–1998) | ![]() | |||
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Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917–2012) | ||||
1964 | Konrad Bloch (1912–2000) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" | [61] | |
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Feodor Lynen (1911–1979) | ![]() | |||
1965 | ![]() |
François Jacob (1920–2013) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" | [62] |
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André Lwoff (1902–1994) | ||||
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Jacques Monod (1910–1976) | ||||
1966 | ![]() |
Peyton Rous (1879–1970) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" | [63] |
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Charles Brenton Huggins (1901–1997) | "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" | [63] | ||
1967 | ![]() |
Ragnar Granit (1900–1991) | ![]() ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" | [64] |
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Haldan Keffer Hartline (1903–1983) | ![]() | |||
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George Wald (1906–1997) | ||||
1968 | ![]() |
Robert W. Holley (1922–1993) | ![]() |
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" | [65] |
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Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011) | ||||
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Marshall W. Nirenberg (1927–2010) | ||||
1969 | ![]() |
Max Delbrück (1906–1981) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" | [66] |
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Alfred D. Hershey (1908–1997) | ||||
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Salvador E. Luria (1912–1991) | ||||
1970 | ![]() |
Julius Axelrod (1912–2004) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" | [67] |
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Ulf von Euler (1905–1983) | ![]() | |||
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Sir Bernard Katz (1911–2003) | ![]() | |||
1971 | ![]() |
Earl W. Sutherland Jr. (1915–1974) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" | [68] |
1972 | ![]() |
Gerald M. Edelman (1929–2014) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" | [69] |
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Rodney R. Porter (1917–1985) | ![]() | |||
1973 | ![]() |
Karl von Frisch (1886–1982) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" | [70] |
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989) | ![]() | ||||
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Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988) | ![]() | |||
1974 | ![]() |
Albert Claude (1899–1983) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" | [71] |
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Christian de Duve (1917–2013) | ![]() | |||
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George E. Palade (1912–2008) | ![]() | |||
1975 | ![]() |
David Baltimore (b. 1938) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" | [72] |
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Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012) | ![]() ![]() | |||
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Howard Martin Temin (1934–1994) | ![]() | |||
1976 | ![]() |
Baruch S. Blumberg (1925–2011) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" | [73] |
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D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008) | ||||
1977 | ![]() |
Roger Guillemin (1924–2024) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" | [74] |
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Andrew V. Schally (b. 1926) | ||||
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Rosalyn Yalow (1921–2011) | "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" | [74] | ||
1978 | ![]() |
Werner Arber (b. 1929) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" | [75] |
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Daniel Nathans (1928–1999) | ![]() | |||
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Hamilton O. Smith (b. 1931) | ||||
1979 | ![]() |
Allan M. Cormack (1924–1998) | ![]() |
"for the development of computer assisted tomography" | [76] |
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Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919–2004) | ![]() | |||
1980 | ![]() |
Baruj Benacerraf (1920–2011) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" | [77] |
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Jean Dausset (1916–2009) | ![]() | |||
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George D. Snell (1903–1996) | ![]() | |||
1981 | ![]() |
Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" | [78] |
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David H. Hubel (1926–2013) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" | [78] | |
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Torsten N. Wiesel (b. 1924) | ![]() ![]() | |||
1982 | ![]() |
Sune K. Bergström (1916–2004) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" | [79] |
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Bengt I. Samuelsson (1934–2024) | ||||
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Sir John R. Vane (1927–2004) | ![]() | |||
1983 | ![]() |
Barbara McClintock (1902–1992) | ![]() |
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" | [80] |
1984 | ![]() |
Niels K. Jerne (1911–1994) | ![]() ![]() |
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" | [81] |
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Georges J. F. Köhler (1946–1995) | ![]() ![]() | |||
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César Milstein (1927–2002) | ![]() ![]() | |||
1985 | ![]() |
Michael S. Brown (b. 1941) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" | [82] |
Joseph L. Goldstein (b. 1940) | |||||
1986 | ![]() |
Stanley Cohen (1922–2020) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of growth factors" | [83] |
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Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) | ![]() | |||
1987 | ![]() |
Susumu Tonegawa (b. 1939) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" | [84] |
1988 | ![]() |
Sir James W. Black (1924–2010) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" | [85] |
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Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999) | ![]() | |||
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George H. Hitchings (1905–1998) | ||||
1989 | ![]() |
J. Michael Bishop (b. 1936) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" | [86] |
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Harold E. Varmus (b. 1939) | ||||
1990 | ![]() |
Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" | [87] |
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E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012) | ||||
1991 | ![]() |
Erwin Neher (b. 1944) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" | [88] |
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Bert Sakmann (b. 1942) | ||||
1992 | ![]() |
Edmond H. Fischer (1920–2021) | ![]() ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" | [89] |
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Edwin G. Krebs (1918–2009) | ![]() | |||
1993 | ![]() |
Sir Richard J. Roberts (b. 1943) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of split genes" | [90] |
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Phillip A. Sharp (b. 1944) | ![]() | |||
1994 | ![]() |
Alfred G. Gilman (1941–2015) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" | [91] |
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Martin Rodbell (1925–1998) | ||||
1995 | ![]() |
Edward B. Lewis (1918–2004) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" | [92] |
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Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (b. 1942) | ![]() | |||
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Eric F. Wieschaus (b. 1947) | ![]() | |||
1996 | ![]() |
Peter C. Doherty (b. 1940) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" | [93] |
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Rolf M. Zinkernagel (b. 1944) | ![]() | |||
1997 | Stanley B. Prusiner (b. 1942) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" | [94] | |
1998 | ![]() |
Robert F. Furchgott (1916–2009) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" | [95] |
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Louis J. Ignarro (b. 1941) | ||||
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Ferid Murad (1936–2023) | ||||
1999 | Günter Blobel (1936–2018) | ![]() |
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" | [96] | |
2000 | ![]() |
Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" | [97] |
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Paul Greengard (1925–2019) | ![]() | |||
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Eric R. Kandel (b. 1929) | ||||
2001 | ![]() |
Leland H. Hartwell (b. 1939) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" | [98] |
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Sir Tim Hunt (b. 1943) | ![]() | |||
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Sir Paul M. Nurse (b. 1949) | ||||
2002 | ![]() |
Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" | [99] |
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H. Robert Horvitz (b. 1947) | ![]() | |||
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Sir John E. Sulston (1942–2018) | ![]() | |||
2003 | ![]() |
Paul Lauterbur (1929–2007) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" | [100] |
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Sir Peter Mansfield (1933–2017) | ![]() | |||
2004 | ![]() |
Richard Axel (b. 1946) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" | [101] |
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Linda B. Buck (b. 1947) | ||||
2005 | ![]() |
Barry J. Marshall (b. 1951) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" | [102] |
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J. Robin Warren (1937–2024) | ||||
2006 | ![]() |
Andrew Z. Fire (b. 1959) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" | [103] |
Craig C. Mello (b. 1960) | |||||
2007 | Mario R. Capecchi (b. 1937) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." | [104] | |
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Sir Martin J. Evans (b. 1941) | ![]() | |||
Oliver Smithies (1925–2017) | ![]() | ||||
2008 | ![]() |
Harald zur Hausen (1936–2023) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" | [105] |
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Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (b. 1947) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" | [105] | |
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Luc Montagnier (1932–2022) | ||||
2009 | Elizabeth H. Blackburn (b. 1948) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" | [106] | |
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Carol W. Greider (b. 1961) | ||||
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Jack W. Szostak (b. 1952) | ||||
2010 | ![]() |
Sir Robert G. Edwards (1925–2013) | ![]() |
"for the development of in vitro fertilization" | [107] |
2011 | ![]() |
Bruce A. Beutler (b. 1957) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" | [108] |
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Jules A. Hoffmann (b. 1941) | ![]() | |||
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Ralph M. Steinman (1943–2011) | ![]() |
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[109][110] | [108] | |
2012 | Sir John B. Gurdon (b. 1933) | ![]() |
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" | [111] | |
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Shinya Yamanaka (b. 1962) | ![]() | |||
2013 | ![]() |
James E. Rothman (b. 1950) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" | [112] |
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Randy W. Schekman (b. 1948) | ||||
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Thomas C. Südhof (b. 1955) | ![]() | |||
2014 | ![]() |
John O'Keefe (b. 1939) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" | [113] |
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May-Britt Moser (b. 1963) | ![]() | |||
![]() |
Edvard I. Moser (b. 1962) | ||||
2015 | ![]() |
William C. Campbell (b. 1930) | ![]() ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" | [114] |
![]() |
Satoshi Ōmura (b. 1935) | ![]() | |||
![]() |
Tu Youyou (b. 1930) | ![]() |
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" | [114] | |
2016 | ![]() |
Yoshinori Ohsumi (b. 1945) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" | [115] |
2017 | ![]() |
Jeffrey C. Hall (b. 1945) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" | [116] |
![]() |
Michael Rosbash (b. 1944) | ||||
![]() |
Michael W. Young (b. 1949) | ||||
2018 | James P. Allison (b. 1948) | ![]() |
"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" | [117] | |
![]() |
Tasuku Honjo (b. 1942) | ![]() | |||
2019 | ![]() |
William Kaelin Jr. (b. 1957) | ![]() |
"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" | [118] |
![]() |
Peter J. Ratcliffe (b. 1954) | ![]() | |||
![]() |
Gregg L. Semenza (b. 1956) | ![]() | |||
2020 | ![]() |
Harvey J. Alter (b. 1935) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus" | [119] |
![]() |
Michael Houghton (b. 1949) | ![]() | |||
![]() |
Charles M. Rice (b. 1952) | ![]() | |||
2021 | ![]() |
David Julius (b. 1955) | ![]() |
"for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" | [120] |
![]() |
Ardem Patapoutian (b. 1967) | ![]() ![]() | |||
2022 | ![]() |
Svante Pääbo (b. 1955) | ![]() |
"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution" | [121] |
2023 | ![]() |
Katalin Karikó (b. 1955) | ![]() ![]() |
"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" | [122] |
![]() |
Drew Weissman (b. 1959) | ![]() |
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship, and instead reflect their academic or scientific affiliation at the time of receiving the award.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
Citations
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- ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". The Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ Sample, Ian (3 October 2011). "Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
The Nobel foundation concluded that the award should stand, saying: "The Nobel prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel laureate was alive."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ "The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023". 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
Sources
[edit]- "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- "Nobel Prize winners by category (physiology or medicine)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
External links
[edit]- Official website of the Nobel Foundation Archived 5 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine