Regulator of G-protein signalling 9, also known as RGS9, is a human gene,[5] which codes for a protein involved in regulation of signal transduction inside cells. Members of the RGS family, such as RGS9, are signaling proteins that suppress the activity of G proteins by promoting their deactivation.[supplied by OMIM][5]
There are two splice isoforms of RGS9 with quite different properties and patterns of expression. RGS9-1 is mainly found in the eye and is involved in regulation of phototransduction in rod and cone cells of the retina, while RGS9-2 is found in the brain, and regulates dopamine and opioid signaling in the basal ganglia.[6]
RGS9-2 is of particular interest as the most important RGS protein involved in terminating signalling by the mu opioid receptor (although RGS4 and RGS17 are also involved), and is thought to be important in the development of tolerance to opioid drugs.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] RGS9-deficient mice exhibit some motor and cognitive difficulties however, so inhibition of this protein is likely to cause similar side effects.[14]
RGS9 is differentially regulated by Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 (GNB5) via the DEP domain and DEP helical-extension domain in protein stability and membrane anchor association.[15]
^Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Montero C, Garzón J (January 2005). "RGS-Rz and RGS9-2 proteins control mu-opioid receptor desensitisation in CNS: the role of activated Galphaz subunits". Neuropharmacology. 48 (1): 134–50. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.016. PMID15617734. S2CID40755580.
Granneman JG, Zhai Y, Zhu Z, et al. (1998). "Molecular characterization of human and rat RGS 9L, a novel splice variant enriched in dopamine target regions, and chromosomal localization of the RGS 9 gene". Mol. Pharmacol. 54 (4): 687–94. PMID9765512.
Zhang K, Howes KA, He W, et al. (2000). "Structure, alternative splicing, and expression of the human RGS9 gene". Gene. 240 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00393-5. PMID10564809.
Yu H, Bondarenko VA, Yamazaki A (2001). "Inhibition of retinal guanylyl cyclase by the RGS9-1 N-terminus". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5346. PMID11485301.
Ajit SK, Young KH (2004). "Enhancement of pheromone response by RGS9 and Gbeta5 in yeast". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 324 (2): 686–91. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.100. PMID15474482.
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O54828 (Mouse Regulator of G-protein signaling 9) at the PDBe-KB.
PDB gallery
1fqi: RGS9 RGS DOMAIN
1fqj: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HETEROTRIMERIC COMPLEX OF THE RGS DOMAIN OF RGS9, THE GAMMA SUBUNIT OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE AND THE GT/I1 CHIMERA ALPHA SUBUNIT [(RGS9)-(PDEGAMMA)-(GT/I1ALPHA)-(GDP)-(ALF4-)-(MG2+)]
1fqk: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HETERODIMERIC COMPLEX OF THE RGS DOMAIN OF RGS9, AND THE GT/I1 CHIMERA ALPHA SUBUNIT [(RGS9)-(GT/I1ALPHA)-(GDP)-(ALF4-)-(MG2+)]
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Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
View the detailed Guide of Psilotum nudum: Detailed Study Of Psilotum Nudum (Whisk Fern), Classification, Anatomy, Reproduction