Carian | |
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Script type | Alphabet
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Time period | 7th to 1st centuries BCE |
Direction | Left-to-right, right-to-left script ![]() |
Languages | Carian language |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Lycian, Lydian, Phrygian |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Cari (201), Carian |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Carian |
U+102A0–U+102DF | |
The Carian alphabets are a number of regional scripts used to write the Carian language of western Anatolia. They consisted of some 30 alphabetic letters, with several geographic variants in Caria and a homogeneous variant attested from the Nile delta, where Carian mercenaries fought for the Egyptian pharaohs. They were written left-to-right in Caria (apart from the CarianโLydian city of Tralleis) and right-to-left in Egypt.
Carian was deciphered primarily through EgyptianโCarian bilingual tomb inscriptions, starting with John Ray in 1981; previously only a few sound values and the alphabetic nature of the script had been demonstrated. The readings of Ray and subsequent scholars were largely confirmed with a CarianโGreek bilingual inscription discovered in Kaunos in 1996, which for the first time verified personal names, but the identification of many letters remains provisional and debated, and a few are wholly unknown.
The Carian alphabet resembles the Greek alphabet, but the exact Greek variant from which it could have originated, has not yet been identified. The main reason for this is that some of the Greek letters have different sound values in Carian.[5] Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain this. The first is that the Greek letters were randomly attributed to phonetic values; though some letters retained their Greek value. The second proposed by Adiego (2007), is "that the Carian alphabet underwent a strong process of cursivisation, dramatically changing the form of many letters. At a certain point this graphic system underwent a change to 'capital' letters, for which the Greek capital letters were used as models - but now only from a formal point of view, disregarding their phonetic values (...).".[4]
Scripts
[edit]There is a range of graphic variation between cities in Caria, some of which extreme enough to have separate Unicode characters.[a] The Kaunos alphabet is thought to be complete. There may be other letters in Egyptian cities outside Memphis, but they need to be confirmed. There is considerable geographical variation in all letters, especially the representation of the lateral phonemes l and ฮป.[6] The letters with identified values in the various cities are as follows:[7]
Hyllarima | Euromos | Mylasa | Stratonicea | Kildara | Sinuri | Kaunos | Iasos | Memphis | transl.[8] | IPA[9] | possible Greek origin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ [b] | ๐ [b] | ๐ | ๐ ๐ | ๐ | a | /a/ | ฮ |
๐ก | ยซ ? | ๐[c] | ๐ ๐ | ๐?[d] | ๐[d] | ฮฒ | /แตb/ | Not a Greek value; perhaps a ligature of Carian ๐ฌ๐ฌ. ๐ก directly from Greek ฮ. | |||
๐ข (<) | ๐ข (ฯน) | ๐ข (<) | ๐ข (ฯน) | ๐ข (ฯน) | ๐ข (ฯน) | ๐ข (ฯน) | ๐ข (< ฯน) | d | /รฐ/? | ฮ D | |
๐ | ๐ | <> | ๐ฃ | ๐ | ๐ฃ | ๐ฃ | ๐ฃ | ๐ฃ | l | /l~ษพ/? | ฮ |
๐ค | ๐ค | ๐ | ๐ค | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ค | ๐ค ๐? | ๐ค ฮ | y | /y/ | Perhaps a modified ฯ. |
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๐ฅ | ![]() |
๐ฅ | r | /r/ | ฮก |
๐ ๐ฃ | ๐ฃ | ๐ฃ | ๐ฆ | ๐ฆ | ๐ฆ | ๐ | ๐ฆ | ๐ฆ | ฮป | /lห~ld/? | Not a Greek value. ๐ from ฮ plus diacritic, others not Greek |
ส | ส | ส | ส | ส ๐จ? | ส ๐จ? | ๐จ | ๐จ ส | ๐จ | q | /kสท/ | ฯ |
ฮ | ฮ | ฮ | ฮ ๐ฌ | ๐ฉ ๐ฌ | ฮ | ฮ | ๐ฌ ฮ | b | /ฮฒ/? | ๐ [e] | |
๐ช | ๐ช | ๐ช | ๐ช | ๐ช ๐ | ๐ช ๐ | ๐ | ๐ช | ๐ช ๐ | m | /m/ | ๐[f] |
๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | ๐ซ | o | /o/ | ฮ |
๐ญ | ๐ญ | ๐ญ | ๐ญ | ๐ญ | ๐ญ | ๐ | ๐ญ | ๐ญ | t | /t/ | ฮค |
๐คญ | ๐คญ | ๐คญ | ๐คญ ๐ | ๐คญ ๐ | ๐ฏ | ๐คญ ๐คง ๐ | ๐ฎ ฯท | ลก | /ส/ | Not a Greek value. | |
๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | ๐ฐ | s | /s/ | ฯบ |
๐ฑ | ๐ฑ | ๐ฑ | ๐ฑ | ๐ฑ | ? | ? | |||||
๐ฒ | ๐ฒ | ๐ฒ | ๐ฒ | ๐ฒ V | ๐ฒ V | ๐ฒ | ๐ฒ V | V ๐ฒ | u | /u/ | ฮฅ /u/ |
๐ณ | ๐ณ | ๐ณ | ๐ณ | ๐ณ | รฑ | /nฬฉ/ | |||||
๐ด | ๐ด | ๐ | ๐ด | ๐ด | ๐ด | ๐ด ๐ | ๐ด ๐ | kฬ | /c/ | Not a Greek value. Maybe a modification of ฮ, ฮง, or ๐จ. | |
๐ต | ๐ต ๐ | ๐ต | ๐ต | ๐ต ๐ | ๐ต ๐ | ๐ต | ๐ต | ๐ ๐ต | n | /n/ | ๐[g] |
๐ท | ๐ท | ๐ท | ๐ท | ๐ท | ๐ท | ๐ท | ๐ท | p | /p/ | ฮ[h] | |
๐ธ | ๐ธ | ๐ธ | ๐ธ | ๐ธ | ๐ธ | ฮ | ๐ธ | ๐ธ ฮ | ล | /รง/? | Not a Greek value. Perhaps from อฒ sampi? |
๐ฃ | ๐น- | โฒ- | ๐ฎ- | ๐คง- | ๐คง- | ๐น | ๐น | ๐น | i | /i/ | ฮ, ฮฮ, or ๐[10] |
๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐บ | ๐บ | ๐บ | ๐บ | ๐บ | ๐บ | e | /e/ | ฮ, ๐ |
๐ฝ | ๐ผ ๐ฝ | ๐ผ | ๐ฝ | ๐ผ | ๐ผ | ๐ผ | ๐ผ | ๐ผ๐ฝ | k | /k/ | Perhaps ฮจ (locally /kสฐ/) rather than ฮ. |
๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ๐พ | ฮด | /โฟd/ | Not a Greek value. Perhaps a ligature of ฮฮ. |
๐?[i] | ๐ | ๐ | ฮณ | /แตkสท/? | Not a Greek value. | ||||||
๐ | ๐ | z | /tอกs/ or /st/ | Not a Greek value? | |||||||
๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ล | /แตk/ | |||||||
๐ป | รฝ | /ษฅ/ | Not a Greek value; perhaps a modification of Carian ๐บ? | ||||||||
๐ฟ ะจ | w | /w/ | ฯ /w/ | ||||||||
๐ ๐ | j | /j/ | Perhaps related to Phrygian /j/, ๐ฟ ~ ๐ | ||||||||
๐ | ? | ||||||||||
๐ | ๐ | ล, ฤบ[6] | /rสฒ/? | Used in Egypt for Greek ฯฯ. | |||||||
๐ | ๐ถ?[j] | ๐ | ฯ | /tอกส/ | Not a Greek value. Perhaps from อฒ sampi? |
Origin
[edit]The Carian scripts, which have a common origin, have long puzzled scholars. Most of the letters resemble letters of the Greek alphabet, but their sound values are generally unrelated to the values of the Greek letters. This is unusual among the alphabets of Asia Minor, which generally approximate the Greek alphabet fairly well, both in sound and shape, apart from sounds which had no equivalent in Greek. However, the Carian sound values are not completely disconnected: ๐ /a/ (Greek ฮ), ๐ซ /o/ (Greek ฮ), ๐ฐ /s/ (Greek ฯบ san), and ๐ฒ /u/ (Greek ฮฅ) are as close to Greek as any Anatolian alphabet, and ๐ท, which resembles Greek ฮ, has the similar sound /p/, which it shares with Greek-derived Lydian ๐คก.
Adiego (2007) therefore suggests that the original Carian script was adopted from cursive Greek, and that it was later restructured, perhaps for monumental inscription, by imitating the form of the most graphically similar Greek print letters without considering their phonetic values. Thus a /t/, which in its cursive form may have had a curved top, was modeled after Greek qoppa (ฯ) rather than its ancestral tau (ฮค) to become ๐ญ. Carian /m/, from archaic Greek ๐, would have been simplified and was therefore closer in shape to Greek ฮ than ฮ when it was remodeled as ๐ช. Indeed, many of the regional variants of Carian letters parallel Greek variants: ๐ฅ are common graphic variants of digamma, ๐จ ส of theta, ๐ฌ ฮ of both gamma and lambda, ๐ ๐ฏ ๐ of rho, ๐ต ๐ of phi, ๐ด ๐ of chi, ๐ฒ V of upsilon, and ๐ ๐บ parallel ฮ ๐ eta. This could also explain why one of the rarest letters, ๐ฑ, has the form of one of the most common Greek letters.[11] However, no such proto-Carian cursive script is attested, so these etymologies are speculative.
Further developments occurred within each script; in Kaunos, for example, it would seem that ๐ฎ /ลก/ and ๐ญ /t/ both came to resemble a Latin P, and so were distinguished with an extra line in one: ๐ /t/, ๐ฏ /ลก/.
Decipherment
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Limestone_stela_depicting_a_false-door%2C_cornice_above._There_are_Carian_inscriptions._Late_Period._From_Saqqara%2C_H5-873%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
Numerous attempts at deciphering the Carian inscriptions were made during the 20th century. After World War II, most of the known Carian inscriptions were collected and published, which provided good basis for decipherment.
In the 1960s the Russian researcher Vitaly Shevoroshkin showed that earlier assumptions that the script was a syllabic or semisyllabic writing system was false. He devoted many years to his study, and used proper methodology. He made it clear that Carian was indeed alphabetically written, but made few significant advances in the understanding of the language. He took the values of letters resembling those of the Greek alphabet for granted, which proved to be unfounded.[8]
Other researchers of Carian were H. Stoltenberg, O. Masson, Yuri Otkupshchikov, P. Meriggi (1966), and R. Gusmani (1975), but their work was not widely accepted.
Stoltenberg, like Shevoroshkin, and most others, generally attributed Greek values to Carian symbols.[12]
In 1972, an Egyptologist K. Zauzich investigated bilingual texts in Carian and Egyptian (what became known as 'Egyptian approach'). This was an important step in decipherment, that produced good results.[13]
This method was further developed by T. Kowalski in 1975, which was his only publication on the subject.[14]
The British Egyptologist John D. Ray apparently worked independently from Kowalski; nevertheless he produced similar results (1981, 1983). He used CarianโEgyptian bilingual inscriptions that had been neglected until then. His big breakthrough was the reading of the name Psammetichus (Egyptian Pharaoh) in Carian.
The radically different values that Ray assigned to the letters initially met with scepticism. Ignasi-Xavier Adiego, along with Diether Schรผrr, started to contribute to the project in the early 1990s. In his 1993 book Studia Carica, Adiego offered the decipherment values for letters that are now known as the โRay-Schรผrr-Adiego systemโ. This system now gained wider acceptance. The discovery of a new bilingual inscription in 1996 (the Kaunos Carian-Greek bilingual inscription) confirmed the essential validity of their decipherment.
Unicode
[edit]Carian was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. It is encoded in Plane 1 (Supplementary Multilingual Plane).
The Unicode block for Carian is U+102A0–U+102DF:
Carian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+102Ax | 𐊠 | 𐊡 | 𐊢 | 𐊣 | 𐊤 | 𐊥 | 𐊦 | 𐊧 | 𐊨 | 𐊩 | 𐊪 | 𐊫 | 𐊬 | 𐊭 | 𐊮 | 𐊯 |
U+102Bx | 𐊰 | 𐊱 | 𐊲 | 𐊳 | 𐊴 | 𐊵 | 𐊶 | 𐊷 | 𐊸 | 𐊹 | 𐊺 | 𐊻 | 𐊼 | 𐊽 | 𐊾 | 𐊿 |
U+102Cx | 𐋀 | 𐋁 | 𐋂 | 𐋃 | 𐋄 | 𐋅 | 𐋆 | 𐋇 | 𐋈 | 𐋉 | 𐋊 | 𐋋 | 𐋌 | 𐋍 | 𐋎 | 𐋏 |
U+102Dx | 𐋐 | |||||||||||||||
Notes |
๐ก๐๐๐๐ are graphic variants, as are ๐ค๐๐, ๐๐ฆ๐, ๐บ๐, ๐ผ๐ฝ, ๐๐, ๐๐, and possibly ๐๐ถ.
