Stanislovas Čiupurna (Polish: Stanisław Czupurna; died in 1411) was a Lithuanian noble, Court (1395–1407) and Grand Marshal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1407–1411).[1] As a close ally of Grand Duke Vytautas, he was one of the chief diplomats in the conflict over Samogitia with the Teutonic Knights.[2]
Little is known about Čiupurna's life or origin. In 1398 and 1410, he used a coat of arms that was not borrowed from the Polish heraldry.[1] The arms recorded his name with a patronymic, but it is undecipherable. It is known that he had a brother, Vigaila, starosta of Ukmergė, but unknown whether he married or had any children.[1] Die Littauischen Wegeberichte mention Czapornendorff between Rudamina and Šalčininkai (Theodor Hirsch identified the location with the village of Tabariškės on Merkys River).[3] He also had an estate in Šalčininkai and funded a Catholic church there in 1410. The document of funding the church was one of the first known documents by a Lithuanian noble.[4] He also funded a chapel in the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Vilnius.[1] Čiupurna also had a house within the Vilnius Castle Complex as Benedict Makrai, mediator sent by Sigismund of Luxemburg, issued a document from the house in 1413.[5]
Čiupurna was first mentioned in written sources in 1395 as a witness to a donation of land and property to Vilnius Cathedral by Grand Duke Vytautas.[1] At the time he was already Court Marshal. In March 1398 in Hrodna, he negotiated and signed preliminary Treaty of Salynas with the Teutonic Knights.[2] During the conflict over Samogitia, which eventually grew into the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, he was sent on diplomatic missions to the Teutonic Knights in 1400, 1401, 1405, 1407.[1] It appears that his relationship with the Knights was friendly as in 1403 komtur of Balga sent him spurs, a symbol of knighthood,[6] and in 1407 Teutonic Grand Master inquired about Čiupurna's health and paid for his medical treatments in Prussia.[7] The last mention of Čiupurna is on January 23, 1411, when he, Vytautas, and Jogaila signed a document allowing envoys of the Grand Master to travel freely.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2003). Lietuvos diduomenė XIV a. pabaigoje – XV a. (in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9955-445-67-X.
- ^ a b Gudavičius, Edvardas (2010). "Čiupurna, Stanislovas". Lietuva (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. p. 416. ISBN 978-5-420-01667-1.
- ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2003). Lietuvos diduomenė XIV a. pabaigoje – XV a. (in Lithuanian). Aidai. p. 92. ISBN 9955-445-67-X.
- ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009). Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Baltos lankos. p. 206. ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.
- ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2003). Lietuvos diduomenė XIV a. pabaigoje – XV a. (in Lithuanian). Aidai. p. 145. ISBN 9955-445-67-X.
- ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009). Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Baltos lankos. p. 236. ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.
- ^ Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009). Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Baltos lankos. p. 405. ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction