المخامرة | |
---|---|
Total population | |
Majority in Yatta, also in Al-Karmil, Khirbet at-Tuwani, Ma'in | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Languages | |
Palestinian Arabic | |
Religion | |
Islam, with preserved Jewish customs |
The Makhamra family (Arabic: المخامرة), also Muhamara or Mahamara, is a Palestinian clan from the city of Yatta, in the Hebron Governorate, West Bank.[1] It is one of the largest clans in the southern Hebron Hills and have a tradition of descending from a Jewish tribe of Arabia.[1] They have also preserved several practices of Jewish origin.[2]
Etymology
[edit]According to a common interpretation, in Palestinian Arabic the meaning of Makhamra is "winemakers", an act forbidden in Islam.[3]
Jewish origin theories
[edit]The Makhamra family has a tradition of descending from a Jewish Arab tribe from Khaybar which was expelled from the Arabian Peninsula.[1][4][2]
According to one tradition, the ancestor of three of the six clans that make up the village was Muheimar, a Jew who came up from the desert with his tribe and conquered the village, probably in the second half of the 18th century.[4][5][6][7]
Several theories exist regarding their origins. While some scholars accept their tradition of expulsion from Khaybar, others propose that they are remnants of Jewish population from the late ancient period, or Jewish refugees from Hebron during the Crusader era.[5][8][9]
Reports
[edit]Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (1928)
[edit]Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, an ethnographer and historian who later became the second President of Israel, reported visiting Hebron in 1928 to study Jewish traditions in the Mount Hebron area. He noted that some Arabs preferred conducting business with Jewish shopkeepers, referring to Jews as awlâd 'ammnâ – "our cousins". Ben-Zvi was intrigued by accounts of Arab farmers purchasing Hanukkah menorahs and avoiding camel meat, unlike their Muslim neighbors.[4][5][6][7][9]
During his research, Ben-Zvi learned about the Makhmara family, which had converted to Islam approximately two hundred years earlier, from David Castel, a Jewish resident of Hebron. Castel was told by his grandfather that the Makhamra family continued the practice of lighting Hanukkah candles. Yitzhak Ben-Zvi also learned from Hakham Yaakov Mani, another Hebronite Jew, that the Makhamra family might trace its origins to Jews from Hebron's Elharika neighborhood who fled the city during the Crusades and settled in nearby villages. A Yatta resident visiting Hebron verified the account to Ben-Zvi and noted that the clan included roughly 1,200 members back.[4][5][6][7][9]
To further investigate, Ben-Zvi traveled to Yatta with two companions. He received a recommendation letter from the village's scribe for Jabarin ben Abd al Rahman, an associate of Sheikh Abu ‘Aram, who at that time served as the primary mukhtar of the Makhmara family. Upon their arrival, a young man recognizing them as Jews exclaimed awlâd 'ammnâ and guided them to Jabarin, who stated, "We the Makhamra are from the seed of Jews. Our forefather was a Jew who came here from the land of Khaybar."[4][5][6][7][9]
Jabarin told Ben-Zvi that six families resided in the village, with three belonging to the Makhamra clan. These details remain accurate, with the majority of Yatta's residents identifying with one of these clans. Three families, known as "Makhamra Ulwia" or Upper Makhamra, reside in Yatta’s upper areas, whereas the "Makhamra Tahta" or Lower Makhamra, including families like Abu ‘Aram and Hushiyeh, inhabit the lower part.[4][5][6][7][9]
Jabarin informed Ben-Zvi that the Makhamra family's ancestor, Mukheimar, was a Jew who came from Khaybar, seized control of Yatta, and established his rule there. According to local tradition, Mukheimar reportedly fought and defeated forty robbers (or 39 robbers and one dog), killing them all in a single cave. Mukheimar had two sons, Salam and Awad, whose descendants settled in the two aforementioned neighborhoods. The Hushiyeh clan integrated through marriage, as Mukheimar's wife, the mother of his sons, was from the Hushiyeh clan.[4][5][6][7][9]
Based on Jabarin’s account and additional information, including a battle involving Mukheimar's grandson against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1834, Ben-Zvi concluded that Mukheimar’s arrival in Yatta likely occurred in the early 18th century.[4][5][6][7][9]
Wanderers' Association (1929)
[edit]The "Wanderers' Association", a group of secular Jewish travellers who toured the southern Hebron Hills in 1929 and published their findings and experiences in a series of articles in Haaretz, also wrote about the Makhamara family. When they arrived in Yatta, the locals told them that the name of their ancient village was "al-Jayur", and that "our forefathers were originally from the children of Israel; one family arrived here, possibly before 700 years ago, and they were known as 'Kheibar' [...] Our forefathers first engaged in a temporary war with the local populace, and later paid the entire price for the land. [....] back in Muhammad and Ali's time, when they conquered the towns with the sword, they forced us to convert, and since then, we are Muslim." When asked whether there were more Jews in the area, they replied that "There were many Jews in Hebron and the villages". They also added that several of them would not eat camel meat, which is forbidden in Judaism.[10] The same visit was also reported in Davar.[11]
In another article, David Benbenishti from the Wanderers' Association reported meeting two shepherds from the Makhamara family at Khirbet Khureisa, who also told them that their ancestors were Jews from Khaybar.[12] When they later visited the nearby town of As-Samu, locals there informed them that several of the villagers were linked to the Makhamara family as a result of intermarriage and said that they regularly mocked them by stating, "You are Jews, so you are cheaters".[13] Later, in Dura, they were also told about the Jewish origins of the Makhamara family; one local claimed they were from Khirbit Kheibar, which he claimed was a nearby ruin (but was not found on the map), while another claimed they came from Hebron.[14]
Palestine Post (1938)
[edit]In 1938, Arab families from Yatta were reported to celebrate the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, lighting candles retrieved from the Jewish community of Hebron.[4]
Sha'arim (1952)
[edit]In 1952, an article in شعريم Sha'arim[clarification needed] reported that in November 1948, Abu 'Ayyash, a mukhtar and tradesman from the Makhamra family, was executed in Gaza, accused of espionage for the Jews due to his clan's Jewish ancestry. The article, written by Ben Zvi, noted that during this period, members of the Makhamra family had settled near Ruhama and Negba, where both local Arabs and Jewish settlers were aware of their Jewish roots.[15]
Tzvi Misinai (2009)
[edit]Several members of the Makhamra clan were interviewed for a Channel 1 article about Tzvi Misinai and admitted that they are aware of their Jewish origins, although today they consider themselves Muslims for many generations since their ancestors converted to Islam.[16]
Doron Sar-Avi (2019)
[edit]Historian Doron Sar-Avi noted the lack of intermarriage between Muslim residents of Yatta and the Makhamra clan residing in Yatta, as well as its daughter villages, Al-Karmil and Khirbet at-Tuwani. Sar-Avi recounted a chance encounter with three adolescents from Yatta in the fields of Ma'in. During the conversation, one of the adolescents identified his family as Abu 'Aram, part of the Makhamra clan. When asked about the family size in Yatta, he replied, "The Muslims are 50,000, and we are 60,000." Sar-Avi interpreted this distinction as indicative of a clear sense of separate identity among the youths.[9]
Sar-Avi documented interactions with Yatta locals, highlighting resemblances to Jewish customs. In one case, a laborer from Yatta shared how his mother, while baking pita, would throw a piece of dough into the fire to ward off the evil eye, resembling the Jewish tradition of offering dough. Additionally, a man named Ishaq detailed his knowledge of an ancient synagogue's location in Yatta, a site his family had historically frequented and preserved, which he said was now underneath a modern school.[9]
According to other reports, the Makhamra family in Yatta practice endogamy and do not intermarry with other local families. There are also mezuzah slots visible in building doorways.[17][18]
Analysis
[edit]The Makhamra family's tradition of Jewish origin has been the subject of several explanations. Ben-Zvi, for instance, accepted the oral tradition according which the Mahkamras sprang from the Jews who were expelled from Khaybar in the Hejaz and eventually settled in Yatta.[5]
Yatta has been identified with the site of the ancient town of Juttah, also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.[19] In the 4th century CE, Eusebius wrote that Yatta was "a very large village of Jews".[20] In contrast to other areas of Judea, the southern Hebron Hills retained a Jewish population after the Bar Kokhba revolt,[21][22] as evidenced by historical texts and archaeological sites (including multiple synagogues). The Jewish presence is recorded up until the Muslim conquest, when the synagogues of Susya and Eshtemoa were repurposed as mosques.[23] It remains unclear whether local Jews had fled the area or had converted to Islam.[citation needed]
Another theory, backed by scholars such as Mordechai Nissan, contends that the current inhabitants of Yatta may be the descendants of a Jewish population that lived there during the Second Temple period and later converted to Islam.[18] A 1989 article suggested that the name "Makhamra" is the Arabic equivalent of "Edomites", an ancient people who lived in the same area and converted to Judaism in the Hellenistic times.[8] Ben-Zvi also mentioned Shalem's view, which suggests that the traditional descent from Khaybar actually refers to a nearby ruin of the same name, either located in close proximity to Khirbet Karmil (ancient Carmel), or identical to it.[5]
Today
[edit]In the 2010s, Makhamra clan members has been linked to Palestinian political violence. On June 8, 2016, two members of the clan, Khaled Mahmara and Muhammad Mahamara, carried out a shooting attack in Sarona Market, Tel Aviv, during which four people were killed.[24] Some writers have attributed that activity to their desire to show their neighbors that despite their "Jewish past", they are sided with other Palestinians in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[2]
Members of the clan constitute much of the population of Yatta, and also inhabit nearby villages such as Al-Karmil,[9] Khirbet at-Tuwani,[9] and Ma'in.[25]
Members of the clan are today reluctant to acknowledge their Jewish origins , probably due to the fear that Israel will use that to support its claim for ownership over the land[2] and fear of being accused as collaborators by their neighbors .
Moshe Elad, a Middle East scholar, reported on Israel's Arabic-language television that two members of the Makhamra family had embraced Judaism and were now Israeli citizens living in the country.[26]
See also
[edit]- Arab groups with possible Jewish roots
- Palestinians of Jewish ancestry – Palestinian families that claim Jewish ancestry
- Bedul – Bedouin tribe in Petra with Jewish origin traditions
- Liyathnah – Bedouin tribe based in Wadi Musa with possible Jewish origins
- Ta'amreh – Bedouin tribe in Jerusalem and the Negev with Jewish origins traditions
- Daroma – name of southern Hebron Hills in Late Roman and Byzantine periods, later adopted by Muslims. Had a Jewish population
- History of the Jews in Khaybar – Overview of Jewish history in the area
- Khirbet Kheibar – a site in the northern West Bank associated by local tradition with the Jews of Khaybar
- Yatta – the center of the Makhmara clan, confirmed by historical records and archaeological evidence as the site of an ancient Jewish town
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Lowin, Shari (2010-10-01). "Khaybar". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill. pp. 148–150. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910. Retrieved 2023-06-22 – via brillonline.com.
Khaybar's Jews appear in Arab folklore as well. [...] The Muḥamara family of the Arab village of Yutta, near Hebron, trace their descent to the Jews of Khaybar. Families in other nearby villages tell of similar lineages.
- ^ a b c d "The killers of Yatta". The Jerusalem Post. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ "'This is a conflict between brothers; it's all a big misunderstanding'". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Yatta, Ancient and Modern". The Palestine Post. 21 December 1938. p. 8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ben-Zvi, Itzhak (1967). שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת [She'ar Yeshuv] (in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. pp. 407–413.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ḥevrah la-haganat ha-ṭevaʻ (1990), Israel - land and nature, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, p. 83, retrieved 6 June 2011
- ^ a b c d e f g Wolf, Amaliah (1984). "היהודים של הר־חברון הם באו מסעודיה — כותרת ראשית 19 דצמבר 1984 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים" [The Jews of Mount Hebron: They came from Saudi Arabia]. www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ a b "פצצה גנטית | מעריב | 8 ספטמבר 1989 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sar-Avi, Doron (2019). "מניין באו הערבים 'היהודים'?". Segula Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ ד' בנבנשתי, 'מעון כרמל זיף ויוטה' (חלק א'), הארץ, גליון 2893, 10.2.1929 (Hebrew), עמ' 3
- ^ Bar-Adon, P (12 April 1929). "פלחים ממוצא יהודי" [Fellahin of Jewish ancestry]. Davar - Supplement for Sabbath and holidays.
- ^ ד' בנבנשתי, "מעון כרמל זיף ויוטה" (חלק ב'), הארץ, גליון 2895, 12.2.1929, עמ' 3. (Hebrew)
- ^ ד' בנבנשתי, 'אשתמוע', הארץ, גליון 2923, 13.3.1929 (Hebrew), עמ' 3
- ^ ד' בנבנשתי, "כפר עזיז ואדוריים", הארץ, גליון 2927, 17.3.1929, עמ' 3 (Hebrew)
- ^ "המוה־קנ' האחרון בלתי מסי | שערים | 11 ינואר 1952 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ^ "The Jewish Origins of Palestinians", Channel 1 (Israel) (News Report), 10:20, 2009, retrieved 2022-02-23
- ^ Zissu, Boaz (2006). "קברים וקבורה באשתמוע שבדרום הר-חברון" [Tombs and burial in Esthemoa, southern Hebron Hills]. In אשל, יעקב (ed.). ספר המדבר בארץ-ישראל: דברי הכנס הראשון תשס"ו ,2006. סוסיא, מרכז סיור ולימוד ומו"פ אזורי השומרון ובקעת הירדן. pp. 17–29.
- ^ a b Nisan, Mordechai (2010). ישראל במזרח: מסע תרבותי ומדיני באסיה [Israel in the East: A Cultural and Political Journey in Asia] (in Hebrew). ירושלים: הוצאת ספרים ראובן מס. p. 94. ISBN 978-965-09-0286-5.
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 190
- ^ Eusebius, Onomasticon - The Place Names of Divine Scripture, (ed.) R. Steven Notley & Ze'ev Safrai, Brill: Leiden 2005, p. 104 (§545)
- ^ Mor, Menahem (2016-04-18). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. pp. 483–484. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4.
Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
- ^ Eshel, E., Eshel H., & Yardeny A. (2009). A document from "year four of the destruction of the house of Israel" in which a widow declared that she received all her rights. Cathedra 132. 5-24. [Hebrew] "The phrase "for the destruction of the House of Israel" may be interpreted as a count method that began with the destruction of the Temple, in 70 CE, or with the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, in 136 CE. [...] The places mentioned in the document: Beit 'Amar, Upper Anab and Aristobulia, are ancient settlements in the southern Hebron Hills. If indeed the new document is to be dated to 140 CE, it can be suggested that Jews continued to use the hideout caves even during the religious edicts imposed by Hadrian after the suppression of the Bar Kokhba rebellion, and also that Jews remained in the southern Hebron Hills even after the suppression of the revolt."
- ^ Avni, Gideon (2014). The Byzantine-Islamic transition in Palestine: an archaeological approach. Oxford University Press. pp. 197, 254–255. ISBN 978-0-19-150734-2. OCLC 871044531.
- ^ "4 killed in Tel Aviv terror attack; 2 arrested". FOX8 WGHP. 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ Ma'in village profile, ARIJ, 2009
- ^ "Who Are the Palestinians?". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 2024-02-18.