A Carian keyboard is available for use with Keyman.[15]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Some of the others, such as ๐ , ฮ, ๐คญ, ๐ฃ, ๐ ค, ส, ฯน, ๐, ๐, ะจ, ฯท, have been filled in below with similar characters from other Unicode ranges.
- ^ a b actually a reversed ฯ
- ^ Resembles 6ฬจ or Gฬจ
- ^ a b closer to a reverse ๐
- ^ Archaic form of ฮ, for example in Crete
- ^ Archaic form of ฮ
- ^ Archaic form of ฮ
- ^ Compare Lydian ๐คก, which also has the value /p/.
- ^ if ๐ is equivalent to ๐
- ^ if ๐ถ is equivalent to ๐
References
[edit]- Adiego Lajara, I.J. The Carian Language. With an appendix by Koray Konuk. Leiden: Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15281-6
- H. Craig Melchert, "Carian", in Woodward ed. The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, 2008.
- Davies, Anna Morpurgo, "Decipherment" in International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, William J. Frawley, ed., 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2003) I:421.
- Everson, Michael (2006-01-12). "Proposal to encode the Carian script in the SMP of the UCS." Contains many useful illustrations and tables.
- Schรผrr, Diether, "Zur Bestimmung der Lautwerte des karischen Alphabets 1971-1991", Kadmos 31:127-156 (1992).
- Swiggers & Jenniges, in: P.T. Daniels & W. Bright (eds.), The World's Writing Systems (New York/Oxford, 1996), pp. 285โ286.
- Vidal M.C. "European Alphabets, Ancient Classical", in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., 2006.
- ^ Palaeolexicon. "The Carian word qlaฮปiล".
- ^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
- ^ Cross, Frank Moore (2018-08-14). Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy. BRILL. p. 58. ISBN 978-90-04-36988-7.
- ^ a b Boyes, Philip J.; Steele, Philippa M. (2020). Understanding Relations Between Scripts II: Early Alphabets. Oxbow Books. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-78925-092-3.
- ^ a b Scriptsource.org - Carian "Visually, the letters bear a close resemblance to Greek letters. Decipherment was initially attempted on the assumption that those letters which looked like Greek represented the same sounds as their closest visual Greek equivalents. However it has since been established that the phonetic values of the two scripts are very different. For example the theta ฮธ symbol represents โthโ in Greek but โqโ in Carian. Carian was generally written from left to right, although Egyptian writers wrote primarily from right to left. It was written without spaces between words."
- ^ a b Lajara, Ignasi-Xavier Adiego (January 2018). "A kingdom for a Carian letter".
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(help) - ^ Adiego 2007:207ff
- ^ a b Ignacio-Javier Adiego Lajara, The Carian Language. Volume 86 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL, 2006 ISBN 9004152814 p179ff
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2009). "Studies in Lycian and Carian Phonology and Morphology". Kadmos. 47 (1โ2). doi:10.1515/KADMOS.2008.011. ISSN 0022-7498. S2CID 162069445.
- ^ Archaic form of ฮ
- ^ Perhaps coincidentally, ๐ฎ /ลก/ resembles ฯท (sho), which was used for /ลก/ in the Greek-derived Bactrian alphabet.
- ^ Stoltenberg, H. L. (1958a) โNeue Lesung der karischen Schriftโ, Die Sprache 4, 139โ151
- ^ Ignacio-Javier Adiego Lajara, The Carian Language. Volume 86 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL, 2006 ISBN 9004152814 p187ff
- ^ THOMAS W. KOWALSKI (1975), LETTRES CARIENNES: ESSAI DE DECHIFFREMENT DE LโECRITURE CARIENNE Kadmos. Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 73โ93, DOI 10.1515/kadm.1975.14.1.73
- ^ "Carian keyboard". SIL International. Retrieved 2023-03-09.