In number theory, a self number or Devlali number in a given number base is a natural number that cannot be written as the sum of any other natural number and the individual digits of . 20 is a self number (in base 10), because no such combination can be found (all give a result less than 20; all other give a result greater than 20). 21 is not, because it can be written as 15 + 1 + 5 using n = 15. These numbers were first described in 1949 by the Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar.[1]
Definition and properties
[edit]Let be a natural number. We define the -self function for base to be the following:
where is the number of digits in the number in base , and
is the value of each digit of the number. A natural number is a -self number if the preimage of for is the empty set.
In general, for even bases, all odd numbers below the base number are self numbers, since any number below such an odd number would have to also be a 1-digit number which when added to its digit would result in an even number. For odd bases, all odd numbers are self numbers.[2]
The set of self numbers in a given base is infinite and has a positive asymptotic density: when is odd, this density is 1/2.[3]
Self numbers in specific bases
[edit]For base 2 self numbers, see OEIS: A010061. (written in base 10)
The first few base 10 self numbers are:
- 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 20, 31, 42, 53, 64, 75, 86, 97, 108, 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 209, 211, 222, 233, 244, 255, 266, 277, 288, 299, 310, 312, 323, 334, 345, 356, 367, 378, 389, 400, 411, 413, 424, 435, 446, 457, 468, 479, 490, ... (sequence A003052 in the OEIS)
Self primes
[edit]A self prime is a self number that is prime.
The first few self primes in base 10 are
- 3, 5, 7, 31, 53, 97, 211, 233, 277, 367, 389, 457, 479, 547, 569, 613, 659, 727, 839, 883, 929, 1021, 1087, 1109, 1223, 1289, 1447, 1559, 1627, 1693, 1783, 1873, ... (sequence A006378 in the OEIS)
References
[edit]- ^ Curley, James P. (April 30, 2015). "Self Numbers". Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ Sándor & Crstici (2004) p.384
- ^ Sándor & Crstici (2004) p.385
- Kaprekar, D. R. The Mathematics of New Self-Numbers Devaiali (1963): 19 - 20.
- R. B. Patel (1991). "Some Tests for k-Self Numbers". Math. Student. 56: 206–210.
- B. Recaman (1974). "Problem E2408". Amer. Math. Monthly. 81 (4): 407. doi:10.2307/2319017. JSTOR 2319017.
- Sándor, Jozsef; Crstici, Borislav (2004). Handbook of number theory II. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 32–36. ISBN 1-4020-2546-7. Zbl 1079.11001.
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Self Number". MathWorld.
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