Several nuclear reactors in Germany and abroad are referred to as Pre-Konvoi. The term means that these units were produced and constructed before the manufacturer, Kraftwerk Union AG (KWU), switched over to a standardized design for this type of pressurized water reactor.[1][2]
Pre-Konvoi plants include: Brokdorf, Grafenrheinfeld, Grohnde and Philippsburg unit 2. There is also one Pre-Konvoi plant abroad, the Angra Nuclear Power Plant in Brazil. This is also the location of the only Pre-Konvoi reactor being built; Unit 3 at the Angra Nuclear Power Plant has been in various stages in construction since 1984.[3]
Most of these large 1300 MW reactors were built between 1982 and 1986 by Kraftwerk Union (KWU). Compared to the previous generation of, the Pre-Konvoi plants have some safety improvements. Since the basic design dates back to the 1970s and basic plant parts cannot be retrofitted (e.g. reinforcement of the wall thickness of the reactor pressure vessel), they do not reach the safety level of the Konvoi plants, which represent a further development of the pre-Konvoi plants.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Gavrilas, M. (2018). Safety Features of Operating Light Water Reactors of Western Design. New York: CRC Press. ISBN 9781351084963.
- ^ Garcia M, Bilodid Y, Basualdo Perello J, Tuominen R, Gommlich A (2021). "Validation of Serpent-SUBCHANFLOW-TRANSURANUS pin-by-pin burnup calculations using experimental data from a Pre-Konvoi PWR reactor". Nuclear Engineering and Design. 24 (20): 1. doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111173. S2CID 234843049.
- ^ "Angra 3 Nuclear Power Plant Critical Path Acceleration Plan – Policies". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
- ^ "The nuclear activities of the Kraftwerk Union group|INIS". inis.iaea.org. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
Well, that’s interesting to know that Psilotum nudum are known as whisk ferns. Psilotum nudum is the commoner species of the two. While the P. flaccidum is a rare species and is found in the tropical islands. Both the species are usually epiphytic in habit and grow upon tree ferns. These species may also be terrestrial and grow in humus or in the crevices of the rocks.
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