A revolution from above refers to major political and social changes that are imposed by an élite on the population it dominates. It usually occurs in urban areas in a capital city. By contrast, the plain term "revolution" suggests that pressure from below is a major driving force in events, even if other social groups cooperate with—or ultimately capture—the movement. The phrase "revolution from above" was coined by the Spanish writer Joaquín Costa (1846-1911) in the 19th century.[1] In contrast, a "revolution from below" refers to a grassroots campaign against élites. Johann Gottlieb Fichte advocated the right of revolution, particularly from above rather than below.[2]
Examples
[edit]- Enlightened absolutism in 18th-century Europe
- The Constitution of the German Confederation (1871) and the formation of the German Empire
- Stalin's Collectivization of agriculture
- De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev
- Great Purge in the Soviet Union under Stalin
- German reunification
- White Revolution in Iran
See also
[edit]- Revolution from Above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru, a 1978 book written by Ellen Kay Trimberger
- Passive revolution – a similar concept associated with Antonio Gramsci
References
[edit]- ^ Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, p. 10
- ^ Beiser, Frederick (2016), James, David; Zöller, Günter (eds.), "Fichte and the French Revolution", The Cambridge Companion to Fichte, Cambridge Companions to Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–64, doi:10.1017/9781139027557.004, ISBN 978-0-521-47226-5, retrieved 2023-12-27
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction