Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Part of the American Civil War
The Assassination of President Lincoln (Currier & Ives, 1865), from left to right: Major Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, and the assassin, John Wilkes Booth This print gives the impression that Rathbone saw Booth enter the box and was rising as Booth fired his weapon. In fact, Rathbone was unaware of Booth's presence until the shot was fired.
Location	Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C.
Date	April 14, 1865; 159 years ago (1865-04-14) 10:15 p.m.
Target	Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson William H. Seward
Attack type	Political assassination shooting stabbing
Weapons	Philadelphia Deringer pistol dagger
Deaths	1 (Abraham Lincoln)
Injured	4
Perpetrators	John Wilkes Booth and co-conspirators

Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., as the American Civil War was drawing to a close.^[1] The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.

Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered.^[2] An unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior, in 1835, and Lincoln had himself been the subject of an earlier assassination attempt by an unknown assailant in August 1864. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.

Booth's co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold, who were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt, who was tasked with killing Vice President Andrew Johnson. Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government by simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration.

As Lincoln was watching the play, Booth shot him in the back of head from some three or four feet away.^[3] At 7:22 a.m. the following day, Lincoln died in the Petersen House across the street from the theater.^[4] The rest of the conspirators' plot failed; Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnson's would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled. Booth made a dramatic escape, resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death. Several other conspirators were later tried and hanged. The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning.

Background

Original plan: Kidnapping Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth, originally from Maryland, was an outspoken Confederate sympathizer. In late 1860 he was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore.^[5] Born into a family of well-known stage actors, Booth had become a famous actor and a nationally recognized celebrity in his own right by the time of the assassination.

In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, commander of all Union armies, suspend the exchange of prisoners-of-war with the Confederate Army^[6] to increase pressure on the manpower-starved South. Booth conceived a plan to hold Lincoln hostage until the North agreed to resume prisoner exchanges.^{[7]: 130–134} He recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as "Lewis Paine"), and John Surratt to help him. Surratt's mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland and moved to a house in Washington, D.C., where Booth became a frequent visitor.

While Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth at Ford's in 1863.^[8][9][10] After the assassination, actor Frank Mordaunt wrote that Lincoln admired Booth, whom Lincoln had repeatedly invited (without success) to visit the White House.^[11]

The only known photograph of of Lincoln delivering his second inaugural address. Lincoln stands in the center, at a low lectern, holding papers. Booth is in the top row, right of center.^[12]

Booth attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain. Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, "What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!"^{[7]: 174, 437 n. 41}

On March 17, 1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital. He assembled his men in a restaurant at the edge of town, intending that they should soon join him on a nearby stretch of road in order to capture Lincoln on his way back from the hospital. But Booth found out that Lincoln had not gone to the play after all. Instead, he had attended a ceremony at the National Hotel in which officers of the 142nd Indiana Infantry presented Governor Oliver Morton with a captured Confederate battle flag.^[7]: 185 Booth was living at the National Hotel at the time and could have had an opportunity to kill Lincoln had Booth not been at the hospital.^{[7]: 185–6, 439 n. 17 [13]: 25}

Meanwhile, the Confederacy was falling apart. On April 3, Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell to the Union Army. On April 9, 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia, the main army of the Confederacy, surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House. Confederate President Jefferson Davis and the rest of his government were in full flight. Despite many Southerners giving up hope, Booth continued to believe in his cause.^[14]: 728

Motive

There are various theories about Booth's motivations. In a letter to his mother he wrote of his desire to avenge the South.^[15] Doris Kearns Goodwin has endorsed the idea that another factor was Wilkes' rivalry with his well-known older brother, actor Edwin Booth, who was a loyal Unionist.^[16] David S. Reynolds believes Wilkes greatly admired the abolitionist John Brown;^[17] Wilkes' sister Asia Booth Clarke quoted him as saying: "John Brown was a man inspired, the grandest character of the century!"^[17][18] On April 11, 1865, two days after Lee's army surrendered to U.S. forces under Grant and three days before the assassination, Booth attended Lincoln's speech at the White House promoting voting rights for blacks;^[19] Booth is quoted as afterward saying to Lewis Powell, That means nigger citizenship. Now, by God, I'll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever give."^[20]

Lincoln's premonitions

It is widely believed that Lincoln anticipated his assassination.^[21] According to Ward Hill Lamon, three days before his death Lincoln related a dream in which he wandered the White House searching for the source of mournful sounds:

I saw light in all the rooms; every object was familiar to me; but where were all the people who were grieving as if their hearts would break? I was puzzled and alarmed. What could be the meaning of all this? Determined to find the cause of a state of things so mysterious and so shocking, I kept on until I arrived at the East Room, which I entered. There I met with a sickening surprise. Before me was a catafalque, on which rested a corpse wrapped in funeral vestments. Around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as guards; and there was a throng of people, gazing mournfully upon the corpse, whose face was covered, others weeping pitifully. "Who is dead in the White House?" I demanded of one of the soldiers, "The President," was his answer; "he was killed by an assassin."^[22]

