Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3) is a G protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC3gene.[5] It is an important component of intracellularsignalling pathways. Rac3 is a member of the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins.[6][7] Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.[5]
RAC3 gene is located in the third sub-band of the fifth band in the second region of the q arm on chromosome 17. There's many tumor suppressor genes that are located around the RAC3 gene.[12]
Since the RAC3 gene is over-expressed in carcinoma cells, it can function as a therapeutic target for the treatment of different cancer such as lung adenocarcinoma. To become invasive, epithelial cells have to transform into mesenchymal cells and the transformation is regulated by the RAC3 gene. As a result, if the RAC3 gene is silenced, lung adenocarcinoma cells cannot metastasize. In addition, drugs designed to silence the RAC3 gene lead to the apoptosis of tumor cells, thus preventing the cells from colonizing.[13]
^Courjal F, Chuchana P, Theillet C, Fort P (September 1997). "Structure and chromosomal assignment to 22q12 and 17qter of the ras-related Rac2 and Rac3 human genes". Genomics. 44 (2): 242–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4871. PMID9299243.
^Morris CM, Haataja L, McDonald M, Gough S, Markie D, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N (2000). "The small GTPase RAC3 gene is located within chromosome band 17q25.3 outside and telomeric of a region commonly deleted in breast and ovarian tumours". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 89 (1–2): 18–23. doi:10.1159/000015583. PMID10894930. S2CID22901214.
Courjal F, Chuchana P, Theillet C, Fort P (September 1997). "Structure and chromosomal assignment to 22q12 and 17qter of the ras-related Rac2 and Rac3 human genes". Genomics. 44 (2): 242–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4871. PMID9299243.
Morris CM, Haataja L, McDonald M, Gough S, Markie D, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N (2000). "The small GTPase RAC3 gene is located within chromosome band 17q25.3 outside and telomeric of a region commonly deleted in breast and ovarian tumours". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 89 (1–2): 18–23. doi:10.1159/000015583. PMID10894930. S2CID22901214.
De Langhe S, Haataja L, Senadheera D, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N (May 2002). "Interaction of the small GTPase Rac3 with NRBP, a protein with a kinase-homology domain". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 9 (5): 451–9. doi:10.3892/ijmm.9.5.451. PMID11956649.
Hwang SL, Chang JH, Cheng TS, Sy WD, Lieu AS, Lin CL, et al. (June 2005). "Expression of Rac3 in human brain tumors". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 12 (5): 571–4. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.013. PMID15993075. S2CID24196818.
1foe: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RAC1 IN COMPLEX WITH THE GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE REGION OF TIAM1
1g4u: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SALMONELLA TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE AND GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN SPTP BOUND TO RAC1
1he1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX BETWEEN THE GAP DOMAIN OF THE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA EXOS TOXIN AND HUMAN RAC
1hh4: RAC1-RHOGDI COMPLEX INVOLVED IN NADPH OXIDASE ACTIVATION
1i4d: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF RAC1-GDP COMPLEXED WITH ARFAPTIN (P21)
1i4l: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF RAC1-GDP IN COMPLEX WITH ARFAPTIN (P41)
1i4t: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF RAC1-GMPPNP IN COMPLEX WITH ARFAPTIN
1mh1: SMALL G-PROTEIN
2c2h: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN RAC3 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP
2fju: Activated Rac1 bound to its effector phospholipase C beta 2
2g0n: The Crystal Structure of the Human RAC3 in complex with GDP and Chloride
2h7v: Co-crystal structure of YpkA-Rac1
2ic5: Crystal structure of human RAC3 grown in the presence of Gpp(NH)p.
2nz8: N-terminal DHPH cassette of Trio in complex with nucleotide-free Rac1
2ov2: The crystal structure of the human RAC3 in complex with the CRIB domain of human p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4)
2p2l: Rac1-GDP-Zinc Complex
One thought on “Cannabaceae”
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction