Congenital hypoplastic anemia | |
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Other names | Constitutional aplastic anemia |
Specialty | Hematology |
Congenital hypoplastic anemia is a congenital disorder that occasionally also includes leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and is characterized by deficiencies of red cell precursors.[1]
Types of congenital hypoplastic anemia include Diamond–Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia,[1] Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, Majeed syndrome, Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III, and Cartilage–hair hypoplasia.[2]
Types
[edit]- Diamond–Blackfan anemia is a is an uncommon congenital hypoplastic anemia that often manifests in the first few months of life.[3] Josephs initially noted Diamond-Blackfan anemia in 1936,[4] and Diamond and Blackfan provided a more thorough description of the condition in 1938.[5] The 1976 publication of the Diamond-Blackfan anemia diagnostic criteria states that the condition must manifest before the patient turns one year old and must include near-normal or slightly decreased neutrophil counts, reticulocytopenia, variable platelet counts, macrocytosis, and normal marrow cellularity with a deficiency of red cell precursors.[6] Diamond-Blackfan anemia in infants manifests as anemia-related symptoms such as pallor, failure to thrive, and difficulty sucking when nursing or using a bottle.[7] Fifty percent of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients are reported to have congenital malformations in addition to anemia.[8] The incidence of Diamond-Blackfan anemia is 7 cases per million live births.[9] About 40–45% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia cases are familial and have autosomal dominant inheritance; the remaining cases are either sporadic or familial and appear to have distinct inheritance patterns.[10] RPS19 currently has the most prevalent mutation. There are 113 distinct RPS19 mutations linked to Diamond-Blackfan anemia.[11] Red cell transfusions and corticosteroids are the cornerstones of Diamond-Blackfan anemia treatment since 1951.[12]
- Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically and phenotypically diverse recessive disorder that is characterized by a variety of congenital malformations, pancytopenia that progresses over time, and a susceptibility to solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies. Each patient has a unique set of congenital anomalies that can impact any major organ system or skeletal morphogenesis.[13] Although FA can occur in patients without congenital defects and be diagnosed in adulthood, classic clinical features like growth retardation, small head size, café-au-lait spots, radial ray defects, and renal structural abnormalities can be powerful diagnostic clues. Although macrocytosis and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) increases are frequently observed, their absence does not rule out illness. The MMC or DEB chromosomal breakage test is the accepted method for diagnosing FA.[14] There are currently fifteen known FANC genes, with FANCA, FANCC, FANCG, and FANCD2 being the most common.[15] For certain FA patients, androgen therapy works well in treating bone marrow failure. Hematopoietic abnormalities in FA patients have been successfully treated with synthetic androgens like danazol and oxymetholon. When bone marrow fails in FA, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is still the first line of treatment of choice.[16]
- Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a leukemia predisposition and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency-related autosomal recessive marrow failure syndrome.[17] Roughly 90% of patients who fit the clinical criteria for SDS diagnosis have SBDS gene mutations. SBDS corresponds to chromosome 7's 7q11 centromeric region.[18] Steatorrhea and failure to thrive are the typical early presentations of SDS patients. Reduced levels of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) may occur.[17] Young patients with SDS frequently have hepatomegaly with elevated liver transaminases, usually two to three times higher than the normal range.[19] In 88% to 100% of patients with SDS, neutropenia—generally defined as a neutrophil count of less than 1,500 109/L—is the most prevalent sign of bone marrow failure. About two thirds of patients have intermittent neutropenia, while the remaining third have chronic neutropenia. Neutrophil counts can be anywhere from normal to very low.[17] In vitro, there is a reduction in neutrophil numbers as well as neutrophil chemotaxis.[20] There might be more cytopenias present as well. 42% to 66% of patients have been reported to have anemia. Usually, the reticulocyte count is not raised. RBCs can be either macrocytic or normocytic. A common characteristic of many inherited marrow failure syndromes is elevated hemoglobin F levels, which are frequently present. Typically defined as less than 150 109/L, thrombocytopenia affects 24% to 60% of patients.[17] Endocrine abnormalities in SDS include hypothyroidism,[21] hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,[22] growth hormone deficiency,[23] and insulin-dependent diabetes.[24] Cardiomyopathies have also been reported in some cases.[25] The main characteristics of SDS are pancreatic exocrine and bone marrow dysfunction, which are the basis for the majority of clinical phenotype-based diagnoses.[26] Currently, the sole treatment for the hematological complications in SDS is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[27]
- Majeed syndrome is a multi-system inflammatory disease that manifests as congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, chronic multifocal osteomyelitis, and neutrophilic dermatosis.[28] The phosphatidic acid phosphatase gene, LPIN2, is mutated in the disease, which is an autosomal recessive disorder.[29]
- Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III (CDAII) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hemolysis, erythroblast morphological abnormalities, hypoglycosylation of certain RBC membrane proteins, and ineffective erythropoiesis.[30]
- Cartilage–hair hypoplasia is a metaphyseal chondrodysplasia that is autosomally recessive and characterized by short stature, hypoplastic hair, impaired immunity, and aberrant erythrogenesis.[31]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital". NCBI. October 31, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
- ^ "Monarch Initiative". Monarch Initiative. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
- ^ Willig, Thiébaut-Noël; Gazda, Hanna; Sieff, Colin A (March 2000). "Diamond-Blackfan anemia". Current Opinion in Hematology. 7 (2): 85–94. doi:10.1097/00062752-200003000-00003. PMID 10698294. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ JOSEPHS, HUGH W. (1936). "Anaemia of Infancy and Early Childhood". Medicine. 15 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 307–451. doi:10.1097/00005792-193615030-00001. ISSN 0025-7974.
- ^ Diamond, LK; Blackfan, KD (1938). "Hypoplastic Anemia". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 56: 464–467.
- ^ Diamond, LK; Wang, WC; Alter, BP (1976). "Congenital hypoplastic anemia". Advances in Pediatrics. 22: 349–378. doi:10.1016/S0065-3101(22)00757-5. PMID 773132. S2CID 23407603.
- ^ Da Costa, Lydie; Leblanc, Thierry; Mohandas, Narla (September 10, 2020). "Diamond-Blackfan anemia". Blood. 136 (11). American Society of Hematology: 1262–1273. doi:10.1182/blood.2019000947. ISSN 0006-4971. PMC 7483438. PMID 32702755.
- ^ Willig, Thiébaut-Noël; Niemeyer, Charlotte M; Leblanc, Thierry; Tiemann, Christian; Robert, Alain; Budde, Jörg; Lambiliotte, Anne; Kohne, Elisabeth; Souillet, Gérard; Eber, Stephan; Stephan, Jean-Louis; Girot, Robert; Bordigoni, Pierre; Cornu, Guy; Blanche, Stéphane; Guillard, Jean Marie; Mohandas, Narla (1999). "Identification of New Prognosis Factors from the Clinical and Epidemiologic Analysis of a Registry of 229 Diamond-Blackfan Anemia Patients". Pediatric Research. 46 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 553–561. doi:10.1203/00006450-199911000-00011. ISSN 0031-3998. PMID 10541318.
- ^ Vlachos, Adrianna; Ball, Sarah; Dahl, Niklas; Alter, Blanche P.; Sheth, Sujit; Ramenghi, Ugo; Meerpohl, Joerg; Karlsson, Stefan; Liu, Johnson M.; Leblanc, Thierry; Paley, Carole; Kang, Elizabeth M.; Leder, Eva Judmann; Atsidaftos, Eva; Shimamura, Akiko; Bessler, Monica; Glader, Bertil; Lipton, Jeffrey M. (August 21, 2008). "Diagnosing and treating Diamond Blackfan anaemia: results of an international clinical consensus conference". British Journal of Haematology. 142 (6). Wiley: 859–876. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07269.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMC 2654478. PMID 18671700.
- ^ Orfali, Karen A.; Ohene‐Abuakwa, Yaw; Ball, Sarah E. (March 23, 2004). "Diamond Blackfan anaemia in the UK: clinical and genetic heterogeneity". British Journal of Haematology. 125 (2). Wiley: 243–252. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04890.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMID 15059149.
- ^ Lipton, Jeffrey M. (February 1, 2007). "Diamond-Blackfan anemia: "novel" mechanisms—ribosomes and the erythron". Blood. 109 (3): 850–851. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-11-056796. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Lipton, Jeffrey M.; Ellis, Steven R. (2009). "Diamond-Blackfan Anemia: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Molecular Pathogenesis". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 23 (2). Elsevier BV: 261–282. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.01.004. ISSN 0889-8588. PMC 2886591. PMID 19327583.
- ^ Auerbach, Arleen D. (2009). "Fanconi anemia and its diagnosis". Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 668 (1–2). Elsevier BV: 4–10. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.01.013. ISSN 0027-5107. PMC 2742943. PMID 19622403.
- ^ Bagby, Grover C.; Alter, Blanche P. (2006). "Fanconi Anemia". Seminars in Hematology. 43 (3). Elsevier BV: 147–156. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.04.005. ISSN 0037-1963. PMID 16822457.
- ^ Soulier, Jean (December 10, 2011). "Fanconi Anemia". Hematology. 2011 (1). American Society of Hematology: 492–497. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.492. ISSN 1520-4391. PMID 22160080.
- ^ Kee, Younghoon; D’Andrea, Alan D. (November 1, 2012). "Molecular pathogenesis and clinical management of Fanconi anemia". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122 (11). American Society for Clinical Investigation: 3799–3806. doi:10.1172/jci58321. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 3484428. PMID 23114602.
- ^ a b c d Shimamura, Akiko (2006). "Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome". Seminars in Hematology. 43 (3). Elsevier BV: 178–188. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.04.006. ISSN 0037-1963. PMID 16822460.
- ^ Goobie, Sharan; Popovic, Maja; Morrison, Jodi; Ellis, Lynda; Ginzberg, Hedy; Boocock, Graeme R.B.; Ehtesham, Nadia; Bétard, Christine; Brewer, Carl G.; Roslin, Nicole M.; Hudson, Thomas J.; Morgan, Kenneth; Fujiwara, T. Mary; Durie, Peter R.; Rommens, Johanna M. (2001). "Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome with Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction and Bone Marrow Failure Maps to the Centromeric Region of Chromosome 7". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (4). Elsevier BV: 1048–1054. doi:10.1086/319505. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1275624. PMID 11254457.
- ^ Mack, DR; Forstner, GG; Wilschanski, M; Freedman, MH; Durie, PR (1996). "Shwachman syndrome: Exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and variable phenotypic expression". Gastroenterology. 111 (6). Elsevier BV: 1593–1602. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(96)70022-7. ISSN 0016-5085. PMID 8942739.
- ^ Aggett, P.J.; Harries, J.T.; Harvey, Betty A.M.; Soothill, J.F. (1979). "An inherited defect of neutrophil mobility in Shwachman syndrome". The Journal of Pediatrics. 94 (3). Elsevier BV: 391–394. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80578-8. ISSN 0022-3476. PMID 423020.
- ^ Bogusz-Wójcik, Agnieszka; Kołodziejczyk, Honorata; Moszczyńska, Elżbieta; Klaudel-Dreszler, Maja; Oracz, Grzegorz; Pawłowska, Joanna; Szalecki, Mieczysław (June 30, 2021). "Endocrine dysfunction in children with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome". Endokrynologia Polska. 72 (3). VM Media SP. zo.o VM Group SK: 211–216. doi:10.5603/ep.a2021.0014. ISSN 2299-8306. PMID 33619711.
- ^ Raj, Ashok B.; Bertolone, Salvatore J.; Barch, Margaret J; Hersh, Joseph H. (2003). "Chromosome 20q Deletion and Progression to Monosomy 7 in a Patient With Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Without MDS/AML". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 25 (6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 508–509. doi:10.1097/00043426-200306000-00018. ISSN 1077-4114. PMID 12794535.
- ^ KORNFELD, S; KRATZ, J; DIAMOND, F; DAY, N; GOOD, R (1995). "Shwachman-Diamond syndrome associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and growth hormone deficiency". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 96 (2). Elsevier BV: 247–250. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70014-5. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 7636061.
- ^ Aggett, P J; Cavanagh, N P; Matthew, D J; Pincott, J R; Sutcliffe, J; Harries, J T (May 1, 1980). "Shwachman's syndrome. A review of 21 cases". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 55 (5). BMJ: 331–347. doi:10.1136/adc.55.5.331. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 1626878.
- ^ SAVILAHTI, ERKKI; RAPOLA, JUHANI (1984). "Frequent Myocardial Lesions in Shwachman's Syndrome". Acta Paediatrica. 73 (5). Wiley: 642–651. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09989.x. ISSN 0803-5253. PMID 6485783. S2CID 22982801.
- ^ Burroughs, Lauri; Woolfrey, Ann; Shimamura, Akiko (2009). "Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: A Review of the Clinical Presentation, Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 23 (2). Elsevier BV: 233–248. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.01.007. ISSN 0889-8588. PMC 2754297. PMID 19327581.
- ^ Dror, Yigal (2005). "Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 45 (7): 892–901. doi:10.1002/pbc.20478. ISSN 1545-5009. S2CID 30113216.
- ^ Ferguson, Polly J.; El-Shanti, Hatem (February 28, 2021). "Majeed Syndrome: A Review of the Clinical, Genetic and Immunologic Features". Biomolecules. 11 (3). MDPI AG: 367. doi:10.3390/biom11030367. ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 7997317. PMID 33670882.
- ^ Al‐Mosawi, Zakiya S.; Al‐Saad, Khulood K.; Ijadi‐Maghsoodi, Roya; El‐Shanti, Hatem I.; Ferguson, Polly J. (February 28, 2007). "A splice site mutation confirms the role of LPIN2 in Majeed syndrome". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 56 (3). Wiley: 960–964. doi:10.1002/art.22431. ISSN 0004-3591. PMID 17330256.
- ^ Bianchi, Paola; Fermo, Elisa; Vercellati, Cristina; Boschetti, Carla; Barcellini, Wilma; Iurlo, Alessandra; Marcello, Anna Paola; Righetti, Pier Giorgio; Zanella, Alberto (2009). "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII) is caused by mutations in the SEC23B gene". Human Mutation. 30 (9): 1292–1298. doi:10.1002/humu.21077. PMID 19621418. S2CID 11804195.
- ^ Mäkitie, O.; Kaitila, I. (1993). "Cartilage-hair hypoplasia — clinical manifestations in 108 Finnish patients". European Journal of Pediatrics. 152 (3): 211–217. doi:10.1007/BF01956147. ISSN 0340-6199. S2CID 10611620.
Further reading
[edit]- Chavan, Pallavi Pimpale; Aksentijevich, Ivona; Daftary, Aditya; Panwala, Hiren; Khemani, Chetna; Khan, Archana; Khubchandani, Raju (May 15, 2021). "Majeed Syndrome: Five Cases With Novel Mutations From Unrelated Families in India With a Review of Literature". The Journal of Rheumatology. 48 (12): 1850–1855. doi:10.3899/jrheum.201663. ISSN 0315-162X. PMID 33993107. S2CID 234745719.
- Sandstrom, H; Wahlin, A (January 1, 2000). "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III". Haematologica. 85 (7): 753–757. ISSN 1592-8721. PMID 10897128. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
- Makitie, O; Sulisalo, T; de la Chapelle, A; Kaitila, I (January 1, 1995). "Cartilage-hair hypoplasia". Journal of Medical Genetics. 32 (1). BMJ: 39–43. doi:10.1136/jmg.32.1.39. ISSN 1468-6244. PMC 1050177. PMID 7897625.
External links
[edit]- Diamond–Blackfan anemia - MedlinePlus, Cleveland Clinic, National Organization for Rare Disorders, WebMD, and Orphanet.
- Fanconi anemia - MedlinePlus, Cleveland Clinic, National Organization for Rare Disorders, WebMD, and Orphanet.
- Shwachman–Diamond syndrome - MedlinePlus, Cleveland Clinic, National Organization for Rare Disorders, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Orphanet.
- Majeed syndrome - MedlinePlus, OMIM, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center, Orphanet, and DermNet.
- Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III - OMIM 1, OMIM 2, Orphanet, and Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center.
- Cartilage–hair hypoplasia - MedlinePlus, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center, Orphanet, Johns Hopkins Medicine, and Nemours Children's Health.