On the day of the assassination, Lincoln told his bodyguard, William H. Crook, that he had been having dreams of himself being assassinated for three straight nights. Crook advised Lincoln not to go that night to Ford's Theatre, but Lincoln said he had promised his wife they would go. As Lincoln left for the theater, he turned to Crook and said, "Goodbye, Crook." According to Crook, this was the first time he said that; before, Lincoln had always said, "Good night, Crook." Crook later recalled: "It was the first time that he neglected to say 'Good Night' to me and it was the only time that he ever said 'Good-bye'. I thought of it at that moment and, a few hours later, when the news flashed over Washington that he had been shot, his last words were so burned into my being that they can never be forgotten."^[23]

After Lincoln was shot, his wife Mary Todd Lincoln was quoted as saying, "His dream was prophetic."^[24]

Day of the assassination

Before the assassination

This article is part of a series about Abraham Lincoln
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On April 14, 1865, Booth's morning started at midnight. He wrote his mother that all was well, but that he was "in haste". In his diary, he wrote that "Our cause being almost lost, something decisive and great must be done".^{[14]: 728 [25]: 346}

For months Lincoln had looked pale and haggard, but on the morning of the assassination he told people how happy he was. First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln tried to discourage such talk from her husband, feeling it could draw bad luck.^[25]: 346 Lincoln told his cabinet that he had dreamed of being on "singular and indescribable vessel that was moving with great rapidity toward a dark and indefinite shore", and that he'd had the same dream before "nearly every great and important event of the War" such as the victories at Antietam, Murfreesboro, Gettysburg and Vicksburg.^[26]

While visiting Ford's Theatre around noon to pick up his mail, Booth learned that Lincoln and Grant would see Our American Cousin there that night. This provided him with an especially good opportunity to attack Lincoln since, having performed there several times, he knew the theater's layout and was familial to its staff.^{[13]: 12 [27]: 108–9} He went to Mary Surratt's boarding house in Washington, D.C. and asked her to deliver a package to her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland. He also asked her to tell her tenant Louis J. Weichmann to ready the guns and ammunition that Booth had previously stored at the tavern.^[13]: 19

At seven o'clock that evening, John Wilkes Booth met for a final time with all his fellow conspirators. Booth assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward at his home, George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson at his residence, the Kirkwood Hotel, and David E. Herold to guide Powell to the Seward house and then out of Washington to rendezvous with Booth in Maryland. Booth planned to shoot Lincoln with his single-shot Deringer and then stab Grant with a knife at Ford's Theatre. They were all to strike simultaneously shortly after ten o'clock that night.^[27]: 112 Atzerodt wanted nothing to do with it, saying he had only signed up for a kidnapping, not a killing. Booth told him he was in too far to back out.^[7]: 212

Booth shoots Lincoln

Contrary to the information Booth had overheard, General and Mrs. Grant had declined the invitation to see the play with the Lincolns, as Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Grant were not on good terms.^[28]: 45 Several other people were invited to join them, until finally Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée Clara Harris (daughter of New York Senator Ira Harris) accepted.^[13]: 32 Lincoln told Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax, "I suppose it's time to go though I would rather stay" before assisting Mary into the carriage.

There is evidence to suggest that either Booth or his fellow conspirator Michael O'Laughlen, who looked similar, followed Grant and his wife Julia to Union Station late that afternoon and discovered that Grant would not be at the theater that night. Apparently, O'Laughlen boarded the same train the Grants took to Philadelphia in order to kill Grant. An alleged attack during the evening took place; however, the assailant was unsuccessful since the private car that the Grants were riding in had been locked and guarded by porters.^[29]

The Lincoln party arrived late and settled into the presidential box, which was actually two corner box seats with the dividing wall between them removed. The play was stopped briefly and the orchestra played "Hail to the Chief" as the audience gave the Lincolns a standing ovation. Ford's Theatre was full with 1,700 in attendance.^[30] Mrs. Lincoln whispered to her husband, who was holding her hand, "What will Miss Harris think of my hanging on to you so?" Lincoln smiled and replied, "She won't think anything about it".^[13]: 39 Those were arguably the last words ever spoken by Abraham Lincoln, although it was claimed he later told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land, finishing by saying, "There is no place I so much desire to see as Jerusalem."^[31]: 434

The box was supposed to be guarded by a policeman named John Frederick Parker who, by all accounts, was a curious choice for a bodyguard.^[32] During the intermission, Parker went to a nearby tavern with Lincoln's footman and coachman. It is unclear whether he ever returned to the theater, but he was certainly not at his post when Booth entered the box.^[33] It is uncertain whether a policeman would have denied entry to a celebrity such as Booth. Dr. George Brainerd Todd, a Navy Surgeon who had been aboard when the Lincolns visited his ship, the monitor Montauk, on April 14, was also present at Ford's Theatre that evening and wrote in an eyewitness account^[34] that:

About 10:25 pm, a man came in and walked slowly along the side on which the "Pres" box was and I heard a man say, "There's Booth" and I turned my head to look at him. He was still walking very slow and was near the box door when he stopped, took a card from his pocket, wrote something on it, and gave it to the usher who took it to the box. In a minute the door was opened and he walked in.

Once past the first door, Booth wedging it shut with a wooden stick. He also may have bored a peephole in the second door earlier in the day to create a peephole.^{[35][36]: 173}

Although he had never starred in the play himself, Booth knew the play by heart, and thus waited for the precise moment when actor Harry Hawk (playing the lead role of the "cousin", Asa Trenchard), would be on stage alone to speak what was considered the funniest line of the play. Booth hoped to employ the enthusiastic response of the audience to muffle the sound of his gunshot. With the stage to himself, Asa (Hawk) responded to the recently departed Mrs. Mountchessington, "Don't know the manners of good society, eh? Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal; you sockdologizing old man-trap!" Hysterical laughter began permeating the theater. Lincoln was laughing at this line when he was shot.^[37]

Booth opened the door, crept forward and shot Lincoln from a near distance.^[3] The bullet struck the back of Lincoln's head behind his left ear, entered his skull, fractured part of it badly and went through the left side of his brain before lodging just above his right eye, almost exiting the other side of his head. Lincoln immediately lost consciousness. Lincoln slumped over in his rocking chair, and then backward. Mary reached out, caught him, and then screamed when she realized what had happened.

Upon hearing the gunshot, Rathbone thought Booth shouted a word that sounded like "Freedom!" He quickly jumped from his seat and tried to prevent Booth from escaping, grabbing and struggling with him. Booth dropped the pistol on the floor and drew a knife, stabbing the Major violently in the left forearm and reaching the bone. Rathbone quickly recovered and again tried to grab Booth as he was preparing to jump from the sill of the box. He grabbed onto Booth's coat, causing Booth to vault over the rail of the box down to the stage below (about a twelve-foot drop).^[38] In the process, Booth's right boot struck the framed engraving of George Washington, turning it completely over, and his riding spur became entangled on the Treasury flag decorating the box, and he landed awkwardly on his left foot. He raised himself up despite the injury and began crossing the stage, making the audience believe that he was part of the play. Booth held his bloody knife over his head, and yelled something to the audience.

While it is widely believed that Booth shouted "Sic semper tyrannis!"^[14]: 739 (the Virginia state motto, meaning "Thus always to tyrants" in Latin) in the box, or when he landed on the stage, it is not actually clear whether the traditionally-cited quote by Booth is accurate. There are different "earwitness" accounts of what he said. While most witnesses recalled hearing Booth shout "Sic semper tyrannis!", others — including Booth himself — claimed that he only yelled "Sic semper!"^[39][40] Some didn't recall hearing Booth shout anything in Latin. What Booth shouted in English is also muddied by varying recollections. Some witnesses said he shouted "The South is avenged!"^[13]: 48 Others thought they heard him say "Revenge for the South!" or "The South shall be free!" Two said Booth yelled "I have done it!"

While the audience had yet to realize what had happened, Major Joseph B. Stewart, a lawyer, rose instantly upon seeing Booth land on the stage, climbed over the orchestra pit and footlights, and started pursuing Booth across the stage.^[38] Mary Lincoln's and Clara Harris' screams and Rathbone's cries of "Stop that man!"^[13]: 49 caused the rest of the audience to realize that Booth's actions were not part of the show, and pandemonium immediately broke out. Some of the men in the audience chased after him when they noticed what was going on, but failed to catch him. Booth ran across the stage and exited out the side door. On his way, he bumped into William Withers, Jr., the orchestra leader, and stabbed at Withers with a knife.^[41][42]

After leaving the building, Booth approached the horse he had waiting outside. Booth struck Joseph "Peanuts" (also called "Peanut Johnny")^[42] Burroughs, who was holding the horse,^[43] in the forehead with the handle of his knife,^[44] leaped onto the horse, apparently also kicking Burroughs in the chest with his good leg,^[45] and rode away.

Katherine M. Evans, a young actress in the play, who was offstage in Ford's green room when Lincoln was shot, rushed on the stage after Booth's exit, and said in subsequent interviews in the 1900s "I looked and saw President Lincoln unconscious, his head dropping on his breast, his eyes closed, but with a smile still on his face".^[42]

Death of Lincoln

Charles Leale, a young Army surgeon on liberty for the night and attending the play, made his way through the crowd to the door at the rear of the presidential box when he saw Booth's cry to the audience and saw the blood on Booth's knife. The door would not open. Finally, Rathbone saw a notch carved in the door and a wooden brace jammed there to hold the door shut. Rathbone shouted to Leale, who stepped back from the door, allowing Rathbone to remove the brace and open the door.^[27]: 120

Leale entered the box to find Rathbone bleeding profusely from a deep gash in his chest that ran the length of his upper left arm as well as a long slash in his arm. Nonetheless, he passed Rathbone by and stepped forward to find Lincoln slumped in his chair, held by Mary, who was sobbing uncontrollably. Lincoln was unconscious, paralyzed and barely breathing: "His eyes were closed and he was in a profoundly comatose condition, while his breathing was intermittent and exceedingly stertorous."^[46] Leale lowered Lincoln to the floor believing that Lincoln had been stabbed in the shoulder with the knife. A second doctor in the audience, Charles Sabin Taft, was lifted bodily from the stage over the railing and into the box.

Dr. Todd, also seated in the audience, stated: "I attempted to get to the box, but I could not, and in an instant, the cry was raised 'The President is assassinated'. Such a scene I never saw before."

Taft and Leale cut away Lincoln's blood-stained collar and opened his shirt, and Leale, feeling around by hand, discovered the bullet hole in the back of his head right next to his left ear. Leale attempted to remove the bullet, but the bullet was too deep in his head and instead Leale dislodged a clot of blood in the wound. Consequently, Lincoln's breathing improved.^{[27]: 121–22} Leale learned that if he continued to release more blood clots at a specific time, Lincoln would breathe more naturally. Then Leale saw that the bullet was lodged in Lincoln's skull. He allowed actress Laura Keene to cradle the President's head in her lap. Leale finally announced that it made no difference: "His wound is mortal. It is impossible for him to recover."^[13]: 78

Dr. Todd reported that as news of the assassination spread to the street, "Soldiers, sailors, police, all started in every direction but the assassin had gone. Some General handed me a note and bid me go to the nearest Telegraph office and arouse the nation. I ran with all my speed, and in ten minutes the sad news was all over the country."

The Petersen House

Leale, Taft, and another doctor from the audience, Albert King, quickly consulted and decided that while Lincoln must be moved, a bumpy carriage ride across town to the White House was out of the question. After briefly considering Peter Taltavull's Star Saloon next door, they chose to carry Lincoln across the street and find a house. The three doctors and some soldiers who had been in the audience carried Lincoln out the front entrance of Ford's Theatre. One of the soldiers who carried Lincoln was William Hall, a grocer originally from northeast England who had signed up for the 12th Illinois Cavalry during the Civil War.^[47] Rain fell down upon the crowd that carried Lincoln outside the theater.^[38]

Across the street, a man was holding a lantern and calling "Bring him in here! Bring him in here!" The man was Henry Safford, who was staying at the boarding house owned by William Petersen, a German tailor.^[48] The men carried Lincoln inside the boarding house and into the first-floor bedroom, where they laid him diagonally across the bed because his tall frame would not fit normally on the smaller bed.^{[27]: 123–24}

The Last Hours of Abraham Lincoln, designed by John B. Bachelder and painted by Alonzo Chappel (1868), this work depicts those who visited the dying president throughout the night and early morning of April 14–15. These people did not visit Lincoln at the same time: they could not have all fit in the small first-floor room of the Petersen House.

A vigil began at the Petersen House. The three physicians were joined by Surgeon General of the United States Army Joseph K. Barnes, Charles Henry Crane, Anderson Ruffin Abbott, and Robert K. Stone. Using a probe, Barnes located some fragments of Lincoln's skull and discovered the bullet was still lodged inside it. Crane was a major and Barnes' assistant. Stone was Lincoln's personal physician. Robert Todd Lincoln, home at the White House that evening, arrived at the Petersen House after being told of the shooting at about midnight. Tad Lincoln, who had attended Grover's Theatre to see Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, was not allowed to go to the Petersen House. He was at Grover's Theatre when the play was interrupted to report the news of the assassination.

Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton arrived and took charge of the scene. Mary Lincoln was so unhinged by the experience of the assassination that Stanton ordered her out of the room by shouting, "Take that woman out of here and do not let her in here again!" While Mary Lincoln sobbed in the front parlor, Stanton set up shop in the rear parlor, effectively running the United States government for several hours, sending and receiving telegrams, taking reports from witnesses, and issuing orders for the pursuit of Booth.^{[27]: 127–8} For most of the night, Leale held the comatose president's hand with a firm grip, "to let him know that he was in touch with humanity and had a friend."^[49][50]

Lincoln died at 7:22 a.m. on April 15, 1865.^[4] He was 56 years old. Maunsell Bradhurst Field wrote in a letter to the New York Times: "The expression immediately after death was purely negative, but in fifteen minutes here came over the mouth, the nostrils, and the chin, a smile that seemed almost an effort of life. I had never seen upon the President's face an expression more genial and pleasing."^[51] According to Lincoln's secretary John Hay, at the moment of Lincoln's death, "a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features".^[52]

Mary Lincoln was not present at the time of his death.^[53][54] The crowd around the bed knelt for a prayer. When they were finished, Stanton made a statement, though there is some disagreement among historians as to what exactly the statement was. All agree that he began "Now he belongs to the ..." with some saying he finished with ages while others believe he finished with angels.^{[27]: 134 [55]} Hermann Faber, an Army medical illustrator, was brought into the room immediately after Lincoln's body was removed so that he could visually document the scene.^[56]

Though some experts have disagreed,^[4] Dr. Leale's initial treatment of Lincoln has been considered good for its time.^[57] He was honored for his efforts to save Lincoln by inclusion in the funeral ceremonies.^[58]

Powell attacks William Seward

Booth had assigned Lewis Powell to assassinate Secretary of State William H. Seward. On April 5, 1865, Seward had been thrown from his carriage, suffering a concussion, a jaw broken in two places, and a broken right arm. Doctors improvised a splint to repair his jaw (this is often mistakenly called a neck brace). On the night of the assassination, he was still restricted to the bed at his Washington home in Lafayette Park, not too far from the White House. Herold guided Powell to Seward's residence. Powell was carrying an 1858 Whitney revolver, a large, heavy and popular gun during the Civil War. In addition, he carried a silver-handled Bowie knife.

Powell knocked at the front door of the house a little after 10:00 p.m. William Bell, Seward's butler, answered the door. Powell told Bell that he had medicine for Seward from his physician, Dr. Verdi, and that he was to personally deliver and show Seward how to take the medicine. Upon gaining admittance to the residence, and after much persuasion on his part, Powell began making his way up the stairs to Seward's third-floor bedroom.^{[13]: 54 [14]: 736 [59]} At the top of the staircase, he was stopped by Seward's son, Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W. Seward. Powell told Frederick the same story that he had told Bell. Frederick was suspicious of the intruder, and told Powell that his father was asleep.

After hearing voices in the hall, Seward's daughter Fanny opened the door to Seward's room and said, "Fred, Father is awake now", and then closed the door, thus revealing to Powell where Seward was located. Initially, Powell started back down the stairs; suddenly he turned around and drew his revolver, pointing it at Frederick's forehead. He pulled the trigger, but the gun misfired. Powell then bludgeoned Frederick about the head with it, to the point that the pistol was damaged and no longer functioned. Frederick Seward crumpled to the floor unconscious. William Bell began yelling "Murder! Murder!" before running outside to summon help.

Fanny, wondering what all the noise was, looked out the door again. She saw her brother bloody and unconscious on the floor and Powell running towards her, having pulled out his knife. Powell shoved her aside, ran to Seward's bed and began stabbing him repeatedly in the face and neck. He missed the first time he swung his knife down, but the third blow sliced open Seward's cheek.^[13]: 58 Seward's splint was the only thing that prevented the blade from penetrating his jugular vein.^[14]: 737

Sergeant George F. Robinson, a soldier assigned to attend the secretary, and Seward's son Augustus, an army officer, tried to drive Powell away. Augustus had been asleep in his room, but was awakened by Fanny's screams of terror. The force of Powell's blows had driven Secretary Seward onto the floor behind the bed where Powell could not reach him. Powell fought off Robinson, Augustus, and Fanny, stabbing them as well.

When Augustus went for his pistol, Powell ran downstairs and headed for the front door.^[60]: 275 Just then, a messenger named Emerick Hansell arrived with a telegram for Seward. Powell stabbed Hansell in the back, causing him to fall to the floor, and leaving him permanently paralyzed. Before running outside, Powell exclaimed, "I'm mad! I'm mad!", untied his horse from the tree where Herold left it, and rode away, alone. Bell's and Fanny Seward's screams had frightened Herold, who ran away and abandoned Powell. Powell, unfamiliar with the city's geography, was left to escape on his own.^[13]: 59

Fanny Seward cried, "Oh my God, father's dead!" Sergeant Robinson lifted the Secretary from the floor and back on to the bed. Seward spat the blood out of his mouth and said, "I am not dead; send for a doctor, send for the police. Close the house."^[13]: 61 Seward was covered with blood from the cuts to his face and neck, but Powell's wild stabs in the dark room had not hit anything vital; Seward recovered, though the right side of his face was permanently scarred.

Atzerodt fails to attack Andrew Johnson

Booth had assigned George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, who was staying at the Kirkwood House in Washington. Atzerodt was to go to Johnson's room at 10:15 p.m. and shoot him.^[14]: 735 On April 14, 1865, Atzerodt rented the room directly above Johnson's; the next day he arrived there at the appointed time and, carrying a gun and knife, went to the bar downstairs, where he asked the bartender about Johnson's character and behavior. He eventually became drunk and wandered off through the streets, tossing his knife away at some point. He made his way to the Pennsylvania House Hotel by 2 a.m., where he obtained a room and went to sleep.^{[27]: 166–7 [60]: 335}

Earlier in the day, Booth stopped by the Kirkwood House and left a note for Johnson: "I don't wish to disturb you. Are you at home? J. Wilkes Booth."^[59] The card was picked up that night by Johnson's personal secretary, William Browning.^[61] This message has been interpreted in various ways.^[60]: 334 One theory holds that Booth was trying to find out whether Johnson was expected at the Kirkwood that night.^[61] Another is that Booth, concerned that Atzerodt would fail to kill Johnson, intended the note to implicate Johnson in the conspiracy.^[62]

Flight and capture of the conspirators

Within half an hour of shooting Lincoln, Booth crossed the Navy Yard Bridge into Maryland.^{[13]: 67–8} An army sentry questioned him about his lare-night travel; Booth said that he was going home to the nearby town of Charles. Though it was forbidden for civilians to cross the bridge after 9 p.m., the sentry let him through.^[63] David Herold made it across the same bridge less than an hour later^{[13]: 81–2} and rendezvoused with Booth.^[13]: 87 After retrieving weapons and supplies previously stored at Surattsville, Herold and Booth went to the home of Samuel A. Mudd, a local doctor, who splinted the leg Booth had broken in jumping from the presidential box, and later made a pair of crutches for Booth.^{[13]: 131, 153}

After a day at Mudd's house, Booth and Herold hired a local man to guide them to Samuel Cox's house.^[13]: 163 Cox in turn took them to Thomas Jones, a Confederate sympathizer who hid Booth and Herold in Zekiah Swamp for five days until they could cross the Potomac River.^[13]: 224 On the afternoon of April 24, they arrived at the farm of Richard H. Garrett, a tobacco farmer, in King George County, Virginia. Booth told Garrett he was a wounded Confederate soldier.

An April 15 letter to Todd from his brother tells of the rumors in Washington about Booth's:

Today all the city is in mourning nearly every house being in black and I have not seen a smile, no business, and many a strong man I have seen in tears – Some reports say Booth is a prisoner, others that he has made his escape – but from orders received here, I believe he is taken, and during the night will be put on a Monitor for safe keeping – as a mob once raised now would know no end.^[34]

Manhunt

The hunt for the conspirators quickly became the largest in U.S. history, involving at least 10,000 federal troops and countless civilians. Edwin M. Stanton personally directed the operation and authorized the War Department to advertise a reward of $100,000 (equivalent to $1,990,000 in 2023) – $50,000 for Booth and $25,000 each for Herold and John Surratt – as well as "liberal rewards" for information leading to their arrest. Many state and municipal governments offered their own rewards.

Booth and Herold were sleeping at Garrett's farm on April 26 when soldiers from the 16th New York Cavalry arrived and surrounded the barn, announcing that they would set fire to it in fifteen minutes. Herold surrendered, but Booth cried out, "I will not be taken alive!"^[13]: 326 The soldiers set fire to the barn^[13]: 331 and Booth scrambled for the back door with a rifle in one hand and a pistol in the other. He never fired either weapon.

Sergeant Boston Corbett crept up behind the barn and shot Booth in "the back of the head about an inch below the spot where his [Booth's] shot had entered the head of Mr. Lincoln",^[64] severing his spinal cord.^[13]: 335 Booth was carried out onto the steps of the barn. A soldier poured water into his mouth, which he spat out, unable to swallow. Booth told the soldier, "Tell my mother I die for my country." Unable to move his limbs, he asked a soldier to lift his hands before his face and whispered his last words as he gazed at them: "Useless ... useless." He died on the porch of the Garrett farm two hours later.^{[13]: 336–340 [59]}

Without Herold to guide him, Powell did not find his way back to the Surratt house until April 17. He told detectives waiting there that he was a ditch-digger hired by Mary Surratt, but she denied knowing him. Both were arrested.^{[27]: 174–9} George Atzerodt hid at his cousin's farm in Germantown, Maryland, about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Washington, where he was arrested April 20.^[27]: 169

The remaining conspirators were arrested by month's end – except for John Surratt, who fled to Quebec where he was hidden by Roman Catholic priests. In September, he boarded a ship to Liverpool, England, staying in the Catholic Church of the Holy Cross there. From there, he moved furtively through Europe until joining the Pontifical Zouaves in the Papal States. A friend from his school days recognized him in there in early 1866 and alerted the U.S. government. Surratt was arrested by the Papal authorities but managed to escape under suspicious circumstances. He was finally captured by an agent of the United States in Egypt in November 1866.^[65]

Surratt stood trial in Washington the following summer. Four residents of Elmira, New York,^{[13]: 27 [66]: 125, 132, 136–7 [67]: 112–115} who claimed they had seen him there between April 13 and 15; fifteen others said they saw a man they positively identified as Surrat, or who resembled him, either in Washington on the day of the assassination or traveling to or from the capital at that time. The jury could not reach a verdict and Surrat was released.^{[27]: 178 [66]: 132–133, 138 [68]: 227}

Conspirators' trial

In the turmoil that followed the assassination, scores of suspected accomplices were arrested and thrown into prison. Anyone discovered to have had anything to do with the assassination or even the slightest contact with Booth or Herold on their flight were put behind bars. Among the imprisoned were Louis J. Weichmann, a boarder in Mrs. Surratt's house; Booth's brother Junius (playing in Cincinnati at the time of the assassination); theater owner John T. Ford, who was incarcerated for 40 days; James Pumphrey, the Washington livery stable owner from whom Booth hired his horse; John M. Lloyd, the innkeeper who rented Mrs. Surratt's Maryland tavern and gave Booth and Herold carbines, rope, and whiskey the night of April 14; and Samuel Cox and Thomas A. Jones, who helped Booth and Herold escape across the Potomac.^{[69]: 186–188}

All of those listed above and more were rounded up, imprisoned, and released. Ultimately, the suspects were narrowed down to just eight prisoners (seven men and one woman):^[69]: 188 Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Samuel Mudd, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell, Edmund Spangler (a Ford's stagehand who had given Booth's horse to "Peanuts" Burroughs to hold), and Mary Surratt.

The eight suspects were tried by a military tribunal ordered by then-President Andrew Johnson on May 1, 1865. The nine-member commission was presided over by Major General David Hunter. The other eight voting members were Major General Lew Wallace, Brigadier Generals Robert Sanford Foster, Thomas Maley Harris, Albion P. Howe, and August Kautz, Colonels James A. Ekin and Charles H. Tompkins, and Lieutenant Colonel David Ramsay Clendenin. The prosecution team was led by U.S. Army Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt, assisted by Congressman John A. Bingham and Major Henry Lawrence Burnett.^[70] The transcript of the trial was recorded by Benn Pitman and several assistants, and was published in 1865.^[71]

The fact that they were tried by a military tribunal provoked criticism from both Edward Bates and Gideon Welles, who believed that a civil court should have presided. Attorney General James Speed, on the other hand, justified the use of a military tribunal on grounds that included the military nature of the conspiracy, that the defendants acted as enemy combatants and the fact that martial law existed at the time in the District of Columbia. (In 1866, in the Ex parte Milligan decision, the United States Supreme Court banned the use of military tribunals in places where civil courts were operational.)^{[27]: 213–4} The odds were further stacked against the defendants by rules that required only a simple majority of the officer jury for a guilty verdict and a two-thirds majority for a death sentence. Neither could the defendants appeal to anyone other than President Johnson.^{[27]: 222–3}

The trial lasted for about seven weeks, with 366 witnesses testifying. Louis Weichmann, released from custody, was a key witness. All of the defendants were found guilty on June 30. Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were sentenced to death by hanging; Samuel Mudd, Samuel Arnold, and Michael O'Laughlen were sentenced to life in prison. Mudd escaped execution by a single vote, the tribunal having voted 5–4 in favor of hanging (6 votes being required for the death penalty).^[72] Edmund Spangler was sentenced to imprisonment for six years. Oddly, after sentencing Mary Surratt to hang, five of the jurors signed a letter recommending clemency, but Johnson refused to stop the execution. He later claimed he never saw the letter.^[27]: 227

Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerodt were hanged in the Old Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865.^{[13]: 362, 365} The executions were supervised by General Winfield Scott Hancock. Mary Surratt was the first woman executed by the United States government.^[73] O'Laughlen died in prison of yellow fever in 1867. Mudd, Arnold, and Spangler were pardoned in February 1869 by President Johnson.^[13]: 367 Spangler, who died in 1875, insisted for the rest of his life that he had had no connection to the plot beyond being the man Booth asked to hold his horse.

The courtroom is in a building called Grant Hall that sits on Fort McNair in Washington, D.C.. It was renovated in 2012 to look just like it did during the original trials. Each quarter, Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall has a public open house where people can visit the courtroom and learn many more details about the trial.

Mudd's culpability

External videos
Booknotes interview with Edward Steers, Jr. on Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, February 17, 2002, C-SPAN[74]

The degree of Samuel Mudd's culpability has remained controversial ever since. Some, including Mudd's grandson Richard Mudd, claimed that Mudd was innocent of any wrongdoing and that he had been imprisoned merely for treating a man who came to his house late at night with a fractured leg. Over a century after the assassination, Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan both wrote letters to Richard Mudd agreeing that his grandfather committed no crime. However, others, including authors Edward Steers, Jr. and James Swanson, assert evidence that Samuel Mudd visited Booth three times in the months before the failed kidnapping attempt. The first time was November 1864 when Booth, looking for help in his kidnapping plot, was directed to Mudd by agents of the Confederate Secret Service. In December, Booth met with Mudd again and stayed the night at his farm. Later that December, Mudd went to Washington and introduced Booth to a Confederate agent he knew — John Surratt. Additionally, George Atzerodt testified that Booth sent supplies to Mudd's house in preparation for the kidnap plan. Mudd lied to the authorities who came to his house after the assassination, claiming that he did not recognize the man who showed up on his doorstep in need of treatment and giving false information about where Booth and Herold went.^{[13]: 211–2, 378 [27]: 234–5} He also hid the monogrammed boot that he had cut off Booth's injured leg behind a panel in his attic, but the thorough search of Mudd's house soon revealed this further evidence against him. One hypothesis is that Dr. Mudd was originally complicit in the kidnapping plot, likely as the person the conspirators would have turned to for medical treatment in case Lincoln were injured, and that Booth thus remembered the doctor and went to his house to get help in the early hours of April 15.^{[13]: 126–9 [28]: 59–61}

Aftermath

Lincoln's assassination – the first of an American president – had an enduring impact upon the United States.^[vague] Lincoln was mourned, in both the North and South, and there were attacks on those who expressed support for Booth.^[60]: 350 On the Easter Sunday after Lincoln's death, clergymen around the country praised Lincoln in their sermons.^[60]: 357 Millions of people attended Lincoln's funeral procession in Washington, D.C. on April 19, 1865,^[13]: 213 and followed as his body was transported 1,700 miles (2,700 km) through New York to Springfield, Illinois. His body and funeral train were viewed by millions along the route to his final resting place in what is now known as the Lincoln Tomb.^[60]: 394

After Lincoln's death, Ulysses S. Grant called him "incontestably the greatest man I ever knew."^[14]: 747 Southern-born Elizabeth Blair, sister of Montgomery Blair (Lincoln's first Postmaster General), said that, "Those of Southern born sympathies know now they have lost a friend willing and more powerful to protect and serve them than they can now ever hope to find again."^[14]: 744 Lincoln was honored on the centennial of his birth when his portrait was placed on the U.S. one-cent coin in 1909. The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., was opened in 1922.

Vice President Andrew Johnson became President upon Lincoln's death. Johnson was to become one of the least popular presidents in American history.^[75] He was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1868, but the Senate failed to convict him by one vote.^[14]: 752

Secretary of State William Seward recovered from his wounds and continued to serve in his post throughout Johnson's presidency. He later negotiated the Alaska Purchase, then known as "Seward's Folly", by which the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867.^[14]: 751

Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris married two years after the assassination, and Rathbone went on to become the U.S. consul to Hanover, Germany. However, Rathbone later became mentally ill and, in 1883, shot Clara and then stabbed her to death. He spent the rest of his life in a German asylum for the criminally insane.^[13]: 372

International reactions

Lincoln's death sparked outpourings of grief around the world.^[76] Numerous foreign governments issued proclamations and declared periods of mourning on April 15, 1865.^[77][78] British Foreign Secretary Lord Russell wrote to U.S. Minister Charles Francis Adams that Lincoln's death was a "sad calamity."^[78] China's chief secretary of state for foreign affairs, Prince Kung, said Lincoln's death "inexpressibly shocked and startled me."^[77]

In a letter to Frederick Hassaurek, the U.S. Minister to Ecuador, the Ecuadorian President Gabriel Garcia Moreno said that "Never should I have thought that the noble country of Washington would be humiliated by such a black and horrible crime; nor should I ever have thought that Mr. Lincoln would come to such a horrible end, after having served his country which such wisdom and glory under so critical circumstances."^[77][78]

The government of Liberia issued a proclamation, remarking that Lincoln "was not only the ruler of his own people, but a father to millions of a race stricken and oppressed."^[78] The government of Haiti condemned the assassination as a "horrid crime."^[78] The United States had recognized both Liberia and Haiti in 1862, only three years prior.

Legacy

John Ford tried to reopen his theater a couple of months after the murder, but a wave of outrage forced him to cancel. In 1866, the federal government purchased the building from Ford, tore out the insides, and turned it into an office building. In 1893, the inner structure collapsed, killing 22 clerks. It was later used as a warehouse, then it lay empty until it was restored to its 1865 appearance. Ford's Theatre reopened in 1968 as both a museum of the assassination and a working playhouse; the presidential box is never occupied.^{[13]: 381–2} The Petersen House was purchased by the U.S. government in 1896 as the "House Where Lincoln Died", being the federal government's first purchase of an historic home.^[79] Today, Ford's and the Petersen House are operated together as the Ford's Theatre National Historic Site.

In 1865, Walt Whitman wrote the poem "O Captain! My Captain!" about the death of Lincoln. Originally printed in The New-York Saturday Press in November of that year, it has appeared in subsequent collections including Sequel to Drum-Taps and Leaves of Grass.^[80]

The bed that Lincoln occupied in the Petersen House and other items from the bedroom were bought by Chicago collector Charles F. Gunther and are now owned by and on display at the Chicago History Museum.^[81][82] The Army Medical Museum, now named the National Museum of Health and Medicine, has retained in its collection several artifacts relating to the assassination. Currently on display are the bullet that hit Lincoln, the probe used by Barnes, pieces of Lincoln's skull and hair, and the surgeon's cuff stained with Lincoln's blood. The chair in which Lincoln was shot is on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.^[83]

Found in Lincoln's pockets after his death were two pairs of eyeglasses, an eyeglass case, a lens polisher, a pocketknife, a watch fob, a monogrammed sleeve button, a monogrammed linen handkerchief, and a brown leather wallet containing a pencil, a Confederate five-dollar bill, and eight recent newspaper clippings with favorable remarks about Lincoln and his policies, including British MP John Bright's testimonial for Lincoln's re-election.^[84] The Confederate currency was probably acquired as a souvenir when Lincoln visited Richmond and Petersburg earlier that month. These items were kept in the Lincoln family for many years and are now stored in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division in the Library of Congress.^[85]

A piece of John Wilkes Booth's thoracic tissue that was taken following his autopsy is on display at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[86]

The day before his assassination, Lincoln wrote a personal check for $800 to "self", reportedly to cover some debts incurred by his wife. That check, and several other historical checks, were put on display by Huntington Bank at a branch in Cleveland in 2012, after a Huntington employee discovered the checks in 2011 while looking through old documents from a bank Huntington had acquired in 1983. Although checks from several other historical figures were also on display, the check written by Lincoln two days before his death received the most attention.^[87]

On February 9, 1956, 95-year-old Samuel J. Seymour appeared on the U.S. game show I've Got a Secret. The celebrity panel was eventually able to guess Seymour's "secret": he had been in attendance at Ford's Theatre the night of the assassination. Only 5 years old on the day of the April 1865 shooting, Seymour was the last living witness to the event. He died two months after the telecast.

See also

References

Further reading

• Hodes, Martha. Mourning Lincoln (Yale University Press, 2015) x, 396 pp.
• King, Benjamin. A Bullet for Lincoln, Pelican Publishing, 1993. ISBN 0-88289-927-9
• Lattimer, John. Kennedy and Lincoln, Medical & Ballistic Comparisons of Their Assassinations. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. 1980. ISBN 978-0-15-152281-1 [includes description and pictures of Seward's jaw splint, not a neck brace]
• Steers Jr., Edward, and Holzer, Harold, eds. The Lincoln Assassination Conspirators: Their Confinement and Execution, as Recorded in the Letterbook of John Frederick Hartranft. Louisiana State University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8071-3396-5
• Donald E. Wilkes, Jr., Lincoln Assassinated!, Lincoln Assassinated!, Part 2.
• Bagehot, Walter, ed. (April 29, 1865). "The assassination of Mr Lincoln". The Economist. XXIII (1, 131).

External links

• Abraham Lincoln's Physician's Observation and Postmortem Reports: Original Documentation Shapell Manuscript Foundation
• First Responder Dr. Charles Leale Eyewitness Report of Assassination
• Lincoln Papers: Lincoln Assassination: Introduction
• Original Documents Online: Lincoln Assassination Papers
• April 14th, 1865, Ford's Theatre Ticket
• Ford's Theatre National Historic Site
• Abraham Lincoln's Assassination
• Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• Lincoln Conspiracy Photograph Album at George Eastman museum
• The Men Who Killed Lincoln – slideshow by Life magazine
• The Lincoln Assassination: New research unravels old myths
• Mary Eugenia Surratt (1823–1865)
• Civil War Sites in Maryland
• On this date: April 24, 1865 Hancock issues proclamation
• On this day: April 26, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Killed!
• Lincoln Assassination Books
• Frederick A. Aiken Biography
• Dr. Samuel A. Mudd Research Site